北京市汤河生态健康评价指标相关性分析

在考虑河流生态健康评价指标层面的基础上,以国内外河流评价指标为依据,以北京市汤河为例,以沿河典型河段所测21个样点的5类因素涉及17个指标为基础,用因子分析法分析各指标对于北京市汤河生态健康评价指标的相关性.结果表明：1）河床作用因子、植被作用因子在头道穴段和汤河口段对汤河总体生态健康影响较大;2）在21个调查河段中,对北京市汤河生态健康起显著影响作用的主要为河流岸坡因子、植被作用因子.研究结果可为汤河（北京段）生态修复提供参考.     

气候变化对秦岭南北植被净初级生产力的影响（Ⅱ）——近52年秦岭南北植被净初级生产力

根据秦岭南北54个气象站1960—2011年逐日数据,采用周广胜—张新时模型、Penman-Monteith模型、气候倾向率、相关分析和Spline插值等方法分析近52 a气象要素的时空变化特征及其对植被净初级生产力的影响。结果表明：1）秦岭南北多年平均植被净初级生产力由北向南逐步上升,排序为巴巫谷地〉汉水流域〉秦岭南坡〉秦岭以北,各子区植被净初级生产力变化趋势不一,植被净初级生产力上升的站点占本区站点总数的比例顺序为汉水流域〉秦岭南坡〉巴巫谷地〉秦岭以北,秦岭以南地区增加更为明显,生态区23个站点中植被净初级生产力年际波动并不大,介于1.34～1.89之间;2）植被净初级生产力与湿润指数、降水量和相对湿度呈显著水平（P〈0.01）的正相关关系,相关系数排序为降水量〉湿润指数〉相对湿度,降水的增多会促进植被净初级生产力的累积,水分是主要制约因素;3）植被水分利用效率由南向北递减,排序为巴巫谷地〉汉水流域〉秦岭南坡〉秦岭北坡,绝大部分地区呈现不显著的上升趋势,近52 a来,水分利用效率普遍呈上升趋势,但并不显著,整体上维持相对稳定水平。     

应用4种数学方法对暗针叶云杉林分生境属性的研究

应用多元线性分析、逐步回归分析、主分量分析和数量化理论(Ⅰ)4种数学方法,定量比较分析了云杉分布区、地貌、土壤和植被类型等11个生境因子与地位指数、林分蓄积量、乔木层生物量、林分生物量4个生产力指标,结果表明4种数学方法均可用于生境条件分类因子的筛选,且尤以数量化理论(Ⅰ)方法较为直观,可揭示生境因子间对生产力贡献大小,通过对因子内分级(类目)后从各类目得分值大小,反映出各生境因子内不同等级对生产力贡献的差异。类目的划分标准可直接用于类型间等级尺度,该方法与系统聚类或Fuzzy聚类相结合,构成生境分类方法的完整系统。     

太行山封育区森林土壤肥力的特性研究

通过主成分分析选出 10个环境指标作为影响封育区森林土壤肥力的关键因子 ,采用聚类分析法将封育区土壤肥力划分为 4个类型 ,并对分类结果进行了检验。在对 4个土壤肥力类型综合评价的基础上 ,提出了不同肥力类型的植被恢复措施及其经营利用方向。其分析结果对合理利用、恢复土壤资源及营林有实际指导意义     

基于遥感的中国草地生产力初步计算

草地生产力研究对于评估草地生态系统食物供给具有重要意义.在基于MODIS的2001年l km中国陆地生态系统土地覆盖类型产品和植被净初级生产力(NPP)产品,运用各种草地生产力计算模型,初步计算了当年中国各草地生产力指标.计算得到:2001年,中国草地生态系统产干草1.44亿t,理论载畜量为1.08亿个羊单位,潜在食物供给为羊肉308.92万t.结果表明,基于遥感的草地生产力计算方法机理性较强,现势性好,可在较短时间内获取大范围年度草地生产力指标,其计算结果较为符合中国草地生产力的实际分布情况.     

Evaluation of vegetation and soil characteristics during slope vegetation recovery procedure

为了加快建设工程损毁立地植被群落正向演替,探究土壤特性与植被生长效果的响应关系,选取北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园20个典型绿化护坡小区为评价单元,运用主成分分析及聚类分析法在求得各护坡小区综合评价得分的基础上,将20个护坡小区划分为3类。采用Margalef指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数评价了3类护坡小区植被群落年际分异特征,并构建了5种模式的植被-土壤环境耦合度及其预测模型。结果表明：1）坡面植被恢复过程中以土质边坡为主的护坡小区植被恢复效果普遍优于岩质边坡组成的护坡小区。2）随着年份的增加,3类护坡小区物种多样性指数增大,变异系数减小,植被演替愈加剧烈。3）植被恢复5 a后,植被-土壤耦合协调程度不是十分理想,以土质边坡为主的护坡小区处于中级协调发展阶段,岩质边坡组成的护坡小区仅处于初级协调发展阶段。该研究可为建设工程损毁立地边坡植被恢复提供参考依据。     

坡面植被恢复过程中植被与土壤特征评价

为了加快建设工程损毁立地植被群落正向演替,探究土壤特性与植被生长效果的响应关系,选取北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园20个典型绿化护坡小区为评价单元,运用主成分分析及聚类分析法在求得各护坡小区综合评价得分的基础上,将20个护坡小区划分为3类。采用Margalef指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数评价了3类护坡小区植被群落年际分异特征,并构建了5种模式的植被-土壤环境耦合度及其预测模型。结果表明:1)坡面植被恢复过程中以土质边坡为主的护坡小区植被恢复效果普遍优于岩质边坡组成的护坡小区。2)随着年份的增加,3类护坡小区物种多样性指数增大,变异系数减小,植被演替愈加剧烈。3)植被恢复5a后,植被-土壤耦合协调程度不是十分理想,以土质边坡为主的护坡小区处于中级协调发展阶段,岩质边坡组成的护坡小区仅处于初级协调发展阶段。该研究可为建设工程损毁立地边坡植被恢复提供参考依据。     

按批修改法在水保植物研究中的应用

<正> 目前分类中所采用的聚类分析法多为系统聚类法。系统聚类法的基本思路是先将N个样品各自看成一类,然后确定样品或类与类之间的距离,距离最小的两类合并为一个新类;计算新类与其它类的距离,再将距离最近的两类合并。经过如此合并,直至达到要求的距离系数为止。由于距离系数的定义不同,其计算方法也不同。由系统聚类法的思路可知,对于特     

浙西山区上梧溪小流域生态恢复工程效益评价研究

研究分析了浙西上梧溪小流域生态恢复工程措施,采用层次分析及模糊综合分析相结合方法,建立了该小流域生态恢复工程效益综合评价指标体系,并用欧式距离模型结合模糊聚类分析法对生态恢复工程效益进行评估。     

基于K_means硬聚类算法的葡萄病害彩色图像分割方法

为了提高植物病害图像的分割精度与效果,根据植物病害症状及图像的特点,提出了一种基于K_means硬聚类算法（HCM）的葡萄病害彩色图像非监督性分割处理方法。该方法是在L*a*b*颜色空间模式下利用ab二维数据空间的颜色差异,以平方欧式距离作为像素间的相似度距离、以均方差作为聚类准则函数对颜色进行二分类聚类,并通过数学形态学运算对聚类结果进行校正。利用该方法对3种葡萄病害彩色图像进行分割的结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地将病斑区域从彩色图像中分割出来,对葡萄病害彩色图像的分割处理比较理想,鲁棒性好,分割准确率     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究.结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田.菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍.另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%.3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题.