长期麦秸还田对暗棕壤土壤肥力和大豆产量的影响

以始于1979年的长期定位试验为依据,研究了麦秆长期还田及与化肥配施对暗棕壤肥力及大豆产量的影响.结果表明:随着种植年限的增加(1)土壤有机质和pH值整体呈下降趋势,麦秸与化肥配施比单施化肥更有效减缓土壤有机质和pH的降低;(2)土壤碱解氮整体呈现大幅波动,各处理年均含量表现为麦秸+高量化肥(S+ N2P2)＞高量化肥...     

Short-term fasts and the ingestive behaviour of grazing cattle

Twelve tethered Angus cows (Bos taurus) weighing 471 ± 18 kg were used in a balanced changeover design to estimate the direct (D), residual (R), and permanent (P) effects of 1,2, and 3 h fasts following 2 h grazing sessions on the ingestive behaviour of cattle grazing swards of endophyte- (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv Kentucky 31) (Exp I) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv Arc) (Exp II). Herbage dry-matter (DM) mass (> 5 cm) and individual herbage DM allowances were 1-16 t ha-1 and 50 kg per hour in Exp I and 1-861 ha-1 and 78 kg per hour in Exp II, respectively. In Exp I, P effects of fasting followed trends of R effects since the D effects were small. Mean DM intake rates (P) were 2-2., 1-8, and 1-3 kg h-1 for cows given 1, 2, and 3 h fasts, respectively. Mean intakes (DM) per bite (P) were 082, 071, and 045 g bite-1 for cows assigned 1, 2, and 3 h fasts, respectively. Rates of biting were not affected by fasting and averaged 45 bites min"'. In Exp II, P effects followed trends in D effects since R effects were small. Mean DM intake rates (P) were 20 , 22, and 3-0 kg for cows subjected to 1,2, and 3 h of fast, respectively. Rates of biting (P) were 24, 27, and 32 bites min-1 for cows after 1, 2, and 3 h fasts, respectively. DM intakes per bite (P) were not affected by fasts and averaged 1-46 g bite-1. The behavioural responses of cattle to interval between meals were attributed to differences in flow characteristics of ingesta of lucerne and tall fescue in the gastrointestinal tract.     

粳稻大剑叶角资源的发现及剑叶角度的遗传分析与QTL定位

 利用粳稻保持系863B（P1）与A7444（P2）进行配组,构建了P1、P2、F1、B1(F1/P1)、B2(F2/P2)和F2 6个世代,并对剑叶角度进行遗传分析。调查了P1与P2及BC1F1世代141个单株SSR标记基因型和剑叶角度,构建该组合的SSR标记连锁图谱并定位剑叶角度的QTL。该连锁图谱由79个多态位点构成,全长441.6 cM,相邻标记的平均图距为5.6 cM。主基因加多基因的遗传模型分析结果表明,剑叶角度受2对主基因+多基因控制,以主基因遗传为主。单标记分析显示有15个标记与剑叶角度呈极显著相关。利用两种分析软件WinQTLCart 2.5和QTL Network 2.0共同检测到2个控制剑叶角度的QTL(qFLA2、qFLA8)。qFLA2位于RM300-RM145区间,qFLA8位于RM6215-RM8265区间,这两个QTL增效等位基因都来自A7444。     

甘蓝型油菜雄性不育的遗传研究──Ⅲ．甘蓝型油菜异核型雄性不育材料的染色体核型分析

对甘蓝型油菜异核型雄性不育材料Ｎｃａ（Ａ１、Ａ２）和保持材料ＣａＮ（Ｂ１、Ｂ２）及其亲本中油８２１（Ｐ１）和埃塞俄比亚芥（Ｐ２）进行了染色体数目和核型分析。各材料的核型：Ｐ１：２ｎ＝３８＝２４ｍ＋１０ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ，Ｐ２：２ｎ＝３４＝３０ｍ＋４ｓｍ，Ａ１：２ｎ＝３８＝２８ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ，Ｂ１：２ｎ＝３８＝３０ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ，Ａ２和Ｂ２：２ｎ＝３８＝３２ｍ＋６ｓｍ。异核型材料与亲本Ｐ１均有较不对称或较进化的“２Ｂ”核型，Ｐ２有比较对称或原始的“２Ａ”核型。     

玉米人工合成群体基本材料的配合力及遗传力效应研究

根据玉米育种和生产实践,筛选13个塘四平头改良系(P1),15个非塘四平头自交系(P2)。采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,组配不完全双列杂交组合,田间调查性状并室内考种。研究结果表明,各性状配合力在P1、P2组内不同自交系间存在差异,P1和P2内遗传变异丰富,类群间杂种优势明显。P1、P2的主要产量性状和稳产性相关性状GCA表现良好,GCA方差与SCA比值均大于1,11个性状的加性方差均大于非加性方差,说明11个性状在P1、P2的组合间以加性效应为主。试验证明,P1、P2具有较好的轮回选择及组配优势组合的遗传潜势,通过群体轮回选择聚合微效基因以改良主要性状表现型切实可行。     

粳稻叶片茸毛和谷壳稃毛的分布特征及毛数的遗传分析

在光学显微镜下观察了粳稻叶片茸毛在叶面上的分布特征和谷壳稃毛在谷壳上的分布特征。调查了粳稻3个杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、B1（F1/P1)、B2(F1/P2) 和F2共6个世代的叶片茸毛数和谷壳稃毛数,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型6个世代联合分析的方法,对这两个性状进行了遗传分析。结果发现,叶片茸毛有规律地分布在叶面的暗绿条带和淡绿条带的交界线上,形状是基部膨大,顶端细小;谷壳稃毛无规律地分布在整个谷壳上,长短不一。在泗稻10号A/武育粳3号R与武育粳3号A/泗稻10号R正反交组合中叶片茸毛数均受1对加性主基因+加性 显性多基因共同控制,在六盐189A/HR 122组合中叶片茸毛数受1对加性 显性主基因+加性 显性多基因共同控制; 在3个杂交组合中谷壳稃毛数均受1对加性主基因+加性 显性多基因共同控制;叶片茸毛数和谷壳稃毛数都以主基因遗传为主。     

大豆蛋白质含量及产量的回交效应分析

以两个杂交组合（组合Ⅰ：吉林28×吉林27;组合Ⅱ：吉林26×吉林20）的F1与其亲本分别回交,形成B1F1、B2F1世代,自交加代形成B1F2和B2F2及B1F3和B2F3世代,分析了高蛋白和高产亲本回文对后代蛋白质含量及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,回交后代BF1和BF2平均蛋白质含量及BF2变异幅度随回交亲本蛋白质含量的高低而变化。BF2蛋白质含量总变异幅度略小于F2,并随回交亲本蛋白质含量的高低,表现为偏态分布。与低蛋白高产亲本回交,BF2群体中低蛋白个体的比例增加,小于或等于低值亲本的比例两组合分别为9．2％和16．4％;相反,以高蛋白品种作回交亲本的BF2世代,高蛋白个体的比例提高,大于或等于高值亲本的比例,两组合分别达50．4％和36．4％。回交后代BF2、BF3平均产量与亲本产量水平方差分析结果呈现与蛋白质含量变化的相反趋势。     

覆膜滴灌条件下磷肥后移对玉米物质生产与磷素吸收利用的调控效应

通过两年田间试验,研究覆膜滴灌等磷量投入条件下,不同施用时期及比例(P1,100%基肥;P2,40%基肥+60%拔节肥;P3,40%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥;P4,40%基肥+20%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥+20%开花肥)对玉米产量、物质生产与磷素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,分次施磷处理(P2、P3、P4)玉米产量均高于P1处理,P4处理玉米产量与P1处理差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施磷显著提高玉米吐丝期至成熟期干物质量和磷素吸收量,吐丝期干物质量与磷素吸收量以P1处理最高,灌浆期至成熟期干物质量与磷素吸收量以P4处理最高。     

Does post‐grazing sward height influence sward characteristics,seasonal herbage dry‐matter production and herbage quality?

Extending the grazing season through the production and utilization of high‐quality forage is a key objective in grassland‐based dairy production systems. Grazing swards to a low post‐grazing sward height (PGSH) is a strategy for improving grass utilization. A grazing experiment conducted in Ireland investigated immediate and subsequent effects of PGSH on sward production, utilization and structural characteristics. Swards were grazed to 2·7 cm (severe; S1) or 3·5 cm (moderate; M1) from 10 February to 18 April 2010 (Period 1; P1). From 19 April, each P1 paddock was halved and grazed to either 3·8 cm (S2) or 4·8 cm (M2), until 30 October (Period 2; P2). The first grazing rotation was +7 d on S1 swards compared with M1 swards (45 d), due to greater herbage utilization (+0·22). Herbage production during P1 was not affected by PGSH but a severe PGSH during this period reduced subsequent herbage production: 13·9 (S1) vs. 15·5 t dry matter (DM) ha^?1 (M1) by the end of the study. Leaf proportion was increased (+0·10) on S2 swards compared with M2 swards, but M2 swards produced 1·2 t DM ha^?1 more herbage during P2. Despite the relatively lower level of sward utilization obtained from moderate grazing in P1 (3·5 cm) and P2 (4·5–5·0 cm), such levels of PGSH increased DM production while maintaining sward quality, compared with severe grazing (2·7 cm in P1 and 3·5–4·0 cm in P2).     

外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量及相关代谢基因表达的影响

利用水稻穗离体培养方法,对不同外源磷浓度下水稻籽粒植酸等磷化物含量的差异及其植酸代谢相关功能基因在灌浆过程中的表达特征进行了探讨。结果表明,水稻籽粒中的植酸、无机磷和总磷含量随外源磷处理浓度上升呈增加趋势,但磷处理对千粒重和单位籽粒中植酸积累量的影响因磷浓度水平而异,高磷处理会导致水稻千粒重和籽粒植酸积累绝对量的显著降低;外源磷处理浓度的上升,不仅会引起水稻籽粒中锌和铁元素含量的显著降低,而且会导致锌、铁营养的生物有效性下降;外源磷处理对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响与不同磷处理下RINO1基因的相对表达量之间存在较密切关系,中磷浓度(3P)处理会诱导RINO1基因的表达,但高磷浓度(12P)会抑制RINO1基因的表达,RINO1是外源磷浓度处理对水稻籽粒植酸合成代谢过程产生调控作用的一个重要功能基因位点,而IPK2基因与水稻在不同磷浓度处理下的植酸含量变化无直接联系。     

Soil nutrients and liming on dry weight yields and forage quality of Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.), grown on Korat soil series (oxic paleustults) in northeast Thailand

This experiment was carried out at Khon Kaen University Experimental Farm, Khon Kaen University, Thailand during the 2004-2005 aiming to investigate effect of phosphorus (P) and dolomite levels on dry weight yields (DWYs) and forage quality of Signal grass. A 4x3 factorial arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used. Four P levels were: 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1 and three dolomite levels were: 0, 625 and 2,500 kg ha-1. The Signal grass plants were grown on Korat soil series, (Oxic Paleustults). A quadrat with a dimension of 50x50 cm was used for grass yield harvests. Crude Protein (CP), Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) and Dry Matter Degradability (DMD) contents were determined. Tissues phosphorus and calcium contents were also analysed. The results showed that an increase in dolomite levels increased soil pH from 4.4 to 5.1 for levels 1 and 3, respectively. An increase in P levels increased available soil P from 4.56 to 28.38 ppm for levels 1 and 4, respectively. For the first year experiment, dolomite levels had no significant effect on DWYs, whilst P levels significantly increased but only up to level 2. The 2-year average DWYs reached 11,368 kg ha-1 for level 4 of P. With the first year rainy season harvests, P levels had its significant effect on ADF and DMD up to level 2 but not with CP and NDF. For the dry season harvests, P and dolomite levels had no significant effects on forage quality. Dolomite levels had no significant effect on P and Ca contents of the Signal grass tissues but an increase in P levels increased P contents. P and Ca contents, in most cases, were higher for the dry season than the rainy season.     

Construction of SSR Linkage Map and Analysis of QTLs for Rolled Leaf in Japonica Rice

Genetic analysis of rolled leaf is important to rice ideotype breeding. To detect loci controlling rolled leaf of japonica restorer lines, SSR marker genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf rolling index (LRI) were investigated in Xiushui 79 (P1, a japonica rice variety), C Bao (P2, a japonica restorer line) and 254 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between P1 and P2 , and in two environments. A genetic map of this cross was constructed, QTLs for LRI were detected and their interactions with environments were analyzed. Among 818 pairs of SSR primers, 90 primers showed polymorphism between P1 and P2, and 12 markers showed highly significant correlation with LRI in both environments based on single marker regression analysis. The genetic map containing 74 information loci has a total distance of 744.6 cM, with an average of 10.1 cM between two adjacent loci. Three QTLs (qRL-1, qRL-7 and qRL-8-1) were detected with two softwares: WinQTLCart 2.5 and QTLNetwork2.0. qRL-8-1 was a new locus, accounting for 15.5% and 12.8% of phenotypic variations in the two environments, respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by additive effect was 6.6%. No interaction was found between qRL-8-1 genotype and environments.     

不同土壤水分条件下施磷量对小麦干物质积累及耗水规律的影响

为给小麦生产中土壤水分和施磷量的合理调控提供理论依据,通过防雨旱棚池栽方法,研究了在土壤水分胁迫(W1)和水分适宜(W2)条件下施磷量对小麦耗水特性及干物质积累的影响.结果表明,水、磷两因素对小麦的耗水特性和干物质积累均有重要影响.在W1条件下,施磷150 kg/ha的处理花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率高于其他两个施磷处理(75和225 kg/ha);在W2条件下,随施磷量的增加,花后同化物的运转量及贡献率增加;W2下各处理花后同化物运转量及对籽粒的贡献率均大于W1.W1处理较W2处理的籽粒灌浆速率达到最大值的时间提前,而适宜施磷可提高最大灌浆速率.随土壤含水量的增加,麦田总耗水量上升,水分利用效率下降.W1条件下,耗水量和水分利用效率以施磷150 kg/ha处理最高;W2条件下,各施磷处理间耗水量和水分利用效率差异不显著.在本试验条件下,虽然土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%与施磷150 kg/ha的处理组合获得最高产量,但与土壤含水量为田间持水量的55%、施磷150 kg/ha的处理组合的产量差异不显著,且后者水分利用效率最高,与其他处理差异显著,故综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,后者是较优水肥处理组合.     

Characterization and Biocompatibility Properties In Vitro of Gel Beads Based on the Pectin and κ-Carrageenan

This study aimed to investigate the influence of kappa (κ)-carrageenan on the initial stages of the foreign body response against pectin gel. Pectin-carrageenan (P-Car) gel beads were prepared from the apple pectin and κ-carrageenan using gelling with calcium ions. The inclusion of 0.5% κ-carrageenan (Car0.5) in the 1.5 (P1.5) and 2% pectin (P2) gel formulations decreased the gel strength by 2.5 times. Car0.5 was found to increase the swelling of P2 gel beads in the cell culture medium. P2 gel beads adsorbed 30–42 mg/g of bovine serum albumin (BSA) depending on pH. P2-Car0.2, P2-Car0.5, and P1.5-Car0.5 beads reduced BSA adsorption by 3.1, 5.2, and 4.0 times compared to P2 beads, respectively, at pH 7. The P1.5-Car0.5 beads activated complement and induced the haemolysis less than gel beads of pure pectin. Moreover, P1.5-Car0.5 gel beads allowed less adhesion of mouse peritoneal macrophages, TNF-α production, and NF-κB activation than the pure pectin gel beads. There were no differences in TLR4 and ICAM-1 levels in macrophages treated with P and P-Car gel beads. P2-Car0.5 hydrogel demonstrated lower adhesion to serous membrane than P2 hydrogel. Thus, the data obtained indicate that the inclusion of κ-carrageenan in the apple pectin gel improves its biocompatibility.     

不同种植密度对机采辣椒品种性状和产量的影响

为明确不同种植密度对机采辣椒品种性状、产量的影响,以适宜机采的辣椒'辣研102'为研究对象,设置4个种植密度(P0:38480株/hm2、P1:51307株/hm2、P2:76961株/hm2、P3:102615株/hm2),分别于贵阳、遵义两地开展田间小区试验.结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,辣椒株高呈增加趋势,茎粗呈...     

优良玉米自交系丹T138配合力分析

以属于5个杂种优势群的24个常用玉米自交系为母本（P1）,优良玉米自交系T138-1及其秭妹系T138-2为父本（P2）,杂交获得了48个组合。分析了亲本自交系的一般配合力、杂交组合的特殊配合力和总配合力效应,主要结果表明：不同组合各性状配合力存在极显著差异。P1亲本,除出籽率GCA外,其他性状差异显著或极显著。P2亲本,生育期、株高、穗粗、行粒数、穗位、棒三叶面积GCA差异显著或极显著。P1与P2互作间的SCA方差除出籽率和小区产量差异未达显著水平外,其余10个性状的SCA差异均极显著。P1亲本各性状一般配合力差别很大,P2亲本T138-1出籽率一般配合力效应高于T138-2,其它性状GCA值均低于T138-2。穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重、出籽率SCA值与其性状均值之间达到了正的极显著或显著相关,受环境影响较大。各性状总配合力效应与实际田间表现基本一致,生育期、株高、穗位高、棒三叶面积、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重总配合力效应与小区产量正相关。     

不同种植方式下磷素营养对陆稻和水稻米质的影响

 以粳型陆稻中旱3号和粳型水稻扬辐粳8号为材料,设置裸地旱作和水作2种种植方式及3个磷素(P2O5  )水平：低磷（LP,45  kg/hm2）、常磷(NP,90  kg/hm2)和高磷(HP,135 kg/hm2),比较了陆稻和水稻米质的差异。旱作条件下,随着施P量的增加,陆稻和水稻产量均随之增加;  水作条件下,HP下陆稻的产量较NP增加,水稻的产量HP较NP减少,但差异均不显著。旱作条件下,中旱3号LP水平下整精米率、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质表现较好,扬辐粳8号（NP水平下外观品质表现较好）与中旱3号基本一致;水作条件下,中旱3号LP水平下整精米率较高,NP水平下蒸煮食味品质较好,扬辐粳8号与中旱3号基本一致,但外观品质表现不一。旱作使陆稻和水稻的整精米率提高,外观品质改善,水稻蒸煮品质和营养品质提高。与水稻相比,陆稻的加工品质、营养品质和食味品质较优。表明陆稻和水稻的米质对种植方式和磷素的互作响应有差异。     

氮磷钾配比对马铃薯脱毒微型薯生长和产量的影响

通过对N、P、K大量营养元素的6个不同配比试验研究,结果表明,与对照T1(N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.42:1.63)相比,T5(N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.57:1.22)配比营养液浇施,不仅能促进扦插苗地上部分的生长,还可以诱导匍匐茎的产生和膨大,从而有效提高了单株结薯率,产量增加了32.1%。由此可见,N:P2O5:K2O为1:0.57:1.22的配比是脱毒微型薯生长中所需的较为理想的营养液配方。     

Phosphorus efficiency of naturalized Chilean white clover in a grazed field trial

Nine naturalized white clover populations and two cultivars (Huia and Will) were evaluated at two soil phosphorus ( P ) levels (6 and 20 P mg kg^?1) to characterize them for DM production and P efficiency, and to facilitate the selection of suitable genotypes to produce cultivars for P‐deficient marginal soils. The study was carried out in Chile during 2007–2010 under field grazing conditions using a randomized complete factorial block design with three replicates. The clover was grown with perennial ryegrass. Botanical composition and herbage DM production were recorded, phosphorus concentrations in soil and in clover and ryegrass herbage were determined, and P absorption (PAE) and P utilization (PUE) efficiency were calculated. Population 8‐1‐X yielded more DM under the low than under the high soil‐ P level and was the highest yielding clover in the low soil‐ P treatment. It also had the highest PAE (0·6 kg P ha^?1 per mg kg^?1 Olsen P) under low P availability. Dry‐matter yield of 9‐2‐X was statistically similar to 8‐1‐X and Huia at low P level; however, because of its lower P absorption, it had the highest PUE (455 kg DM ha^?1 per kg ha^?1 absorbed P). Furthermore, the highest yield of ryegrass occurred when grown with 8‐1‐X, and this combination gave the maximum total yield. These two populations have potential for inclusion in breeding programmes.     

灌水次数和施磷量对冬小麦养分积累量和产量的影响

为给利用灌水和施肥措施调控小麦生长提供科学依据,在大田环境条件下,分别于2007-2008年（丰水年）在保定市、2008-2009年（平水年）在藁城市用当地冬小麦推广品种（河农822、冀5265）进行二因素裂区试验,研究了灌水次数（保证底墒的基础上设全生育期灌0、1、2和3次水3个灌水水平,分别用W0、W1、W2和W3表示）和施磷量（设0、75和150 kg·hm^-2 3个施磷水平,分别用P0、P1和P2表示）对小麦养分积累量和产量的影响。结果表明,灌水次数和施磷量对小麦植株的氮、磷、钾积累都有促进作用,但促进效果受降水年型的影响。丰水年灌水次数对氮、磷、钾积累量的影响较小,平水年灌水次数对氮、磷积累量的影响显著,氮、磷积累量在生育中后期都随灌水次数增加而提高,钾素积累量各生育时期受灌水影响不一致。丰水年施磷对氮素积累量影响不明显,磷素积累量随施磷量增加而增加,钾素积累量生育前中期以P0和P2较高,后期以P2较高;平水年,氮素和钾素积累量均随施磷量增加而增加,而磷素积累量受施磷量影响较小。适当灌溉和施磷可提高小麦养分生产效率、氮素和磷素收获指数,对钾素收获指数的影响较小。2年中灌水处理（W1、W2、W3）的籽粒产量均显著高于不灌水处理W0,但2007-2008年W1产量最高,2008-2009年则表现为W3>W2>W1。2年中P1和P2的籽粒产量均显著高于P0,但2007-2008年P1产量最高,2008-2009年P2产量最高,显示出磷素与水分的互补作用,即“水少磷多”或“水多磷少”都可以实现高产。根据研究结果,在河北平原常年降水（小麦全生育期100 mm左右）条件下全生育期灌溉2次,施P₂O₅ 150 kg·hm^-2;丰水年（200 mm左右）全生育期灌溉1次,施P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,可以取得较理想的产量。