基于监督正交局部保持映射的植物叶片图像分类方法

针对传统的线性分类方法不能有效处理复杂、多变和非线性的植物叶片图像,在局部保持映射算法的基础上,提出了一种监督正交局部保持映射算法,并应用于基于植物叶片图像分类中。该算法首先利用Warshall算法计算样本的类别矩阵,在此基础上充分利用样本的局部信息和类别信息构造类间散度矩阵和类内散度矩阵,使得维数约简后,在低维子空间同类样本之间的距离变小,而不同类样本之间的距离增大,由此提高了该算法的分类能力。最后,利用K-最近邻分类器进行植物分类。与经典的监督子空间维数约简方法相比,该方法在构建类内和类间散度矩阵时不需要判别数据的类别信息,能够提高算法的分类性能。在公开植物叶片图像数据库上进行了一系列植物叶片分类试验,平均正确识别率高达95.92%。试验结果表明了该算法在植物分类中的可行性。     

基于概率局部判断映射的植物分类方法

基于叶片图像的植物分类与识别方法研究在保护植物物种和生态环境等方面发挥着重要的作用。由于叶片图像的复杂多样性以及同类叶片图像之间的差异性较大等特点,使得很多基于叶片颜色、形状和纹理的特征提取和识别方法不能满足植物自动识别系统的需要。在分类概率和局部保持映射(locality preserving projections,LPP)的基础上,提出了一种概率局部判别映射(probability locality preserving discriminant projections,PLPDP)方法,并应用于植物分类。首先计算每个样本的分类概率,由样本的局部信息、分类概率和类别信息定义权重矩阵,然后构建目标函数。通过最小化目标函数寻求最佳投影矩阵,使得原始高维样本经投影后,在低维特征空间保持了样本的局部信息、分布信息和类别信息。与判别LPP和监督LPP相比,PLPDP充分利用了样本的局部信息、分类概率和类别信息,算法的分类能力得到了较大提高。在公开的植物叶片图像数据库上对20类植物叶片图像进行了分类试验,识别率高达90%以上。试验结果表明,该方法是有效可行的。     

基于轮廓分割的草莓叶片三维建模

为精确构建原位草莓植株三维空间结构,以高架栽培模式生长环境下的草莓植株为研究对象,提出了一种基于多源图像轮廓分割的草莓植株结构形态三维重建算法。通过改进的多源图像融合算法,建立多源图像映射关系,融合预处理后的多源信息得到待分割强度图;计算待分割强度图矢量场卷积的局部中心,选出多目标的初始轮廓控制点,将参数的活动轮廓模型应用于待分割强度图像进行叶片的分割;采用标记的方法将分割轮廓映射至距离点云集,设计以单个叶片为单位的平面拟合选择机制,最终完成草莓三维模型的重建及显示。为验证该算法的有效性,将三维重建后的有效叶片数,平均单叶长度及叶片距离差作为评价指标,实验结果表明,有效叶片数正确率为85.6%,平均单叶长度模型正确计算率为88.4%,叶片距离差正确计算率为82.4%,研究结果可应用于原位草莓植株的空间位置测量,可为农业机器人局部视觉场景中植株空间结构的构建提供参考。     

基于局部判别映射算法的玉米病害识别方法

如何快速准确检测到作物病害信息是作物病害防治中的一个首要问题,根据作物叶片症状识别作物病害是作物病害检测的一个基本方法。由于病害叶片颜色、形状和纹理之间的差异很大,使得很多经典的模式识别方法不能有效地应用于作物病害识别中,为此提出了一种基于局部判别映射(local discriminant projects,LDP)的作物病害识别方法。首先,利用区域增长分割算法分割病害叶片中的病斑图像;然后,将病斑图像重组为一维向量,再由LDP对一维向量进行维数约简;最后,利用最近邻分类器识别作物病害类别。利用LDP算法将高维空间的一维向量样本点映射到低维子空间时,能够使得类内样本点更加紧凑,而类间样本点更加分离,从而得到最佳的低维分类特征。利用该方法在5种常见玉米病害叶片图像数据库上进行了病害识别试验,识别精度高达94.4%。与其他作物病害识别方法(如基于神经网络、主分量分析+概率神经网络和贝叶斯方法)和监督子空间学习算法(如算法局部判别嵌入和判别邻域嵌入)进行了比较。试验结果表明,该方法对作物病害叶片图像识别是有效可行的,为实现基于叶片图像处理技术的作物病害的田间实时在线检测奠定了基础。     

利用AFLP标记和形态性状检测皖北小麦主栽品种的遗传多样性

利用AFLP标记和2年田间试验对皖北地区小麦主栽品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。以AFLP标记在20个品种之间扩增的172条多态性位点数据,采用Nei和Li的方法,计算品种间的遗传距离;同时,以2年田间试验得到的品种株高、穗长、小穗数、小穗密度、千粒重、护颖长短、粒长和粒宽等表现型性状平均数经正态标准化后,采用欧氏距离计算品种间遗传距离。基于分子标记的聚类分析结果与系谱分析基本一致,把系谱来源不清的品种划分到相应的类群。若以整个遗传距离的总平均数作尺度对聚类图的结果进行分类,大致可分为6类。Mantel检测表明,AFLP标记数据计算的遗传距离矩阵和表现型计算的遗传距离矩阵存在极显著的相关性(r=0.8260,t=11.325),证明AFLP标记是检测品种间遗传差异的有效方法,可为小麦育种亲本选配提供理论依据。研究还证实,一个骨干亲本与由其衍生出来的品种(系)之间的遗传差异一般较小。     

自适应加权算子结合主曲线提取玉米叶片点云骨架

为从玉米叶片点云数据(尤其是缺失点云数据)中准确提取骨架特征,该研究设计了一种考虑玉米叶片形状结构和数据完整性的自适应加权算子来计算玉米叶片点云的骨架约束点集,并引入主曲线对骨架约束点集进行拟合得到优化的玉米叶片点云骨架.首先使用K均值聚类将玉米叶片分为若干变化较为平缓的部分;然后通过改进的距离场方法提取点云的截面相关...     

基于点云数据的植物叶片曲面重构方法

叶子是植物最重要的器官之一,建立植物叶片的高精度曲面模型对于开展植物叶片形态特征分析和冠层光分布计算等研究具有重要意义。该文提出了一种基于点云数据的植物叶片曲面重构方法,该方法首先对原始点云数据进行噪声点剔除和数据精简,然后采用Delaunay三角剖分方法生成初始网格曲面,再对网格曲面进行优化处理。结果表明该方法能够基于激光扫描三维点云数据快速重构出植物叶片的高精度网格曲面,包括萎蔫和枯萎等复杂形态。该研究可为植物建模与可视化相关研究提供参考。     

基于SPAN与NDVI的全极化SAR数据喀斯特地区土地类型划分

地貌复杂性、地物多样性等特征使得全极化SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）数据的散射机制和散射强度相互交织,从而导致基于传统Wishart-H/α的全极化SAR数据难以实现喀斯特地区土地类型的有效划分。针对此问题,本文先用复Wishart距离测度对研究区土地类型样本进行聚类,同时利用H/α平面对研究区进行超盒聚类,然后根据超盒聚类结果平均相干矩阵与样本聚类结果平均相干矩阵间的复Wishart距离进行半监督分类,获得研究区土地类型划分的初步结果。在此基础上利用对建筑物与裸岩地敏感的极化总功率（Polarimetric-Total-Power,SPAN）和对林地、草地与耕地敏感的归一化植被指数（Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI）对初步结果继续进行划分,最终将研究区土地类型划分为水体、林地、草地、耕地、建筑地和裸岩地,总体分类精度为81.45%;采用另一地势相对平缓、地形相对单一的典型喀斯特地区全极化SAR数据进行验证,在实现该地区土地类型划分的同时总体分类精度为85.66%。说明gai该研究方法能够实现喀斯特地区土地类型的准确划分。     

基于改进稠密胶囊网络模型的植物识别方法

植物识别意义重大,但是由于植物种类繁多,规模数据集标注和构建困难,因此植物物种识别作为精细分类任务仍然面临巨大挑战。该研究提出一种改进稠密胶囊网络模型用于植物物种识别。首先,在网络初始端引入自注意力层,通过增加特征图中待识别区域的特征权值以降低背景信息对于识别任务的干扰。其次,在改进模型胶囊层间使用局部约束动态路由算法,实现局部区域内胶囊路由选择和转换矩阵共享机制,降低网络参数规模,减小网络训练学习计算负载。在试验数据集上计算结果表明,当输入图片尺度为32×32像素时,该研究模型平均识别准确率为77.2%,参数规模仅为1.8M。当输入图片尺度为227×227像素时,该研究模型平均识别准确率为95.1%,参数规模仅为5.2M。试验结果表明提出的改进稠密胶囊网络模型在识别分类和降低模型参数规模上均有大幅提升。     

基于模糊顺序形态学的植物叶片脉络边缘提取

植物叶片是作物分类和识别的简单有效方法,叶片的脉络和边缘特征提取是识别叶片的基础步骤。植物叶片图像通常受噪声影响,提取清晰的脉络和边缘比较困难,该文提出了基于模糊顺序形态学的植物叶片脉络边缘特征提取方法。首先,根据像素邻域特性,利用植物叶片脉络边缘及内部区域的差异性,构造了隶属度函数;然后,依据Sugeno模糊模型,定义了能够增大叶片脉络边缘和内部区域差异的模糊规则,进行模糊推理;该文采用了抑制噪声特别有效的顺序形态学边缘检测算子,对图像进行脉络边缘提取,最终得到植物叶片脉络和边缘信息图像。试验结果表明,该文方法克服了自然环境中噪声的影响,提取的植物叶片脉络和边缘更加清晰、定位更加准确。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.