Tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to cloransulam-methyl

The level of tolerance of various market classes of dry bean to cloransulam-methyl is not known. Three field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada during 2007 and 2008 to determine the level of tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) application of cloransulam-methyl at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ai ha⁻¹. Cloransulam-methyl applied at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha⁻¹ caused between 13 and 23% injury in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean, respectively. Cloransulam-methyl applied at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha⁻¹ reduced the shoot dry weight by between 16 and 28% compared to the untreated control. Cloransulam-methyl applied PRE reduced the height of black bean by 27% and the height of cranberry bean by 25% at 70 g ha⁻¹ and reduced the height of white bean by 19% at 35 g ha⁻¹ and by 37% at 70 g ha⁻¹. Cloransulam-methyl applied PRE reduced the yield of black bean by 29% at 35 g ha⁻¹ and by 43% at 70 g ha⁻¹, reduced the yield of cranberry bean by 43% at 70 g ha⁻¹, and reduced the yield of white bean by 36% at 35 g ha⁻¹ and by 54% at 70 g ha⁻¹. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE and POST application of cloransulam-methyl in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean at the rates evaluated.     

Phototransformation of linuron and chlorbromuron in aqueous solution

The main photoproducts initially formed in the phototransformation of linuron and chlorbromuron in aqueous solution result from photohydrolysis, i.e. hydroxylation with release of halide ion, and from elimination of a methoxy group. Reductive debromination was also observed with chlorbromuron. The transformation is less specific than with diuron. The orientation of the reaction depends on the wavelength: short wavelengths (254 nm) favour demethoxylation and photohydrolysis in the meta position whereas, with ‘black light’, i.e. wavelengths longer than 330 nm, photohydrolysis in the para position is the main reaction observed. ©1997 SCI     

不同基因型芸豆品种丰产性及稳定性分析

对2006～2007年连续两年参加国家芸豆品种区域试验的8个品种(品系)在38个试点的数据资料,应用非参数统计方法-秩次分析法对产量进行综合分析和评价.结果表明,参试品种间产量性能及稳定性存在显著差异,其中YD02-11(CK1)属于高产、稳定性品种,其余的7个品种都处于中产区域,YD02-06(i=5)属于较高产、稳定性品种,YD02-01、YD02-02、YD02-07、YD02-12(i=1,2,6,8)属于较高产、中等稳定性品种,YD02-03、YDO2-O4(i=3,4)属于较高产、不稳定品种.     

干旱胁迫对芸豆籽粒干物质积累的影响及动态模型的建立

为研究干旱胁迫对芸豆籽粒干物质积累的影响,并建立动态方程,以奶花芸豆2242为材料,设计了一个三因素盆栽实验,进行不同生育时期、不同程度、不同时间的干旱胁迫。结果表明：不同干旱胁迫处理,籽粒干物质积累均受到一定程度的影响。不同时期,苗期最终表现为等量补偿效应,始花期和结荚期表现为部分补偿效应,说明在苗期可适当进行干旱胁迫,而在始花期和结荚期进行干旱胁迫则会影响干物质积累量。不同强度,籽粒干物质积累规律为正常供水＞中度干旱＞重度干旱。不同时间,胁迫5 d＞胁迫10 d。籽粒干物质动态变化均为“S”型曲线,可用Logistic模型描述,并用特征参数描述积累过程特征,且拟合效果较好,决定系数均达0.98以上。     

茉莉酸处理菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇抗性的影响

为明确外源茉莉酸(JA)处理菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇抗性的诱导作用,采用生物测定和生化分析方法,研究了4种浓度JA喷施菜豆幼苗后,菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇的抗性及菜豆叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的变化.结果表明,JA处理可以提高菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇的抗性及菜豆叶片3种防御酶的活性,且其抗性和防御酶活性提高程度均与JA浓度有关.0.1、1 mmol/L JA可显著降低美洲斑潜蝇成虫对菜豆的取食和产卵选择性,使卵或幼虫发育历期延长、幼虫取食量降低、蛹重减轻,而0.001和0.01 mmol/L JA仅对幼虫发育历期有显著影响.0.1 mmol/L JA处理后,菜豆叶片POD、PPO和LOX活性均显著升高,分别较对照增加33％、39％和80％,而0.001 mmol/L JA对菜豆叶片防御酶诱导作用不明显.     

高寒地区芸豆氮肥与密度优化组合模式研究

以黑龙江省北部主栽芸豆品种英国红为试验材料,分析了氮肥和密度对生育期、形态特征、产量、产量构成因素、商品与营养品质等方面的影响。结果表明:N肥会显著增加各个生育时期和生育期的天数,低密度时差异不显著,超过20万株·hm-2差异显著。单株荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重随着密度的增加而降低,各氮肥处理间差异不显著;芸豆的商品率随着密度的增大而降低;N肥45 kg·hm-2和密度10万株·hm-2的组合脂肪含量最大为1.51%,各处理间差异显著;蛋白质最大值出现在N肥60 kg·hm-2和10万株·hm-2的密度与氮肥组合上,最大值为14.55%,与N肥45 kg·hm-2和10万株·hm-2组合差异不显著,与其它组合间差异显著;N30 kg·hm-2和20万株·hm-2组合产量最高,为3 418.56 kg·hm-2,与N肥45 kg·hm-2和15万株·hm-2组合产量(3 417.46 kg·hm-2)相当,与其他组合间差异显著。综合种植的经济效益和品质分析,最为理想栽培模式为N肥45 kg·hm-2和15万株·hm-2组合。     

群体密度与黄腐酸对芸豆籽粒淀粉形成及加工特性的影响

为探明群体密度与叶面喷施黄腐酸对黑龙江省西北部芸豆籽粒淀粉形成及加工特性的影响,采用二因素裂区设计,主区设3个群体密度：20万株·hm^-2(D1,稀植处理)、23万株·hm^-2(D2,当地常规密度)、26万株·hm^-2(D3,密植处理);副区设5个黄腐酸浓度：清水(C0)、0.37(C1)、0.45(C2)、1.12(C3)、1.50 kg·hm^-2(C4)。采用碱液浸提法提取成熟后芸豆籽粒淀粉,通过测定淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、冻融稳定性、糊化特性、透明度、直链淀粉含量以及淀粉的理化性质,研究了芸豆淀粉品质形成的群体效应及叶面肥调控效果。结果表明：芸豆籽粒粗淀粉含量及直链淀粉比例显著影响淀粉的加工特性。2021年、2022年芸豆淀粉含量均随群体密度的增加而增加,分别从45.7%、47.7%增加到59.0%、50.7%;同时,直链淀粉含量均在高密度(26万株·hm^-2)处理下达到峰值,分别为36.3%和28.4%。叶面喷施黄腐酸促进了芸豆籽粒淀粉的积累,提高了籽粒总淀粉含量,增加了...     

不同供氮水平对芸豆碳氮代谢平衡的影响

采用盆栽土壤基施0、15、30 kg·hm-2三个氮素水平试验,研究了芸豆荚果形成后不同氮素水平下叶片和荚果的碳、氮代谢主要酶活性以及抗氧化酶系活性的变化。结果表明,芸豆荚果形成后,随着土壤供氮水平的增加,荚果的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;叶片的蔗糖合成酶活性、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、硝酸还原酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性大于同一供氮水平荚果的活性;且荚果的总可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量高于叶片;叶片的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的活性与荚果的蔗糖磷酸合成酶和硝酸还原酶活性呈显著相关性。由此可以得出,源器官是芸豆植株的代谢活跃中心,而库器官成为植株的生长中心,且后者的碳、氮代谢过程主要受前者的调控。     

基于GC/MS测定法的不同种植条件下代森锰锌在菜豆上的残留及消解动态

采用正己烷吸收,气质联用仪测定,建立了代森锰锌在菜豆中的GC/MS测定法。方法回收率为79.0%～85.6%,相对标准偏差为4.4%～9.9%,定量限以代森锰锌表示为0.04 mg/kg。在此基础上开展了不同种植条件下代森锰锌在菜豆上的消解动态试验和最终残留量试验,设施条件下和露地条件下代森锰锌在菜豆上的半衰期分别为9.4 d和5.1 d,最终残留量为0.17～0.45 mg/kg,均低于我国限量标准3 mg/kg。可为70%硫磺·锰锌可湿性粉剂用于防治菜豆病害登记提供数据支撑。     

White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) tolerance to preplant-incorporated herbicides

There is a limited number of registered herbicides in white beans. Field trials were conducted at two Ontario, Canada, locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate tolerance of two white bean cultivars, AC Compass and OAC Thunder, to preplant-incorporated applications of S -metolachlor plus imazethapyr (1600 + 75 and 3200 + 150 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively), flumetsulam plus S -metolachlor ( premixed at 1443 and 2886 g ai ha⁻¹) and cloransulam-methyl (35 and 70 g ai ha⁻¹). There were no differences between the two cultivars in their responses to the herbicide treatments. S -metolachlor plus imazethapyr caused as much as 5% visual crop injury and decreased plant height up to 20%, shoot dry weight up to 39% and yield as much as 21%. Flumetsulam plus S -metolachlor caused as much as 7% visual crop injury and reduced plant height by up to 25%, shoot dry weight by up to 46% and yield as much as 24%. Cloransulam-methyl caused as much as 10% visual crop injury and decreased plant height up to 35%, shoot dry weight up to 55% and yield as much as 44%. There were no differences in seed moisture content among any of the herbicide treatments. This research suggests that the margin of safety of white bean is inadequate to support the preplant-incorporated registration of S -metolachlor plus imazethapyr, flumetsulam plus S -metolachlor and cloransulam-methyl in Ontario.     

Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil

The development of integrated weed management strategies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence compositional changes in weed flora. A 9-year study was initiated in 1988 at Delhi, Canada, on a loamy sand soil to evaluate the effect of tillage systems [conventional (CT) and no-till (NT)] and cover crops (only in NT) on weed density, species composition and associations, and crop yield in a winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)/bean/winter wheat rotation. Three bean types: soyabean ( Glycine max L. Merr.), white bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kidney bean ( P . vulgaris L.) were included. The NT system included variations: rye ( Secale cereale L.) or maize ( Zea mays L.) cover crop, volunteer wheat disked after harvest and wheat stubble. Data were collected in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Tillage systems, cover crops and crop type had differential effects on weed densities, species composition and associations. Weed densities were not affected by tillage or cover crops in wheat but, in the beans, densities were greater in the CT than in the NT systems. Various associations of weed species with tillage system, cover crop and crop type were observed. Crop yields were not affected by tillage type or cover crop, except that soyabean yields were highest in plots with cover crops.     

Integration of partial resistance,plant density and use of fungicide for management of white mould in common bean

In-row plant densities have not been studied for common beans with type II growth habit and contrasting reactions to white mould. Advanced breeding lines with partial resistance or susceptibility to white mould were combined with 4, 7, 10 or 13 plants m⁻¹ and with or without fungicide at a constant between-row spacing of 0.5 m in five sprinkler-irrigated field trials conducted during the autumn–winter season in Brazil. White mould pressures in the trials covered the whole range from zero to moderate/high (46–60% of white mould severity index). In all trials, means of white mould incidence, severity and yield did not vary significantly between 7 and 13 plants m⁻¹ for the partially resistant line, regardless of the fungicide levels. For the susceptible line, 13 plants m⁻¹ increased white mould incidence and severity under moderate disease, regardless of the fungicide levels, and decreased yield compared with 10 plants m⁻¹ when fungicide was applied twice under moderate/high disease pressure. For the susceptible line, 7 or 10 plants m⁻¹ maximized yield in all trials, with or without fungicide applications. The results suggest that the current recommendation of 11–13 plants m⁻¹ could be used for type II beans with partial resistance to white mould in either a conventional or organic system. For susceptible genotypes, 7–10 plants m⁻¹ seems to be the most appropriate in-row plant density. This study may improve the recommendation of in-row plant density for type II beans cultivated under white mould pressure.     

Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.     

Tolerance of adzuki bean to preplant-incorporated, pre-emergence, and post-emergence herbicides in Ontario, Canada

Weed management options for adzuki-bean growers in Ontario, Canada are limited due to few herbicide registrations. Four field trials were conducted at three locations in south-western Ontario in 2007 and 2008 to determine the tolerance of adzuki bean to several preplant-incorporated (PPI), pre-emergence (PRE), and post-emergence (POST) herbicides. All the herbicides were applied at the doses registered for use in soybean. The application of pendimethalin, cloransulam-methyl, and halosulfuron-methyl (PPI), flumetsulam, cloransulam-methyl, and halosulfuron-methyl (PRE), and acifluorfen and fomesafen (POST) caused ≤15% crop injury; however, the injury was transient and did not reduce the adzuki bean yield. The POST application of cloransulam-methyl and imazethapyr caused ≤23% crop injury and reduced the biomass by ≤50%, but did not reduce the plant height or crop yield. Metribuzin, flumetsulam, atrazine, and pyroxasulfone (PPI), metribuzin, linuron, pyroxasulfone, and atrazine (PRE), and bentazon, imazethapyr plus bentazon, halosulfuron-methyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl (POST) caused ≤61% crop injury. These treatments reduced the biomass, plant height, and crop yield. Based on these results, pendimethalin, cloransulam-methyl, and halosulfuron-methyl applied PPI, flumetsulam, cloransulam-methyl, and halosulfuron-methyl applied PRE, and acifluorfen and fomesafen applied POST might be potential weed management options for weed management in adzuki bean. Cloransulam-methyl and imazethapyr applied POST will need further evaluation due to phytotoxicity concerns. Metribuzin, flumetsulam, atrazine, and pyroxasulfone applied PPI, metribuzin, linuron, atrazine, and pyroxasulfone applied PRE, and bentazon, imazethapyr plus bentazon, halosulfuron-methyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl applied POST did not have an adequate margin of safety.     

钙离子和茉莉酸灌根对菜豆叶片防御酶活性和西花蓟马取食偏好性的影响

为探明外源物质对菜豆植株防御酶活性和西花蓟马取食偏好性的影响。本试验分别采用CaCl₂和茉莉酸(JA)进行灌根,研究了西花蓟马取食前后菜豆叶片脂氧合酶(LOX)、丙二烯氧化物合酶(AOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化,并研究了西花蓟马对JA和CaCl₂处理后的菜豆植株的取食偏好性。结果表明：不论CaCl₂还是JA灌根均可诱导菜豆防御酶AOS、LOX、CAT和SOD活性的上升,其中对CAT活性影响最大,其活性分别上升至对照的2.83倍和3.57倍,但对POD和PPO活性没有影响。西花蓟马取食CaCl₂处理的菜豆植株,能诱导LOX、POD和PPO活性分别上升1.40、2.03倍和2.26倍,而SOD活性则被显著抑制。西花蓟马取食JA灌根的菜豆植株能明显诱导POD和PPO活性的升高,二者活性分别是未取食植株的1.67倍和1.45倍,但AOS、LOX、CAT和SOD活性被抑制。西花蓟马2龄若虫取食CaCl₂和JA...     

Wheat/faba bean intercropping improves physiological and structural resistance of faba bean to fusaric acid stress

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae is the causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fusaric acid (FA), produced by F. oxysporum, plays an important role in the occurrence of disease, and intercropping is an effective measure for control of disease and for improving host resistance in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses, and mechanisms of tissue structure resistance, of intercropped faba beans following exposure to different concentrations of FA. Results demonstrated that intercropping reduced the occurrence of fusarium wilt, and improved faba bean growth and yield. In addition, wheat intercropping significantly reduced red ink absorption of faba bean (33.2%), increased water content (3.1%), and increased activity of the root antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) (26.3% and 2.2.%, respectively). Furthermore, increased lignin content and callose deposition in plant vessels were observed (12.5% and 42.7%, respectively) when subjected to the highest concentration of FA stress (200 mg/L). Intercropping resulted in more intact root cell morphology, increased occurrence of intracellular vacuoles, increased cell wall thickness, and an increase in the number of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Intercropping alleviated the wilting effect of FA on faba bean via enhanced physiological, biochemical, and tissue structure resistance of faba bean root.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Control of bean common mosaic by deployment of the dominant gene I

The deployment of the dominant gene I for the control of bean common mosaic predisposes a bean crop to the risk of death by black root if one or more recessive genes to prevent the hypersensitive plant reaction are lacking. However, during 3 years of observation in Kenya black root occurred only exceptionally to more than 10%, and in such cases the yields from crops having the dominant gene I exceeded significantly those from mosaic-susceptible crops. The use of the dominant resistance factor in Kenya is therefore recommended, but continued caution and monitoring of the disease situation are required. Broadening the resistance basis by adding recessive genes to control black root is advisable.Samenvatting Het gebruik van het dominante gen I voor de bestrijding van de virusziekte bonerolmozaïek stelt een bonengewas bloot aan het gevaar van systemische necrose, als niet een of meer recessieve genen aanwezig zijn om deze overgevoeligheidsreactie van de planten te voorkomen. Gedurende een periode van drie jaar werden waarnemingen verricht om na te gaan hoe vaak deze necrose optrad. Slechts bij uitzondering bleek meer dan 10% van de planten te worden aangetast. In die gevallen werd de opbrengst toch aanmerkelijk verhoogd door de aanwezigheid van het dominante gen I. Het gebruik van dit gen ter bestrijding van het bonerolmozaïek wordt daarom voor Kenya aanbevolen. Voortdurend moet echter worden nagegaan in welke mate necrose-inducerende stammen van het virus voorkomen. Een verbreding van de erfelijke basis van de resistentie ter voorkoming van de necrotische reactie door introductie van recessieve resistentiegenen is raadzaam.

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Résumé L'emploi du gène dominant I pour la lutte préventive contre la mosaïque commune du haricot, en I'absence d'un ou plusiers gènes récessifs pour éviter une réaction hypersensible de la plante, entraine un danger de mort de la plante par racines noires. Néanmoins, pendant les 3 ans d'observations au Kénya, les cas de racines noires ne sont apparus qu'exceptionnellement à un taux superieur à 10%, et, dans de tels cas, le rendement du végétal ayant le gène dominant I était, de façon significative, supérieur à celui des végétaux prédisposées à la mosaïque. L'utilisation au Kénya du facteur de résistance dominant est par conséquent recommendé mais une attention et une surveillance permanentes de I'évolution de la maladie sont nécessaires. On peut conseiller I'élargissement de la base de résistance par addition de gènes récessifs pour le contrôle de la maladie des racines noires.

     

Response of interspecific Brassica juncea/Brassica rapa hybrids and their advanced progenies to Albugo candida (white blister)

Transfer of factors for resistance to white blister disease caused by Albugo candida between Brassica species involving two genotypes each of B. juncea and B. rapa was studied in hybrids. More hybrids were obtained by in vivo than in vitro techniques, although an in vitro phase was a prerequisite for the establishment of in vivo hybrids. Hybrids were identified by PCR-based inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers with both male and female species-specific bands being identified. There was a positive correlation between disease severity and number of days after sowing ( r  > 0·93), the highest being towards pod formation and plant maturity at 110 days after sowing. The plants from F₂ and BC₁ progeny showed higher resistance to A. candida than either of the parents. Plants of B. juncea and B. rapa with high field resistance (disease index < 1·0) were selected from BC₂ and F₂BC₁ generations. The frequency of plants classified as resistant in BC₂ progeny ranged from 4·5 to 39·0% in cross-combinations involving B. juncea genotypes as female parent, compared with 100% in the reciprocal cross involving B. rapa as female parent.     

Spatial characteristics of white mould epidemics and the development of sequential sampling plans in Australian bean fields

To improve sampling efficiency and precision in the assessment of white mould (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease incidence on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), the spatial characteristics of epidemics were characterized in 54 linear transects in 18 bean fields during 2008–2010 in northern Tasmania, Australia. The incidence of diseased pods and plants was assessed prior to harvest. Distributional and correlation‐based analyses indicated the incidence of diseased pods was characterized by a largely random pattern at the individual plant scale, with some patches of similar disease levels on pods occurring at a scale of 1·5 m or greater. Collectively, these results suggested epidemics may be dominated by localized sources of inoculum. Sequential sampling approaches were developed to estimate or classify disease incidence above or below provisional thresholds of 3, 5 and 15% incidence on pods near harvest. Achieving prespecified levels of precision by sequential estimation was possible only when disease incidence on pods was greater than approximately 4% and sampling was relatively intense (i.e. 10 pods evaluated on each of at least 64 plants). Using sequential classification, correct decisions on disease status were made in at least 95% of independent validation datasets after assessment of only 10·1–15 plants, depending on classification threshold and error rates. Outcomes of this research provide the basis for implementing more efficient sampling and management strategies for this disease in Australian fields.