浅谈黑龙江省向日葵生产

向日葵是世界四大油料作物之一,向日葵油是优质保健食用油。同时,食用型向日葵又是重要的经济作物,是休闲食品和食品加工的重要原料。黑龙江省是向日葵的重要产区之一,发展向日葵生产能充分利用土地资源、优化产业结构,增加农牧民的收入,具有十分重要的意义。     

向日葵高产栽培技术

向日葵是我国重要的油料作物之一,食用向日葵子实含油率20%～30%,油用向日葵为40%～50%,种仁含油率更高.向日葵子实除榨油外,还可以提取粗蛋白和维生素A、B、D、E,还可以制造人造肉、酱油、味精及糕点.非油用向日葵主要用于人类消费食品、烤制食品、喂养鸟类和小的宠物.     

关于白城市向日葵产业发展情况的调研报告

近年来,由于当地特殊的地理环境,使向日葵成为白城市农业的特色产业。白城向日葵具有品质高、病害轻、无污染等优点,是深受人们欢迎的绿色健康食品,是白城地区主要的特色经济作物之一。然而,向日葵产业在发展中还存在一些不容忽视的问题,本文对比进行了分析和探讨,并提出了一些建议。     

冀西北地区青刀豆套种向日葵栽培技术

<正>青刀豆是重要的出口创汇蔬菜品种之一,含有丰富的糖类、蛋白质和脂肪,具有较高的营养价值。青刀豆喜冷凉、耐湿润、怕涝。向日葵管理省工成本低,是北方农民种植的主要经济作物。河北省蔚县是山东、山西、四川及张家口等地食品加工企业的基地。但是,青刀豆中后期受高温影响,细菌性疫病等病害较为严重,对产量和品质影响很大。近几年,在农牧局专业技术人员的指导下,采用青刀豆套种向日葵形式,取得了良好的经济效益。向日葵能为青刀豆     

向日葵栽培技术

向日葵浑身都是宝,葵花籽是重要的油料作物,营养丰富,还可作为人们喜爱的休闲食品,葵壳可制建筑材料,饼粕可做饲料,茎杆是造纸的原料。本文从实际出发对向日葵的栽培技术做了详细阐述。     

巴彦淖尔市向日葵产业发展情况浅析

向日葵是巴彦淖尔市的主要经济作物,是当地农民收入重要来源之一。文章通过分析2013年该地区向日葵种植、生产以及销售情况。找出向日葵生产的制约因素,对今后的发展提出建议。     

向日葵抗病育种研究进展

向日葵是我国重要的油料作物之一。本文对国内外向日葵抗病育种研究进行了综述,以期为向日葵抗病育种及种质创新研究工作提供参考信息。     

两系法饲草向日葵品系的应用研究

两系法选育饲草向日葵的应用研究,是利用食品向日葵高配合力不育系与强化优势保持系的配套杂交,生产出优质、高产饲草向日葵的杂交种,为规模化、工厂化生产向日葵青贮饲料提供种源。     

内蒙古向日葵主要病害及其防治对策

向日葵是内蒙古的重要经济作物之一,对内蒙古地区的经济发展有着重要的促进作用,因此就需要重视对向日葵主要病害的防治,防治向日葵病害对当地经济的所带来的不利影响。本文主要围绕内蒙古向日葵主要病害进行分析,并就其防治对策进行探究。     

布尔津县向日葵列当发生规律与预防措施

布尔津县是阿勒泰地区向日葵种植主要县市之一,2016年全县向日葵播种面积10 933hm2,占全县总种植面积的38%,是该县重要的经济作物之一。自1995年该县引进种植向日葵以来,随着经济效益的突出,4乡2镇均有种植且种植面积逐年增加。由于连年重茬种植和管理不当,向日葵列当发生最为普遍和严重,直接影响全县向日葵的产量和质量。     

浅析大豆田间管理及推广

我国是农业大国,粮食生产不仅能满足我国居民的需求量,粮食出口也是我国经济的来 源之一,大豆在粮食出口中占有很大的比例。大豆一直是我国重要的粮食与油料作物,随着经济 的发展和人们生活水平的提高,人们对大豆的需求和质量要求越来越高,所以,在扩大大豆种植 面积的同时,研究并推广大豆田间管理技术也十分重要。本文简要介绍了大豆田间管理的技术 要点,包括苗期管理、结荚期管理和花期管理。     

Sunflower response to potassium fertilization and nutrient requirement estimation

Field experiments were conducted in oil and edible sunflower to study the effects of potassium(K) fertilization on achene yield and quality, and to estimate the nutrient internal efficiency(IE) and nutrient requirement in sunflower production. All trials in edible sunflower and 75% trials in oil sunflower showed positive yield responses to K fertilization. Compared with control without K fertilization, the application of K increased achene yield by an average of 406 kg ha~(–1) for oil sunflower and 294 kg ha~(–1) for edible sunflower. K application also increased 1 000-achene weight and kernel rate of both oil and edible sunflower. K fertilization improved the contents of oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in achenes of oil sunflower, and increased contents of oil, total unsaturated fatty acid and protein in achenes of edible sunflower. The average agronomic efficiency of K fertilizer was 4.0 for oil sunflower and 3.0 kg achene kg~(–1) K_2O for edible sunflower. The average IE of N, P and K under balanced NPK fertilization was 22.9, 82.8, and 9.9 kg kg~(–1) for oil sunflower, and 27.3, 138.9, and 14.3 kg kg~(–1) for edible sunflower. These values were equivalent to 45.5, 14.1, and 108.1 kg, and 39.0, 8.0, and 71.7 kg of N, P and K, respectively, in above-ground dry matter required for production per ton of achenes. The average harvest index of N, P and K was 0.47, 0.56 and 0.05 kg kg~(–1) in oil sunflower, and 0.58, 0.58 and 0.14 kg kg~(–1) in edible sunflower.     

Root distributions in tillage layers and yields of pumpkin and oil sunflower in an intercropping system

Studies on the distribution of roots of pumpkin and oil sunflower in tillage layers and their relations with their above-ground biomass in an intercropping system were conducted by digging roots by layers, combined with DT-Scan and the WinRHIZO root analysis system, during harvest in the plateau of the northwest part of Hebei Province, China. The results of analyzing roots and ratio of root to shoot showed that oil sunflower had an advantage over pumpkin in the intercropping system. Root dry weight of oil sunflower in treatments of pumpkin intercropped with one row (J1) and two rows of oil sunflower (J2) was, respectively, 2.5 and 1.83 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping (YD); the root length was 1.25 and 1.27 times, the root surface area was 1.20 and 1.14 times, and the root volume was 1.53 and 1.44 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping, respectively. As oil sunflower was dominant in absorbing nutrition and water in the intercropping system, the growth and development of pumpkin were restricted. Root dry weight of pumpkin in sole cropping (ND) was 1.5 and 1.9 times as much as that in treatments of J1 and J2 in a 0- to 40-cm soil layer, with the root length, surface area, and volume being 1.02 and 1.13, 1.04 and 1.26, 1.22 and 1.22 times that of treatments of J1 and J2, respectively. The root and the above-ground biomass of intercropped pumpkin with oil sunflower were lower than those in sole pumpkin cropping, while those of oil sunflower were the opposite. Root density of pumpkin decreased in power function with the soil layers, while it decreased by exponential function in oil sunflower. It was concluded that sole pumpkin cropping rather than pumpkin-oil sunflower intercropping is the suitable planting regimen in this area.     

杂交向日葵高油恢复系选育方法

我们在多年的向日葵育种工作的基础上,通过广泛且深入的研究,针对实践中的问题,就如何选育高质量、高油份的向日葵恢复系提出可行性方法。市场上的国外高油“三系”向日葵杂交种是1种不容忽视的育种资源,我们可通过选育二环系的方法得到所需携有目的基因的恢复系;利用现有恢复系与国外向日葵杂交种的杂交途径把高油目的基因导入现有恢复系中,进而创造出新的高油恢复系;通过品系问杂交,对其后代进行系统选育来创造高油恢复系;把高油份、高品质的优良无恢复性的自交系,通过回交转育的方法将其改造成高油恢复系;轮回选择在向日葵育种中也是1种卓有成效的方法,我们通过全姊妹家系轮回选择的手段来最大限度地集合目的基因,最终得到优良恢复系。     

Production of Lipase Using Cassava Peel and Sunflower Oil in Solid-State Fermentation： Preliminary Study

Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social importance. In this study, lipase production of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Aspergillus niger using cassava peel as substrate and sunflower oil as an inductor was investigated. The optimized cultivation temperature and concentration of inductor were determined using the response surface methodology. The two variables studied exercised influence in the production of lipase in the 95% level of confidence. The response surface obtained indicated that the conditions that maximize lipase activity production were 30.5 ~C and initial concentration of sunflower oil was 2.5% （w/w）. Through this analysis, it is evident that extremes in temperature and concentration of inductor tend to decrease lipase production, since low temperatures decrease metabolism and high temperatures may inactivate the lipase. Optimum lipase yield was 59.8 U/g of dry peel which was fermented for 60 h. Lipase production presents a peak of 61.3 U/g, at 72 h of fermentation. However, this value is statistically equal （p 〉 0.05） of the value of lipase activity obtained for 60 h and 84 h of fermentation.     

再谈《金瓶梅》、《红楼梦》之瓜子

张箭先生在《〈金瓶梅〉、〈红楼梦〉之瓜子考》一文中，经考证认为明清小说《金瓶梅》,《红楼梦》中多次提到“瓜子”，是向日葵的子（葵花子），但是葵花子广泛应用于食用和榨油最早是在晚清。实际上该瓜子应该是西瓜的变种，子用西瓜的子，子用西瓜所产瓜子在明清流行程度很高，子用西瓜一般被称为打瓜或子瓜，该瓜子今天又被称为黑瓜子。     

银北灌区油葵节水灌溉制度研究

通过田间试验研究了冬灌地油葵生育期灌水次数对产量和灌水生产率的影响.结果表明,增加灌水量和灌水次数对油葵的产量并无显著影响,说明在油葵全生育期不灌水的条件下,银北灌区通过冬灌土壤水能满足油葵生长发育的要求;从水资源高效利用的角度而言,通过前一年冬灌,油葵以全生育期不灌水为宜,其灌溉水生产效率高达3.078 9 kg/m3.     

我国向日葵机械化生产概况、存在问题及建议

向日葵是中国五大油料作物之一,目前,全国向日葵种植面积维持在100万～120万hm2,总产量在170万t左右。近年来,由于种植向日葵的经济效益好,种植面积和区域不断扩大。随着向日葵种植面积的逐年增加和向日葵新品种的培育,对向日葵的机械播种、田间管理、机械收获等环节提出更高的要求。种植农艺与农业机械作业有机结合,是促进向日葵产业化发展的有效途径。     

螯合剂对油葵修复镉砷复合污染土壤的影响

为提高油葵对农田土壤重金属的提取效率,研究了不同螯合剂(NTA、EGTA、EDDS和EDTA)对油葵修复Cd、As复合污染农田土壤的影响。结果表明,施用4种不同螯合剂对油葵根、茎、叶、花盘和籽粒生物量影响不大。不同螯合剂对油葵各器官Cd、As含量和积累量影响不一样。与CK处理相比,施用NTA、EGTA、EDDS、EDTA导致油葵花盘Cd含量分别提高30.2%、55.1%、41.9%和43.3%,根系As含量分别提高23.6%、18.1%、15.6%和15.4%,但是对籽粒和茎中Cd含量影响不显著。施用NTA、EGTA、EDDS和EDTA处理使油葵植株总Cd积累量分别比CK处理提高32.8%、45.3%、40.5%和41.6%,而对油葵As积累量没有显著影响。4种螯合剂对油葵各器官Cd、As富集系数有不同影响,而对Cd、As转运系数影响不显著。施用EDTA处理使根际土壤Cd含量比CK处理降低25.0%,施用NTA和EDTA处理使根际土壤As含量分别降低18.1%和14.3%。4种螯合剂均可以提高油葵对Cd、As污染土壤的修复效率。     

国内外向日葵育种概况及动向

向日葵是一种新兴的经济作物和油料作物,是重要的工业原料,现已成为世界第二大油料作物。对近年来国内外向日葵育种的趋势、抗病育种、耐胁迫育种、品质育种、野生向日葵的利用以及转基因向日葵等6个方面进行了概述,以期为向日葵育种提供参考。