干旱胁迫对马尾松菌根化苗木水分生理和光合特性的影响

以马尾松Pinus massoniana 1年生苗为材料,采用双因素随机区组试验设计,6个接种处理,分别为牛肝菌7 Suillus luteus,牛肝菌1,鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius,彩色豆马勃Pisolithus tinctorius Strain Pt 715,土生空团菌Cenococcum geophilum Strain Cg SIV和对照(不接种);4个水分处理,土壤相对含水量分别为正常(65±5)%、轻度胁迫(50±5)%、中度胁迫(35±5)%和重度胁迫(25±5)%,比较分析马尾松菌根化及非菌根化苗木,在干旱胁迫下水分生理和光合特性的差异。结果表明,外生菌根真菌通过提高叶片相对含水量,增加束缚水含量,降低苗木水势、自由水和水分饱和亏缺,从而改善苗木水分状况,增强苗木保水能力;外生菌根真菌增加了苗木叶绿素含量,提高了苗木光合速率,各处理间差异显著(P 0.05)。较高的叶绿素含量使菌根化苗木的光合速率增强,气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和资源利用效率也提高,从而降低蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和光合耗氧量,减少气孔对水分的阻力,提高菌根化苗木的含水量;马尾松菌根化苗木主要是通过提高光合利用效率来适应干旱环境,其抗旱能力由强到弱为:牛肝菌1土生空团菌牛肝菌7鸡油菌彩色豆马勃对照。     

侧柏不同种源对水分胁迫反应的初步研究——水分状况、电导率和叶萎蔫表现

模拟土壤干旱条件，从苗木水分状况、细胞相对透性和叶萎蔫表现等３个方面，研究了侧柏５个种源３年生盆栽苗的抗旱性及其差异。试验结果表明，在干旱胁迫下，北方种源苗木较南方种源的水势下降较慢，叶细胞膨压为零时的土壤含水量及土壤水势临界值较低，叶细胞相对透性增大较慢，耐旱性较强；生理指标所反映的种源耐旱性强弱与对叶萎蔫表现的观察结果基本一致；供试种源抗旱能力可排列为：密云＞志丹＞登封＞徐州＞黎平     

干旱胁迫下云南松苗木的水分及其生理变化

以云南松苗木为材料,采用盆栽连续干旱法,测定不同干旱胁迫时间下云南松苗木的含水率、相对含水量与叶绿素荧光参数的变化,以探讨云南松对干旱胁迫的适应机制和抗旱性差异。研究结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,云南松苗木其茎含水率与相对含水量呈下降趋势,叶片含水率、相对含水量及根含水率均呈上升趋势,干旱胁迫时云南松苗木优先将水分供给根与叶片。对叶绿素荧光参数进行测定结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间延长,潜在光化学效应(Fv/Fo)与最大化学效应(Fv/Fm)均呈上升趋势,这可能与干旱胁迫下云南松体内的水分供给机制有关,胁迫初期,干旱对云南松苗木生长影响不大,表明云南松苗木具有一定的抗旱性。     

不同干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗根叶形态的影响

以科尔沁沙地1年生榆树幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水方法,设置适宜条件、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫等4个水分处理梯度,研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗含水量、水分利用效率以及叶片面积、比叶面积和比根长的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度增加,幼苗叶片含水量逐渐降低,茎含水量先升高后降低,根系含水量在轻度和中度胁迫下大于适宜条件;叶片面积在适宜条件和轻度胁迫下显著增加,在中度胁迫下下降;比根长和水分利用效率随着干旱胁迫程度增加而增加;重度干旱胁迫下幼苗无法存活。在科尔沁沙地,栽植榆树幼苗保证存活生长的最低土壤含水量为7.15%。     

水分胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生理特性及生长的影响

通过盆栽实验，研究了在不同的水分条件下栓皮栎幼苗生理特性的变化和苗木生长量的变化。研究表明，在水分胁迫初期，随土壤含水量的降低，栓皮栎叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率下降，而水分利用效率提高。在水分胁迫末期，由于长期的干旱胁迫，水分条件最差的一组苗木已干枯死亡，土壤含水量从38．123％下降到20．323％时，净光合速率和蒸腾速率均下降，水分利用效率也下降。随着土壤含水量的降低，苗高、地径和生物量均有下降的趋势，其中生物量下降的幅度最大。     

侧柏不同种源对水分胁迫反应的初步研究：水分状况,电导率和叶萎…

模拟土壤干旱条件，从苗木水分状况，细胞相对透性和叶萎蔫表现等３个方面，研究了侧柏５个种源３年生盆栽苗的抗旱性及其差异。试验结果表明，在干旱胁迫下，北方种源苗木较高方种源的水势下降较慢，叶细胞膨压为零时的土壤含量及土壤水势临界值较低，叶细胞相对透性增大较慢，耐旱性较强；生理指标所反映的种源耐旱笥强弱与对叶萎蔫表现的观察结果基本一致；供试种源抗旱能力可排列为：密云〉志丹〉徐州〉黎平。     

土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合性能的影响

为探索土壤干旱胁迫和光照强度对黄栌光合作用性能的影响规律,应用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,测定4种土壤水分（对照、轻度、中度和重度胁迫）处理下,3年生黄栌（Cotinuscoggygria var．cinerea）苗木叶片光合作用的光响应过程。结果表明：1）土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数具有明显影响,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,叶片水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量60-65％）下的水平最高;2）黄栌叶片光合作用对强光胁迫的适应性较强,在较大幅度的强光（有效辐射强度1000-1800μmol·m^-1·s^-1）范围内,均能获得较高的光合速率和水分利用效率;3）黄栌光舍作用对弱光的光能吸收、转换和利用效率（光合量子效率）较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧而明显下降。     

柔枝松稳定碳同位素的研究

δ13 C值可用于评价植物的水分利用效率。通过对柔枝松(Pinus flexilis James.)稳定性碳同位素比值(δ13 C)的研究。结果表明,柔枝松种子的δ13 C值最大,其次为根,茎、小枝和叶子的值较小,柔枝松不同种源1年生叶、枝和根的δ13 C值均随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而增加。种源Rsi和Rl的δ13 C值较其他种源大,永久水分利用效率较其他种源高。在干旱胁迫过程中,柔枝松6个种源δ13 C值的变化较小,短期的干旱胁迫对2年生苗木的稳定性碳同位素比值影响不明显。     

水分胁迫对新红星苹果幼树光合作用的影响

水分胁迫对新红星苹果幼树光合作用影响的研究表明:水分胁迫条件下,新红星苹果幼树净光合速率随叶片水势的降低存在阈值现象,叶片净光合速率下降的临界水势为-2.03MPa.对新红星苹果幼树灌溉的临界土壤含水量轻壤土为9.78％;暗呼吸及光呼吸速率与叶水势降低的关系,呈现先升高而后下降的曲线类型;严重的水分胁迫可以引起叶绿素含量下降。     

干旱胁迫对杨树气体交换与荧光参数的影响

以白杨派和黑杨派杨树的盆栽苗为试材,分析了不同干旱胁迫程度对5个杨树的气体交换参数与荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fmv/Fms)的影响,并对不同树种的耐旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明:①5种杨树净光合速率与蒸腾速率均随苗木叶水势的下降而呈明显下降趋势;在水分胁迫初期,欧洲黑杨和银白杨的净光合速率呈现明显的上升趋势。②在中度干旱胁迫前,5个供试杨树的水分利用效率大部分随叶水势的下降有增大现象。③不同树种的Fv/Fm随叶水势降低总体上呈逐渐下降趋势。④与Fv/Fm相比,Fmv/Fms能更直接地反映光合机构的实际光能捕获能力。⑤当苗木叶水势为-1.5 MPa时,5个树种耐旱性的综合评价结果为:转Bt基因欧洲黑杨>欧洲黑杨>银白杨>银灰杨为欧洲山杨,综合指数评价结果与采用单一指标中的水分利用效率完全一致,与净光合速率相近;水分利用效率证明是一种较为可靠的树种耐旱性评价指标。     

干旱胁迫对不同种源北沙柳幼苗生长特性的影响

对7个种源的北沙柳1年生幼苗开展干旱胁迫试验的结果表明,各种源表现出的胁迫症状基本相同,随着胁迫水平的增加,产生的胁迫症状越严重。干旱胁迫使北沙柳的生长受到抑制,株高与基径的生长减缓,总生物量的积累受到抑制。干旱胁迫促进北沙柳根系的生长,以吸收更多的水和营养,从而提高其抗旱性,综合分析可知宁夏盐池种源（SNY）是干旱胁迫下生长表现最优的种源。     

马尾松苗木叶绿素荧光参数及相对水分亏缺测定

对广东信宜、浙江江山、湖南汝城、重庆黔江和湖北大悟等5个种源的马尾松苗木进行干旱胁迫处理,并测定其叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值及相对水分亏缺。结果表明:大部分种源马尾松苗木叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值在中度或重度干旱胁迫下低于对照,相对水分亏缺在中度或重度干旱胁迫下高于对照,均表现出积极的抗旱反应。     

不同种源白刺幼苗生理生长对水分梯度的响应差异

在乌兰布和沙漠东北部地区,依据多年平均月降水量,对5个种源的白刺幼苗进行极度干旱、干旱、轻度干旱和正常降雨水平4种不同的水分梯度处理,开展水分梯度试验.通过测定不同水分梯度、不同种源的光合生理指标表明:水分梯度显著影响白刺幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值、气孔导度、光合水分利用效率、表观光能利用效率、表观CO2利用效率等生理生态特征,并影响植株的苗高和最大新枝长等生长量指标;不同种源之间的净光合速率、水分利用效率、表观光能利用效率、表观CO2利用效率存在显著差异,且在苗高和最大新枝长之间也存在显著差异,但不同种源、不同水分梯度对幼苗的地径均无显著影响.相比于临河、乌拉特后旗种源,磴口、阿拉善盟和民勤种源的蒸腾速率和资源利用效率在不同水分处理之间表现出显著差异,且3个种源的各个资源利用效率都较大.白刺幼苗在光合活动中的气体交换及资源利用效率的生理反应和外在的生长量表型指标的差异,反映了各白刺种源对不同水分环境表现出的响应差异.     

Canopy development and solar conversion efficiency in Acacia auriculiformis under drought stress

A glasshouse experiment was performed with Acacia auriculiformis seedlings to investigate the effects of decreased soil water potential on phyllode extension, abscission and solar conversion efficiency, e. Six-month-old seedlings were subjected for 39 days to one of four treatments: well watered (soil water potential maintained above -0.5 MPa), moderately drought stressed (soil water potential maintained above -1.5 MPa), severely drought stressed (soil water potential maintained above -2.5 MPa) and well watered but pruned to maintain a leaf area approximating that of the severely drought-stressed treatment. Aboveground biomass accumulation decreased by 21% below that of the well-watered controls in the moderately drought-stressed seedlings and by 47% in the severely drought-stressed seedlings as a result of both decreased interception of solar radiation and lower e. Differences in phyllode extension rate, rather than in phyllode abscission, were primarily responsible for the differences in interception of solar radiation among treatments. Decreases in phyllode extension rate and water use occurred simultaneously in response to decreasing soil water potential. Specific leaf area decreased and water use efficiency increased in response to drought stress.     

Geographical variation in water relations, hydraulic architecture and terpene composition of Aleppo pine seedlings from Italian provinces

Ecotypic variations in leaf conductance, soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, components of tissue water potential, hydraulic architecture parameters and xylem embolism were examined in greenhouse-grown two-year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings from six origins representing the geographic range of the species in Italy. Cortical resin composition of the seedlings was also determined. Measurements were made on well-watered seedlings and on seedlings subjected to recurring severe drought. Drought-stressed seedlings had lower mean leaf conductances, transpiration rates and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductances than well-watered seedlings. They also exhibited more negative osmotic potentials, higher relative water deficit at incipient plasmolysis, but a similar maximum modulus of elasticity. Drought-stressed seedlings showed a higher degree of xylem embolism, a lower Huber value, lower leaf specific conductivity and lower specific conductivity than well-watered seedlings. Drought-stressed seedlings of provenances from more xeric habitats (Tremiti, Porto Pino and Mottola) had greater leaf conductances, transpiration rates and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductances than drought-stressed seedlings of provenances from more mesic habitats (Imperia, Otricoli and Vico del Gargano). They also showed higher osmotic adjustment and a lower degree of xylem embolism. Among provenances, there were no significant differences in hydraulic architecture parameters in response to the drought treatment; however, Tremiti and Porto Pino seedlings displayed smaller drought-induced reductions in specific conductivity and leaf specific conductivity, respectively, than seedlings from other provenances. These differences suggest that seedlings from xeric provenances, especially Tremiti, have greater resistance to desiccation than seedlings from mesic provenances. No clear association was found between terpene variability and the other traits investigated, although terpene composition was related to the geographical distribution of the provenances. We conclude that the drought-tolerance responses of Tremiti make it a more suitable provenance than the others for establishment on sites prone to severe soil water deficits.     

不同沙丘部位沙柳叶片含水量及与土壤水分关系的初步研究

对不同坡位沙柳叶片含水量以及沙柳当年生苗、未平茬苗和实生苗3种沙柳苗的叶片含水量进行测定,同时对土壤含水量与沙柳叶片含水量之间的相关关系进行分析。其结果表明:不同坡位叶片含水量表现为迎风坡>丘间低地>背风坡,其中迎风坡坡底叶片含水量最高为61.98%,而背风坡中部和坡底部叶片含水量的差异不显著;3种沙柳苗的叶片含水量从大到小的顺序为:当年生苗>未平茬苗>实生苗,与不同类型的沙柳苗的叶面积大小相一致;总体来看,在"柳湾林"内沙柳叶片含水量与表层土水分存在着一定的相关性。     

干旱胁迫下3树种苗木叶片相对含水量、质膜相对透性和脯氨酸含量的变化

以金沙江干热河谷主要造林树种坡柳、银合欢和山毛豆的苗木为实验材料,通过盆栽苗自然干旱胁迫,同时以浇水处理为对照,探讨了干旱胁迫下3树种苗木叶片的相对含水量、质膜透性以及脯氨酸含量的变化情况。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,3树种苗木叶片的相对含水量、质膜相对透性以及脯氨酸含量都发生了变化,只是变化的幅度和进程不同。经三项生理指标的综合分析并结合3树种的自然表现,得出坡柳具有较强的抗旱能力,其次为银合欢,最后是山毛豆。     

Some ecophysiological characteristics of artà (Calligonum comosum Ľ Hérit) in response to drought stress

Water deficit is an important environmental factor restricting plant growth and photosynthesis. The effect of water deprivation on leaf water status, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters of artà (Calligonum comosum) was studied. Five-month-old artà seedlings, grown in pots in the open air, were subjected to one of four drought treatments (i.e., mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought stress) and compared to control seedlings (normal watering regime). Results show that leaf water potential, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a and b) decreased with increasing levels of drought stress. Inactivation of the photosynthetic apparatus was accompanied by changes in the fluorescence characteristics, providing evidence that reduction of photosynthetic rate could be attributed to non-stomatal limitations. Alterations imply changes in photochemical conversion efficiency of photosystem II by which plants could reduce water transpiration or protect their photosynthetic apparatus from destruction. These adaptations are discussed in relation to the strategies developed to grow drought-resistant artà seedlings in desert environments.     

不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应

[目的]探究不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应,了解其耐旱性差异,为节水耐旱文冠果种源的选择提供依据。[方法]以集中分布在华北地区的3个不同种源文冠果幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽控水方法设置充足水分(W1)、正常供水(W2)、轻度干旱(W3)和重度干旱(W4)4个水分梯度,采用指甲油印迹技术,研究不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应。[结果]表明:不同种源文冠果的气孔均分布在叶片的下表皮,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,气孔变得小而多,趋于旱生植物的叶片气孔分布结构特征;气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应存在显著的差异性,与河南三门峡、山西晋中两个种源相比,河北承德种源叶片在不同水分胁迫处理下均具有小而多的气孔,以及较强的气孔调节能力。[结论] 3个种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征均存在着不同程度的趋于旱生结构;河北承德种源文冠果叶片气孔器比其他2个种源均相对小而多,且调节能力强,属华北地区抗旱优良种源。     

成年马尾松针叶水势和形态对隔离降雨的响应

通过在福建省长汀县红壤严重侵蚀区以持续100%隔离降雨模拟水分亏缺环境,研究土壤含水量变化对先锋造林树种马尾松针叶水势、针叶形态的影响,评价马尾松在水分胁迫下的生态适应性及生理调节机制。结果表明:(1)研究期内,处理组20 cm和80 cm土层土壤含水量持续下降并显著低于对照组(P<0.05),差异达10.93%和12.17%,表明土壤环境已出现水分亏缺;(2)处理组针叶水势(Ψd)持续下降,平均值为-3.73 MPa,显著低于对照组-2.80 MPa(P<0.05),证明处理组土壤含水量下降已对马尾松针叶水势产生了显著的影响,且通过拟合土壤含水量与针叶水势关系得出先锋造林树种马尾松具有较强的抗旱能力;(3)马尾松针叶形态相关指标分析表明,隔离降雨第2 a内对照组与处理组间叶长、叶宽、叶面积的差值均明显大于第1 a内,说明生长减缓是该地区马尾松应对土壤水分亏缺的重要途径。