郁闭度及其测定方法研究与应用

郁闭度是重要的森林调查因子之一,在森林经营与生态系统管理中具有重要作用。但是,郁闭度的概念模糊、测定方法不完善,制约了郁闭度的调查与应用。文中探讨了郁闭度的内涵,提出了垂直郁闭度与点郁闭度的概念,系统总结了国内外有关郁闭度的调查方法与测定仪器,以期为郁闭度在林业生产和研究中的合理应用与准确测定提供参考。     

森林郁闭度测定方法探讨与展望

郁闭度是重要的森林调查因子,在森林资源调查与相关经营管理中具有极其重要的意义。文章探讨了郁闭度的概念与内涵,系统总结了郁闭度的调查与测定方法,为林业生态生产经营提供参考。     

小尺度森林郁闭度测定方法及应用

郁闭度作为反映树冠闭锁程度、树木利用生活空间程度、森林结构及森林生长状况、生长环境等的重要因子之一.郁闭度的快速、准确测定一直以来都是学者们探讨的热点,但是,目前的郁闭度测定方法大多在工作量、精度与成本间无法兼顾.因此,提出一种基于地理信息系统(GIS)缓冲区分析功能进行郁闭度定量求算方法(简称“缓冲区法”),通过与树冠投影法实测的郁闭度特征进行方差分析,结果表明,缓冲区法与树冠投影法实测的郁闭度和树冠垂直投影图形状之间均无显著差异.     

郁闭度模型的建立及应用

在森林群落的自然演体中,郁闭度是乔木林生态因子演变的重要内容。森林群落郁闭度的演变与众多因素相关,拟选择乔木平均胸径与乔木林株数作为郁闭度的应变量,利用上海市2009年规划设计调查数据,建立上海市乡土树种樟树的郁闭度-胸径-株数关系模型,并在模型的使用中,提出将模型指标中的复相关系数用于乔木林郁闭度数据变更的思路。     

提高郁闭度调查精度的几点建议

森林调查中,由于受多方面的原因影响,郁闭度调查精度很不稳定,严重地影响了森林调查质量和精度。为此,本文探讨了影响郁闭度调查精度的因素,并提出了几点提高郁闭度调查精度的建议。     

大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地森林郁闭度恢复及其影响因子分析

1987年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大火灾造成了森林资源的巨大损失,其森林景观恢复一直是人们关注的热点.本研究选取与森林生产力具有密切联系的郁闭度因子作为研究对象,以 ArcView、ArcGIS等地理信息系统软件为研究平台,采用1987年和2000年两期森林资源二类调查数据,对郁闭度、火烧强度、抚育类型、地形因子等进行分级,通过数据叠加,探讨了森林郁闭度格局的恢复状况以及火烧强度、更新类型、地形因子对郁闭度恢复的影响.结果显示:2000年郁闭度等级构成与1987年火前相比发生了明显变化,无林地以及高郁闭度等级比重明显下降,较低郁闭度等级比重显著上升;火烧强度是影响火后恢复的初始因子,火烧强度与郁闭度等级呈负相关;更新措施短期内对郁闭度恢复影响不显著,但可以缩短森林演替的周期,对未来针叶林群落生产力恢复具有重要促进作用;地形因子中坡度对郁闭度恢复影响最为明显,其次为坡位,坡向影响最弱.     

在航空照片上测定森林郁闭度的分析

应用航空照片进行森林调查,有许多优越性。尤其在照片上测定森林郁闭度,比现地实测容易得多。因此,应用航空照片测定森林蓄积量时,郁闭度是一个重要的因子。在中小比例尺航片上测定森林郁闭度,一般采用直接目测法和模拟比较法。     

基于营林数据林分郁闭度测算模型与检验

依据人工同龄纯林树冠垂直投影模型,提出一种精度高、操作简便的郁闭度测算方法。根据树冠面积和林木株行距的关系,把树冠垂直投影模拟为椭圆,应用营林数据中林分平均冠幅、株行距和保存率,用微积分的方法,求出树冠投影面积与总面积比,推算林分郁闭度,提出基于林分数据的林分郁闭度测算模型。采用数码相机获取林冠数字图像,通过Hemiview冠层分析系统计算林分郁闭度,对比模型计算值验证模型相对误差。采用树冠投影法测算了27块样地的郁闭度值,并以Hemiview冠层分析系统配合鱼眼镜头测得的各样地郁闭度为基准值,运用SPSS 22.0进行检验分析,两种方法测得的郁闭度无显著性差异,相对误差小于6%。分析样地之间间隙率的差异特征,不同林龄或不同样地间,林木的平均株间冠幅和平均行间冠幅差异性极显著。Hemiview冠层分析系统计算不同林龄或不同样地间,树冠间隙率差异性极显著。在桉树人工林同龄纯林中,基于营林数据的树冠投影法林分郁闭度测算模型能满足林分郁闭度精确调查的需要,可应用于生产中,在发展林下经济、林下种植时测算人工林同龄纯林的林下光照条件。     

几种测定郁闭度方法的比较

本文对树冠投影法、系统样点抬头观测法和郁闭度测定器法进行了比较试验，结果表明，郁闭度测定器法最优，其测定相对误差为±３％，不同人员观测的变动系数在３％以下，工效是系统样点抬头观测法的４倍。     

人工同龄纯林理论郁闭度测定计算的研究

通过人工同龄纯林树冠面积与林地面积的相关比例关系，推导，计算出人工同龄纯林林木品字形排列和矩形排列，且株行距不同的林分理论郁闭度。使用者在使用时，只要根据林木的不同排列方式，株行距，树冠半径长，即可计算出相应的理论郁闭度值，解决了人工同龄纯林在一定范围内理论郁闭度的测定计算问题。     

Estimating canopy closure density and above-ground tree biomass using partial least square methods in Chinese boreal forests

Boreal forests play an important role in global environment systems. Understanding boreal forest ecosystem structure and function requires accurate monitoring and estimating of forest canopy and biomass. We used partial least square regression (PLSR) models to relate forest parameters, i.e. canopy closure density and above ground tree biomass, to Landsat ETM+ data. The established models were optimized according to the variable importance for projection (VIP) criterion and the bootstrap method, and their performance was compared using several statistical indices. All variables selected by the VIP criterion passed the bootstrap test (p<0.05). The simplified models without insignificant variables (VIP <1) performed as well as the full model but with less computation time. The relative root mean square error (RMSE%) was 29% for canopy closure density, and 58% for above-ground tree biomass. We conclude that PLSR can be an effective method for estimating canopy closure density and above-ground biomass.     

结合Landsat 8与PALSAR-2影像的龙南县针叶林蓄积量遥感估测研究

林分蓄积量估测是林业遥感的重要研究领域,由于云雾天气和光谱饱和现象等因素限制了光学遥感影像估测林分蓄积量的精度。合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有穿透性强、受云雾影响小等特点,弥补了光学遥感的不足。以江西省龙南县的针叶林为研究对象,结合Landsat 8与PALSAR-2双极化SAR影像数据,在遥感数据预处理基础上,提取了光谱信息、植被指数、纹理信息和后向散射系数等共245个遥感因子。基于Pearson相关系数法和多元逐步回归法,筛选出65个遥感因子参与林分蓄积量估测。以林分郁闭度作为分层因子,分别采用线性、KNN、支持向量机(SVM)、多重感知机(MLP)和随机森林(RF)5种模型估测林分蓄积量,并对估测结果进行精度检验。实验结果表明:1)相比单独使用Landsat 8的光谱和纹理信息,基于郁闭度分级并融合PALSAR-2的后向散射信息明显提高了蓄积量的反演精度;2)对于低郁闭度林分,线性模型精度最高(rRMSE=21.16%),中郁闭度林分,多重感知机模型估测效果最好(rRMSE=30.61%),高郁闭度林分,多重感知机模型估测效果最好(rRMSE=27.53%)。在结合PALSAR-2的后向散射系数的基础上,郁闭度分层能有效改善中高蓄积量区域的反演精度。     

A method for the protection of spruce stands againstIps typographus by the use of barriers of pheromone traps in north-eastern Slovakia

A method and layout of various systems of barriers of pheromone traps is described. The rationale of the method is based on the stress of spruce and the chemical communication ofIps typographus. Various systems of pheromone trap barriers were used according to the required level of protection. The method was used in two areas affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak. The first area was in an unnatural spruce monoculture region while the second was in a National Park. The described method led to a significant reduction of bark beetle attacks on trees along forest edges and subsequently to the stopping of movement of the zone of attacked trees due to bark beetle damage. In the case of forest stands with no reduced canopy closure, the reduction of attacks led to a dramatic decline of bark beetle outbreak. On the other hand, this method was not able to reduce the level of bark beetle attack in the interior of forest stands with a decreased level of canopy closure. This method, as part of differentiated pest management measures in one forest district, was successful without any other protection measures in the condition of natural reserves in a spruce vegetation zone.     

Assessing the relationships between stand development and understory vegetation using a 420-year chronosequence

The large-scale conversion of old forests to tree plantations has made it increasingly important to understand how understory vegetation responds to such landscape changes. For instance, in some forest types a reduction in understory richness and cover is thought to result from the development of canopy closure in plantations, although there is a paucity of empirical data demonstrating this relationship. We used a 420-year forest chronosequence as a case study to assess the relationship between stand age, tree canopy cover and understory vascular plant richness and composition in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. The chronosequence consisted of six young managed (age 7–44) and nine older unmanaged (age 90–427) stands. All stands were similar in underlying geology, slope, elevation, and aspect. We found a non-linear relationship between stand age and richness, in which richness was highest in the youngest stands, reached a low in mid-aged stands (∼55 years), then increased in the oldest stands. We also found that percent tree canopy cover was correlated with total understory cover, richness, diversity, and species composition. In general, young stands were characterized by high shrub and graminoid cover and old stands were characterized by an abundant herb layer. Our work suggests that a major component of our study landscape is currently entering the forest stage (canopy closure) characterized by low levels of vascular plant species richness and cover. We use our results to discuss the potential effects of future forest management on understory plants.     

燕山山地华北落叶松人工林生物多样性研究

生物多样性与生境因子、林分自身因子、经营措施之间的动态变化规律研究,是开展森林经营的重要基础。通过典型样地调查,运用ForStat2．0统计方法,对燕山山地木兰林管局华北落叶松人工林生物多样性与生境因子、林分因子、经营措施之间相关系数,以及生物多样性各指数随林龄、郁闭度的变化趋势进行系统分析。研究表明：海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、林龄、密度、郁闭度、混交比是影响该地区物种多样性的重要因子。生物多样性指数随林龄、郁闭度的变化趋势基本符合偏正态分布。据此认为森林经营管理过程中,通过及时调整林分密度,将有利于生物多样性保护,从而提高森林生态系统稳定性。     

Effects of closing mountain for forest restoration in the watershed of Miyun reservoir,Beijing

The paper provides a systematical analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closurearea in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County, Beijing. The results indicate that through more than twenty years of hillclosing afforestation since 1983, canopy closure has improved almost by 0.2; forest cover rate has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has improved to over 0.4 in average and increased by 0.1-0.2. The forest coverage degree has reached more than 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, and preventing soil and water loss.     

Identification and description of forested vegetation communities available to woodland caribou: relating wildlife habitat to forest cover data

Multivariate analyses were applied to forest canopy and understory data collected in 70 forest stands in the Mid-Boreal Upland Ecoregion in Saskatchewan. Random sampling of various types of forest focused on vegetation strata shown elsewhere to be of importance to woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin). Cluster analyses revealed seven community types based on summer vegetation, and six community types when considering vegetation present during winter. Ordination by nonmetric multidimensional scaling suggested that two of the seven summer communities be combined, and that six community types be recognized in each season. Stands dominated by Populus tremuloides Michx. were all placed in one community type as were those dominated by Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Young stands of Pinus banksiana Lamb. were placed in one community type, while the division of older stands was related to degree of canopy closure. The primary division among Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. dominated stands was also based on the degree of canopy closure. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed strong relationships between the vegetation communities and data on canopy characteristics contained in the provincial forest inventory. In general, the techniques we employ provide a framework for objectively deriving vegetation communities relevant to wildlife species, and measuring their correspondence with readily available forest cover data. Specifically, we describe community types available to woodland caribou in our study area and their relationship to the provincial forest inventory.     

桤木、马褂木在鄂西山区水土保持建设中的应用

摘要：为了增加鄂西山区水土保持林树种,促进区域林业项目建设和林种结构调整,本文选择桤木、马褂木、多土树种营建水土保持试验林,以生长量、郁闭度、根系生长量、地表枯枝落叶量等因子进行对比分析。结果表明：桤木、马褂木适应鄂西山区造林环境,成活率高,生长较快,林分郁闭快,根系发达,地表枯枝落叶量大,有良好水土保持和水源涵养能力;抚育管理难和成本低,经济效益较显著,能在鄂西山区水土保持建设中发挥示范作用。