印度洋中西部黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性的初步研究

根据2003~2004年1~6月我国农业部印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓观察员项目所收集的有关数据,对印度洋中西部黄鳍金枪鱼的基本生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,2003年和2004年渔获物中黄鳍金枪鱼加工后体重范围分别为7~81kg和20~78kg,优势组分别为20~50kg和30~60kg。叉长范围分别为70~180 cm和110~170 cm。2003年渔获物雌雄性比的平均值为0.71,月间性比组成差异较小;而2004年渔获雌雄性比的平均值为1.00,月间性比组成差异较大。2003年各月的摄食等级以1~2级为主,月间差异较小;而2004年摄食等级以1级为主,并且月间各等级组成差异大。体长与体重关系为W=2.1890×10-5L2.9269。     

应用贝叶斯生物量动态模型评估印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼资源

利用贝叶斯生物量动态模型对印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)资源进行了评估,并分析了不同标准化单位捕捞努力渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)、内禀增长率(r)先验分布对评估结果的影响。结果表明:(1)模型能较好拟合日本延绳钓渔业的标准化CPUE,但对中国台湾延绳钓渔业的标准化CPUE拟合较差;当模型单独使用日本标准化CPUE时,评估结果显示印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼被过度捕捞;若模型单独使用中国台湾标准化CPUE,则结果相反,显示印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼未被过度捕捞;而当同时使用两个标准化CPUE时,日本标准化CPUE数据获得更大估计权重,因此,评估结果与单独使用日本标准化CPUE的结果类似。(2)当r采用无信息先验时,r估计偏小,而环境容纳量(K)估计则偏大,参数估计不合理;当r采用信息先验时,r与K的后验分布估计相对合理;由于r与K存在显著的负相关关系,生物量动态模型难于同时有效估计这两个参数,特别是在数据质量较差情况下,因而采用信息先验能提高生物量动态模型参数估计的质量。(3)本研究利用偏差信息准则(Deviance Information Criterion,DIC)与均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)统计量对模型进行了比较,并选择模型S8用于评价印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼的资源状态。评估结果认为印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼被过度捕捞,既存在捕捞型过度捕捞,也存在资源型过度捕捞,这与资源合成(Stock synthesis version 3,SS3)等模型的评价结果一致。     

世界黄鳍金枪鱼渔业现状和生物学研究进展

黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)是金枪鱼渔业的重要经济鱼种。文章叙述了世界黄鳍金枪鱼最近20多年来的渔业历史和现状,并按照不同渔具对黄鳍金枪鱼在各海区的渔业历史和现状进行了分析。叙述了渔场时空分布以及各海区主要从事黄鳍金枪鱼作业国家的渔业产量。此外,还对黄鳍金枪鱼的分布、洄游、种群、生长、繁殖及食性等基本生物学特性进行了综述。     

Evidence for fine geographical scale heterogeneity in gene frequencies in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the north Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka

Yellowfin tuna are currently considered by the member nations of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission to constitute a single stock in the Indian Ocean due to a lack of knowledge about yellowfin tuna population structure in this region. Previous studies of Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna based on morphology and fisheries data have hinted at the presence of multiple stocks in the region, and further, that stocks may mix in the north western Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. To better understand the genetic stock structure of yellowfin tuna in the north western Indian Ocean, we examined genetic variation in 285 yellowfin individuals collected over a period of 4 years from six fishing grounds around Sri Lanka and a single fishing ground in the Maldive Islands. We screened variation in both the mitochondrial ATPase 6 and 8 region (498 bp) and three microsatellite loci. Significant genetic differentiation was detected among sites for mitochondrial DNA (Φ_ST = 0.1285, P < 0.001) and at two microsatellite loci (F_ST = 0.0164, P < 0.001 and F_ST = 0.0064, P < 0.001), while spatial analysis of molecular variance of mtDNA data identified three genetically heterogenous groups namely; western, south eastern and all remaining sites. These results suggest the possibility that genetically discrete yellowfin tuna populations may be present in the north western Indian Ocean.     

印度洋东部黄鳍金枪鱼的渔业生物学

根据在印度洋东部海域的延绳钓生产实践 ,对所渔获的黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnus albacares)群体的构成、繁殖等基本生物学特征进行了初步探讨。结果显示 ,渔获黄鳍金枪鱼纯重范围为 10～75 kg,叉长范围为 80～ 15 0 cm,纯重、叉长关系为 W=1.5 2 7× 10 -5L3,渔获构成月间变化明显 ,不同年龄个体性成熟与繁殖节律差异显著     

Environmental preferences of longlining for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the tropical high seas of the Indian Ocean

A survey of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares , fishing ground was carried out on board of the Chinese longliners from September 15 to December 12, 2005 in the tropical high seas of the Indian Ocean. The depth at which each yellowfin tuna was hooked was estimated using a stepwise regression analysis of theoretical hook depth and observed average hook depth measured using a temperature depth recorder. Water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll  a , dissolved oxygen and thermocline, which are important variables influencing yellowfin tuna habitats, were measured in the survey. Catch rates of yellowfin tuna were then analyzed with respect to depth, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll  a , dissolved oxygen and thermocline. We suggest that the optimum ranges of swimming depth, water temperature, chlorophyll  a and dissolved oxygen concentration for yellowfin tuna are 100.0–179.9 m, 15.0–17.9°C, 0.090–0.099  μ g L⁻¹, 2.50–2.99 mg L⁻¹, respectively; that salinity has less influence on the vertical distribution of adult yellowfin tuna; and that yellowfin tuna are mainly distributed within the thermocline in the high seas of the Indian Ocean. Our results match the yellowfin tuna's vulnerability to deep longline fishing gear well.     

印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源评估的影响因素分析

多个模型被用于印度洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)的资源评估,但这些模型的评估结果均存在较大的不确定性,为此,本文对影响印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源评估的因素进行了分析。分析结果认为:(1)由于渔业数据存在不报、漏报或混报及采样样本数过低、采样协议出现变化等问题,造成印度洋长鳍金枪鱼渔业的渔获量、体长组成或年龄组成数据存在质量问题;(2)尽管对单位捕捞努力渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)进行了标准化,但目标鱼种变化及捕捞努力量空间分布变化仍严重影响了标准化CPUE数据的质量;(3)印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的种群生态学及繁殖生物学研究仍比较薄弱,种群结构、繁殖、生长、自然死亡信息比较缺乏,在资源评估中,相关参数设置需借用其他洋区的研究结果;(4)海洋环境对印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的资源变动与空间分布具有显著影响,但评估模型较少考虑海洋环境的影响。由于上述问题的存在,导致当前评估结果存在较大不确定性。未来,应继续探索提高资源评估质量的方法,同时研究建立管理策略评价框架,以避免渔业资源评估结果的不确定性对该渔业可持续开发的影响。     

应用贝叶斯状态空间剩余产量模型框架评估印度洋大眼金枪鱼的资源状况

根据1950―2016年的渔获量数据及1955―2016年的单位捕捞努力量(Catch Per Unit Effort,CPUE)数据,采用贝叶斯状态空间剩余产量模型框架JABBA(Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment)对印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的资源状况进行评估,分析了渔船效应、CPUE数据尺度对评估结果的影响。结果表明,模型拟合效果对于不同时间跨度下CPUE数据的选择比较敏感。当选用时间跨度为1979―2016年的CPUE数据且考虑渔船效应时,模型拟合效果最好。2016年大眼金枪鱼的资源量为812 kt,最大可持续产量(Maximum Sustainable Yield,MSY)为163 kt,远高于同年渔获量86.81 kt,其资源量具有82.50%的概率处于"健康"状态。当总允许可捕量为69.45～104.17 kt时(2016年渔获量的80%～120%),未来10年大眼金枪鱼的资源量仍高于B_(MSY)(达到MSY所需的生物量)。回顾性分析结果表明,该资源评估结果存在一定程度的回顾性问题,捕捞死亡率和资源量分别存在被低估和高估的现象。将来需要在模型结构设定、CPUE数据选择及模型参数的先验分布设置等方面进一步优化。     

不同规格野生黄鳍金枪鱼肌肉营养分析与评价

探究不同规格黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)肌肉营养成分及品质差异,实验以野捕的 3种规格黄鳍金枪鱼J1 (4.2±1.2) kg、J2 (22.5±2.5) kg和J3 (50.8±3.9) kg为研究对象,通过常规生化分析方法对金枪鱼肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质元素进行比较分析。结果显示,(1) J1组水分含量显著高于J2、J3组;J2、J3组粗蛋白含量显著高于J1组(P<0.05);J3组粗脂肪含量显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。(2)检出19种常见氨基酸,氨基酸含量最高的为谷氨酸(3.04~ 3.25 g/100 g),必需氨基酸中含量最高的为赖氨酸(2.02~2.15 g/100 g),最低的为色氨酸(0.31~ 0.45 g/100 g)。非必需氨基酸含量J3>J2>J1 (P<0.05);必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量J1组显著低于J3组(P<0.05)。依据氨基酸评分(AAS),缬氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸;以化学评分(CS)为评分标准,J1、J2组第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸,J3组为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸。(3)各组共检出25种脂肪酸,以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为主,含量最高的为二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),占总脂肪酸含量的37.46%~39.18%。DHA含量J3组显著高于J1、J2组;二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量J2、J3组显著高于J1组;DHA∶EPA比值J1组显著高于J2、J3组(P<0.05)。单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量J3>J2>J1;PUFA含量J3组显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。PUFA/饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸/n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3/n-6)比值J2、J3组显著高于J1组(P<0.05)。h/H比值J3组显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。(4) J2、J3组Na、Ca含量显著高于J1组,J1组K含量最高且显著高于J2、J3组(P<0.05)。4种重金属元素均低于食品中建议的最大允许限量,其中Fe含量最大的为J3组,且J3>J2>J1 (P<0.05);Cu含量最大的为J3组,且显著高于J1组(P<0.05)。综合分析,大规格黄鳍金枪鱼具有更好的营养质量,本研究为居民膳食的选择及黄鳍金枪鱼人工配合饲料的配制提供了科学依据。     

印度洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓适宜渔获环境的初步研究

数值分析得出大眼金枪鱼的渔获适宜环境参数值范围：温度14～17℃,盐度34．5～35．4．溶解氧浓度1．5～4．5mg／L,温跃层深度80～160m,营养盐氮、磷、硅浓度分别大于12-μg／L,09μg／L,14μg／L。聚类分析表明,钓获率与营养盐关系最为密切。另外,通过因子分析,深化了对钓获率和渔获环境因子两者间关系的理解。     

印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼生物学特性的初步研究

根据2003-2004年1-6月印度洋中西部海域金枪鱼延绳钓所捕获的黄鳍金枪鱼数据,对其基本的生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,2003年和2004年渔获物中黄鳍金枪鱼加工后体重分别为7~81 kg和20~78kg,优势组分别为20~50 kg和30~60 kg。叉长范围分别为70~180 cm和110~170 cm。2003年渔获物雌雄性比的平均值为0.71,月间性比组成差异较小;2004年渔获雌雄性比的平均值为1.00,月间性比组成差异较大。2003年各月的摄食等级以1-2级为主,月间差异较小;2004年摄食等级以一级为主,并且月间各等级组成差异大。当渔获个体的叉长小于100 cm时,其性比组成波动较大;当渔获个体的叉长范围在100~150 cm之间时,性比组成的变化相对较小,基本上维持在0.5左右,也就是说雌雄个体数量大体保持平衡;当渔获个体的叉长大于160 cm时,所有样本个体均为雄性。体长与体重关系为W=2×10-5L2.9269。     

Relationships among yellowfin and skipjack tuna, their prey-fish and plankton in the tropical western Indian Ocean

Stomach contents of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tuna caught by trolling and purse seining in the tropical western Indian Ocean, together with those of the prey-fish found in their stomachs, have been analysed. Epipelagic fish are the main prey of these tunas, whereas no vertically migrating fish, which inhabit subsurface layers at night, have been found in their stomachs. These tunas are thus considered day-feeders. Purse-seine-caught tunas, which belong to large schools, have a much higher number of prey-fish in their stomachs than tunas caught by trolling on small schools. Similarly, prey-fish from purse-seine tunas have a much higher number of plank-tonic prey in their stomachs than those from troll-caught tunas. Therefore, these tunas adopt a wandering strategy in small schools when food resources are scarce and form large schools when they are abundant. The planktonic organisms found in the stomachs of prey-fish are described by taxa and sizes; they represent the fraction of the planktonic biomass actually supporting the stock of tuna. Size ratios between the three links tuna-prey-fish-plankton are very high, suggesting that these tunas benefit from a short food chain which is probably efficient from the energetic point of view.     

热带中西太平洋海域黄鳍金枪鱼的摄食生物学特性

利用延绳钓作业方式,于2018年5月—2019年2月对热带中西太平洋海域(163°14'E—173°35'E,2°03'S—11°17'S)的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)进行了取样.对取样的919尾黄鳍金枪鱼叉长进行了组成和性比分析,对其中的551尾进行了摄食生物学研究,并使用方差分析(ANOVA)...     

Factors influencing the at-haulback mortality of striped marlin Tetrapturus audax caught by tuna longline fishery in the western Indian Ocean

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Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean inferred from mitochondrial DNA

Population structure of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean, Western Pacific Ocean and Eastern Atlantic Ocean were investigated using mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequence data. A total of 380 specimens were sampled from four regions in the Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands, Southeastern Indian Ocean, Southwestern Indian Ocean and Seychelles), and one region each from the Atlantic (Guinea) and the Western Pacific Oceans, respectively. The reconstructed neighbor-joining phylogeny based on the first hypervariable region (HVR-1) of the mitochondrial control region sequence data showed that haplotypes from the Indian and the Western Pacific Oceans could be grouped into two clades (Clades I and III), whereas in the Atlantic Ocean, two divergent clades (Clades I and II) coexisted. A single stock of bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean was supported by hierarchical AMOVA tests and pairwise Φ_ST analyses. Clade I was the dominant population in the Indian and the Western Pacific Oceans which consisted of more than 96% of the specimens and Clade II was a specific group exclusively restricted to the Atlantic Ocean which made up 77% of its specimens. A new minor Clade, Clade III was discovered in the Indian and the Western Pacific Ocean. Overall, these analyses indicated that bigeye tuna of the Indian Ocean constituted a single panmictic population.     

印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩钩型对钓获对象的选择性

基于2008年9月至2009年4月在印度洋中南部水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔场收集的数据,研究分析和比较了3种钓钩钩型(传统金枪鱼钩、“J”形钩和圆形钩)的渔获效益及对钓捕对象的选择性。结果表明:(1) 从渔获种类上看,大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,“J”形钩和圆形钩的钓获比例相当;而长鳍金枪鱼则为金枪鱼钩钓获比例最高,其次为“J”形钩和圆形钩。(2) 大眼金枪鱼存活率以金枪鱼钩最高,“J”形钩最低;长鳍金枪鱼则为“J”形钩稍高于圆形钩,金枪鱼钩最低;大青鲨则以圆形钩最高,“J”形钩最低。(3) “J”形钩钓获的长鳍金枪鱼和鲨鱼平均叉长较金枪鱼钩和圆形钩稍大;而金枪鱼钩钓获的大眼金枪鱼平均叉长较圆形钩和“J”形钩稍大。(4) 3种钩型钓获的长鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和大青鲨叉长分布均不存在显著性差异。     

Comparison of the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus) tuna associated with drifting FADs in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean

We evaluated the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (T. obesus) associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. A total of 30 skipjack [34.5–65.0 cm in fork length (FL)], 43 yellowfin (31.6–93.5 cm FL) and 32 bigeye tuna (33.5–85.5 cm FL) were tagged with coded transmitters and released near two drifting FADs. At one of the two FADs, we successfully monitored the behavior of all three species simultaneously. Several individuals remained around the same FAD for 10 or more days. Occasional excursions from the FAD were observed for all three species, some of which occurred concurrently for multiple individuals. The detection rate was higher during the daytime than the nighttime for all the species, and the detection rate for bigeye tuna was higher than for yellowfin or skipjack tuna. The swimming depth was deeper during the daytime than nighttime for all species. The fish usually remained shallower than 100 m, but occasionally dived to around 150 m or deeper, most often for bigeye and yellowfin tuna during the daytime. The swimming depth for skipjack tuna was shallower than that for bigeye and yellowfin tuna, although the difference was not large, and is probably not sufficient to allow the selective harvest of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by the purse seine fishery. From the detection rate of the signals, bigeye tuna is considered to be more vulnerable to the FAD sets than yellowfin and skipjack tuna.     

Estimation of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) habitat in waters adjacent to Australia’s East Coast: making the most of commercial catch data

The physical environment directly influences the distribution, abundance, physiology and phenology of marine species. Relating species presence to physical ocean characteristics to determine habitat associations is fundamental to the management of marine species. However, direct observation of highly mobile animals in the open ocean, such as tunas and billfish, is challenging and expensive. As a result, detailed data on habitat preferences using electronic tags have only been collected for the large iconic, valuable or endangered species. An alternative is to use commercial fishery catch data matched with historical ocean data to infer habitat associations. Using catch information from an Australian longline fishery and Bayesian hierarchical models, we investigate the influence of environmental variables on the catch distribution of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The focus was to understand the relative importance of space, time and ocean conditions on the catch of this pelagic predator. We found that pelagic regions with elevated eddy kinetic energy, a shallow surface mixed layer and relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll a are all associated with high yellowfin tuna catch in the Tasman Sea. The time and space information incorporated in the analysis, while important, were less informative than oceanic variables in explaining catch. An inspection of model prediction errors identified clumping of errors at margins of ocean features, such as eddies and frontal features, which indicate that these models could be improved by including representations of dynamic ocean processes which affect the catch of yellowfin tuna.     

南太平洋所罗门群岛海域黄鳍金枪鱼的渔业生物学特性

根据2010年8~10月,在南太平洋所罗门群岛海域延绳钓作业渔场所采集的黄鳍金枪鱼数据,对其渔业生物学特性进行了初步分析。结果表明,1）叉长为47.5~166.5 cm,平均叉长为112.7 cm,优势叉长为80.0~90.0 cm和100.0~140.0 cm（75.0%）;体重为2.0~72.0 kg,平均体重为26.5 kg,优势体重为5~10 kg和15~40 kg（68.6%）,雌、雄个体大小差异明显（ANOVA,P<0.01）;2）体重（RW）与叉长（FL）、纯重（DW）的关系分别为RW=1.159×10-5FL3.070和RW=1.118DW+0.684（不分性别）;3）雌、雄性比为1∶1.2。各叉长组性比变化显著（χ2=1 093.386,P<0.001）,叉长大于140 cm时,雄性个体占优势;4）性腺发育以Ⅱ期为主（50%）,初次性成熟叉长为113.4 cm。达到性成熟的个体中,34.0%的个体发育至Ⅴ期以上,说明调查期间为黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖期;5）空胃率高达51.6%,摄食种类主要为鱼类（67.5%）、头足类（18.0%）和甲壳类（14.5%）。不同叉长组的摄食等级存在显著变化（χ2=400.782,P<0.001）。