赣州市生境质量和景观格局间时空非平稳性关联

在城市化的高速推进造成景观破碎、威胁生境质量的大背景下,赣州市较好地实现了经济发展与生态保护并行。为探明赣州市景观格局对生境质量的驱动机理,回答“怎样的景观格局有利于生态保护”这一问题,该研究以赣州市为研究区,对其2000—2020年的生境质量进行空间测度并分析其时空跃迁动态特征;分析其景观格局演变特征,并基于时空地理加权回归模型（geographically and temporally weighted regression,GTWR）探明二者关联机制。结果表明：赣州市生境质量呈现“四周高,中部低”的空间分布特征,2000—2020年整体均处于较高水平,呈现积极协同进步的空间动态特征;赣州市景观格局维持在较稳定状态,人造地表扩张优先占用非林非水地类,且与水域增量存在空间伴随;生境质量与景观格局间关联呈现显著的时空非平稳性特征;散布与并列指数（interspersion juxtaposition index ,IJI）显示人造地表、林地和水域交错分布可能降低人造地表对生境质量的负向影响。该研究以提升生境质量为目标,探明了10 km×10 km格网尺度下赣州市各景观格局指数的最优驱动阈值区间,人造地表总面积占比全域应控制在0.68%之内,最大斑块占林地总面积比不宜低于9.8%,且林地总面积占比全域应控制在7.8%之内,斑块IJI指数应大于20%,草地和水域斑块IJI指数应控制在60%内以及超出13%。研究结果可为对国土空间规划和其他区域的生态管理决策提供参考。     

三峡水库消落带生境特征与植被恢复模式

[目的]三峡水库蓄水运行后消落带生境破碎斑块化加剧,极端生境胁迫严重损害植被的结构和功能。厘清三峡水库消落带生境状况,提出适宜性植被恢复对策,重建河流受损廊道综合生态功能,对构建区域生态安全格局和保障长江流域水资源安全具有重要意义。[方法]针对三峡水库消落带植被退化与生态功能受损的突出问题,系统解析了消落带生境特征及其对植被生长的影响,围绕水库河岸受损廊道生态修复重大需求,探讨面向消落带微生境构建与植被格局功能优化的三峡水库消落带植被恢复模式。[结果]三峡水库消落带生境状况受水库运行形成的独特水位节律、出露期植被生长季气候条件、土壤侵蚀与泥沙沉积过程、土壤环境等多生境因子协同影响,呈现高度空间异质性特征。水位变动形成的淹没时长、出露时令、淹水强度是影响植株繁衍、生长的首要因素;土壤侵蚀、泥沙掩埋、土壤水养条件等影响植被生长状况。[结论]三峡水库消落带植被恢复需综合考虑水位节律、立地条件与物种形态-功能性状,选育优质抗逆物种,注重土壤基质保育,突出植被格局的分区优化配置。重建消落带综合生态功能,为水库消落带生态治理提供理论支撑和科学依据。     

基于像元二分法的沙地植被景观格局特征变化分析

景观格局与过程的关系研究是目前景观生态学的主要目标和研究热点,而沙漠化是一种典型的景观演化过程。基于景观生态学原理,运用遥感与地理信息系统技术,以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘为研究区,选择近40 a(1977-2010年)间不同年降水量梯度的代表年份(1977年、1990年、2001年和2010年),利用Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感数据对沙地植被景观格局变化进行了分析。结果表明:1977-2010年间,古尔班通古特沙漠南缘沙地植被呈现恢复—退化—恢复交替变化趋势,总体处于恢复趋势中;景观水平上沙地植被破碎化程度处于增加趋势,景观异质性增强,斑块形状趋于复杂;类型水平上不同盖度沙地植被破碎化程度呈不同趋势波动,总体呈盖度相对高的植被破碎化程度增加,而盖度相对低的植被破碎化程度降低的趋势。1977-2010年间,沙地植被斑块重心在西南-东北方向交替呈现,重心轨迹形成"Z"形。总体来看,植被斑块由沙漠西南缘向沙漠腹地东北方向扩张。年降水量波动与沙地植被盖度演化方向、景观破碎化程度、不同盖度沙地植被比例、不同盖度沙地植被破碎化程度、不同盖度沙地植被斑块重心迁移方向均具有密切关系,即干旱区沙地植被景观格局演化特征与年降水波动具有很强的关联性。     

黄丘区野外坡面产流产沙过程对不同植被覆盖结构的响应

植被覆盖结构是影响坡面侵蚀过程的重要因素,通过在黄丘区罗玉沟流域开展自然植被覆盖坡面野外模拟降雨试验,分析了90 mm/h雨强条件下地下根系、地下根系+地表结皮层和地下根系+地表结皮层+植被冠层3种不同覆盖结构对坡面产流产沙过程影响。结果表明:植被根系层次对增强土壤入渗起主导作用,使土壤入渗量增加67%,稳定入渗率增加39.7%;3种植被覆盖结构中,地表结皮层对产流和产沙具有最好的调控作用,减流贡献率和减沙贡献率分别为43%和67%;根系小区和裸地小区累积产流量与累积产沙量之间呈幂函数关系,随着植被覆盖结构的叠加,累积产流量与累积产沙量之间呈线性函数的关系;多层次植被覆盖结构能够延长坡面侵蚀过程的发育期,缩短活跃期。研究结果对定量评价植被措施的减水减沙作用具有重要意义。     

广州白云山风景区植被景观格局探析

对广州白云山风景区植被景观格局研究分析结果表明 ,该区植被已处于白云山景观的基质 ,其总面积与总周长比重大 ,分别占全景观的 77.5 8%和 77.6 0 % ;各斑块面积和周长变异很大 ,阔叶林斑块数 (6 4块 )和总面积(12 .72 0km2 )均最大 ,为主要植被景观类型。白云山全景观破碎化程度较小 ,其粒级结构表现为小斑块多而大斑块少格局 ,但斑块形状较规则 ,同类型斑块间差异较小 ,斑块分维数较小。其中阔叶林粒级结构较完整 ,且破碎化程度最小 ,而疏林草地与果园类型破碎化程度较大。     

重庆市都市区土地利用/覆盖变化的生态响应研究

土地利用/覆盖变化直接或间接地改变着生态系统的结构和功能,进而影响地表各种景观过程。地表景观过程的改变,必然对人类赖以生存的生态环境产生程度不同的影响。以快速发展的西南山地城市重庆市都市区为例,利用1997年、2006年的土地利用/覆盖类型图,以GIS技术为支撑,计算土地利用转移概率矩阵、景观格局指数,以期从景观格局的角度定量刻画区域景观过程对土地利用/覆盖变化的响应。结果表明,景观呈破碎化趋势,景观多样性有所提高,斑块类型趋于离散,生境质量下降导致内部生境损失,使内部生境更容易遭受外部的侵袭干扰;边缘效应显著,使灌草地从内向外产生生态环境梯度,生物多样性降低;景观内部均质化发展,降低了景观抗干扰的能力,是土地利用/覆盖变化的生态过程响应。要实现区域土地资源的可持续发展和景观生态功能的良性发挥,须注重土地利用格局优化,维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性。     

兴隆庄采煤对农田景观格局的影响及景观重建

通过对兖州兴隆庄矿区农田在采矿前后、复垦前后的景观格局变化情况的分析，得出如下结论：煤矿区农田在井工开采干扰下，农田景观过程及格局变化取决于采空区的形状、采厚、采深、煤层倾角、地表潜水位和顶板管理方法等，采矿区农田景观格局变化的范围远大于其对应的井工开采对应的采空区范围；采矿条件是影响矿区农田景观格局变化的主要因素，积水、坡地、裂缝是开采后农田景观主要格局；农田景观格局一般随着开采进度的开展，地表逐渐沉陷，由平坦农田转为坡耕地、积水，并且随着开采进度范围逐渐增大，斑块密度减少，斑块面积和斑块周长增加，农田集约程度下降；沉陷农田的景观形状指数较大，形状不规则，斑块形状指数仍然接近1，斑块沉陷边界规则，与区域地下煤层地势平缓相关。     

三江平原农田地表和地下土壤螨群落空间自相关性研究

多尺度空间自相关性是土壤动物空间异质性和空间共存格局研究的重要基础。在中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态实验站的农田内,以5 m为步长设置一个50 m×50 m的样地,结合全局Moran’s I和局部Moran’s I指数,研究地表、地下和地表—地下土壤螨群落多尺度空间自相关性特征。结果表明,地表和地下土壤螨群落的物种数量和平均密度均有显著差异。全局空间自相关性结果表明,除了地表螨群落,地下螨群落平均密度在8月(35~40 m)和10月(5~30 m)、地表—地下螨群落平均密度在8月(5~10 m和35~45 m)和10月(5~35 m)均有显著的多尺度全局空间自相关性,土壤螨群落中数量较多的优势和常见类群易形成明显的多尺度全局空间自相关性。局部空间自相关性结果表明,地表、地下和地表—地下螨群落及所有螨类的平均密度均存在显著的局部空间自相关性,形成"斑块"和"孔隙"并存的水平分布格局。本研究表明,多尺度全局空间自相关性是地下和地表—地下土壤螨群落的重要特征,群落和物种的平均密度均在局部地区形成"斑块"和"孔隙"并存的的水平分布格局。     

岩土覆被格局对西南喀斯特坡地产流产沙的影响

为研究不同岩土格局对喀斯特坡地水土流失/漏失的影响,利用人工模拟降雨试验,以裸坡为对照组,研究镶嵌格局、横坡格局、顺坡格局3种岩土覆被格局下的坡面产流产沙特征。结果表明：(1)顺坡格局的地表产流量最多,分别较镶嵌格局、横坡格局与裸坡的地表产流量增加88.6%,67.1%,576.1%,同时顺坡格局的地下产流量最少,分别较镶嵌格局、横坡格局与裸坡减少37.5%,36.1%,39.2%。(2)地表产沙量顺坡格局>镶嵌格局>横坡格局>裸坡,地下产沙量镶嵌格局>横坡格局>顺坡格局>裸坡。3种岩土格局的地表产沙量较裸坡均有明显增加,但地下产沙量相对增加较少。(3)岩土格局可改变地表径流泥沙关系,地表累积径流量与地表累积产沙量呈幂函数关系,镶嵌格局明显改变地表径流泥沙关系,使坡面地表侵蚀量显著提升。研究结果可进一步深化对喀斯特坡地降雨侵蚀规律的认识,为喀斯特地区的石漠化治理提供参考依据。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地农业生产活动的景观效应初探

为探讨峰丛洼地农业生产活动对景观的影响,从农业生产活动对峰丛洼地水文、植被及土壤的影响及其对景观格局演变的作用等方面入手,重点分析了农业生产与景观演变的相关性,结果表明:农业生产对峰丛洼地景观格局的影响,主要是由对原始植被的破坏导致表层岩溶水循环途径的阻断及表层岩溶带产流模式的改变造成的,即地下径流转化为地表径流。农业生产活动对喀斯特峰丛洼地景观变化的作用主要是破坏了地表植被系统的稳定性,造成景观破碎,使景观均质性减弱,造成景观的逆向演替乃至出现石漠化。     

区域尺度河道对达里亚博依绿洲植被群落的影响

研究干旱区绿洲天然荒漠植被的分布规律和制约因素,对荒漠地区的植物保护和生态恢复提供一定的理论依据,而干旱区水资源控制着荒漠河岸植被的分布格局,河流对植被的发生、发展和演变起到决定性作用。在于田县克里雅河中下游河道基础上,应用经典统计学和相关分析法分析了达里亚博依绿洲植被群落特征同距河道远近和土壤水分数据间的相关性,探讨了区域尺度基于河流因素的植被群落特征。结果表明:距河道从近到远依次为芦苇（Phragmites australis）群落（0～200 m）、柽柳（Tamarix chinensi）群落（200～800 m）和胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv）群落（800～1 700 m）;植物群落距河道距离与植被盖度和土壤水分呈负相关;同种植被群落植被盖度、土壤含水率与河道具有同样的相关性,而且离河道越远植被长势越差。     

荒漠草原金属矿区NDVI时空动态变化与生态质量评价

[目的]采用遥感技术明确草原金属矿山开采的影响范围,综合评价矿区及影响区生态质量,为草原矿山及周边区域的生态修复与环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]以地处生态脆弱区荒漠草原的金矿区为研究对象,基于长时间序列遥感数据分析研究区植被指数动态变化特征,采用遥感生态指数(RSEI)对研究区生态质量进行综合评价。[结果]研究确定荒漠草原金矿开采影响区为矿区边界向外半径5 km范围内;矿山开采期间(2009—2021年)研究区NDVI值呈波动性增加,井工开采运行期矿区内NVDI年平均值比露天开采运行期提高了51.9%,露天开采对研究区植被影响更大;矿区及影响区遥感生态指数表现出先增加后减小随后趋于稳定的变化规律,整体以不显著增加为主;根据遥感生态指数的空间分布,矿区及影响区生态环境质量较差的区域主要为排土场及周边区域。[结论]荒漠草原金矿开采对周边植被的影响主要集中在5 km范围内。采取边开采边治理的生态修复方式能使矿区及影响区的生态环境逐步得到改善。荒漠草原金矿生态建设过程中,应重点加强排土场及周边区域的生态修复与环境治理。     

Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA

Road development is a primary mechanism of fragmentation in the northern Great Lakes Region, removing original land cover, creating edge habitat, altering landscape structure and function, and increasing access for humans. We examined road density, landscape structure, and edge habitat created by roads for eight land cover types at two ecological extents within a 78,752 km² landscape. Road density ranged from 0.16 to 2.07 km/km² within land type associations. Between 5 and 60% of a land cover type was affected by roads, depending on the assumed depth-of-edge influence (DEI). Roads increased number of patches and patch density, and decreased mean patch size and largest patch index. Changes in patch size coefficient of variation and measures of patch shape complexity depended on ecological level (i.e. scale) and land cover class. Limited additional change in landscape metrics occurred as road DEI was increased from 20 to 300 m. Land cover type occurred in buffers at the same percentages as in the landscape as a whole. At finer extents, areas with greatest road densities did not always parallel those with greatest changes in landscape structure. Interactions of scale and variation in the distribution of roads across the region emphasize the importance of examining landscape metrics and road impacts within specific cover types and at appropriate, or multiple, scales. Although this region is densely forested, the fragmentation effects of roads are pervasive, significantly altering landscape structure within multiple forest cover classes and at differing ecological extents.     

石羊河下游民勤土地利用及景观格局动态分析

基于遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）平台,以石羊河下游民勤县1991和2011年遥感影像为基础数据源,分析了研究区20 a来各土地利用景观类型的变化特征,并从水土保持角度出发,利用斑块数量（NP）、斑块密度（PD）、最大斑块所占景观面积的比例（LPI）、平均斑块面积（MPS）、香农多样性指数（SHDI）、香农均匀度指数（SHEI）及分离度（F_i）7种景观指数对沙漠、重盐碱地、植被和轻盐碱地的斑块变化进行分析评价。结果表明:（1）该区域以沙漠化景观为主,且20 a来盐碱地和植被均有所减少,沙漠化扩张;（2）1991—2011年期间,区域整体景观格局的景观破碎化程度减小,景观的异质化程度呈下降趋势,表明该区整体景观格局将有利于向水土保持方向发展。（3）各土地利用类型的景观格局动态分析都显示植被破碎化程度加剧,人类活动对区域植被的干扰程度较大。     

Response of a desert lizard community to habitat degradation: Do ideas about habitat specialists/generalists hold?

We report the impact of human-induced desertification on the species richness, abundance, and composition of sand dune flora and herpetofauna of North Sinai, Egypt. Our hypothesis was that degraded habitats would have reduced vegetation complexity, richness, and abundance, and consequently lower reptile species richness and abundance. We also hypothesized that desert lizards would not follow the typical generalist/specialist responses to habitat degradation found in other biomes. Instead, we predicted that because vegetation loss intensifies the environmental extremity of deserts, those species specialized for open and sandy environments would be more likely to persist in desertified habitats than would desert generalists. Our results showed that areas protected from vegetation loss did not have significantly higher vegetation richness or abundance except for only a few species. However, protected sites did have significantly higher percent vegetation cover and height. Habitat protection clearly had strong effects on the reptile community as species richness and abundances were significantly higher in protected sites. The composition of the reptile community between protected and unprotected sites differed significantly. Contrary to past studies in other environments, desert generalist species were not able to persist in degraded sites and were only found in protected sites. Specialist species were ubiquitous in that they occurred in both areas protected and unprotected from vegetation loss. We propose that the effects of disturbance on species composition (specialists or generalists) depends on whether the disturbance exacerbates or reduces environmental harshness and the conditions that favor specialization. In extreme environments, specialist and generalist responses to habitat degradation are opposite to that of more productive environments.     

Effects of Land Use and Wildfires on the Habitat Selection of Great Bustard (Otis tarda l.)—Implications for Species Conservation

Increasing agricultural activities have been shown to affect soil and vegetation changes leading to serious biodiversity declines throughout the world. These effects are amplified in dry grassland areas, where resulting changes in habitat structure affect threatened animals on long temporal scales. Great bustards (Otis tarda) inhabit open landscapes where fire and grazing have been a part of the natural disturbance regime since historical times. Even fire and grazing are hypothesized to be important factors in the lifecycle of the species, studies are still missing on disturbance‐related lekking distribution patterns of great bustards. We analyzed the importance of fires and grazing on the spatial distribution of lekking bustards controlling for habitat types, habitat diversity, distance from roads and social effects. Our standardized dataset spanned 31 years, being one of the largest datasets on bustard lekking. During the 31 years we observed 10 118 individuals at 639 observation points in Hortobágy National Park, East‐Hungary. One of the most important predictors for total number of birds and number of males was the area burnt in previous years. We found that increased habitat diversity had a positive effect on female numbers. Models fit on second‐ and third‐year burn data detected no substantial role of burning on lekking distribution. Our results suggest that introduction of a patch‐burning management system in lekking areas could increase the availability of optimal lek sites for bustards. As an effective management tool, we suggest applying patch‐burning annually in a spatially mosaic structure inside the area occupied by each sub‐population unit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SEBAL模型评估干旱半干旱区人工灌丛植被对陆表蒸散的影响

评估人工灌丛植被重建对干旱半干旱区陆地生态系统蒸散的影响,不仅能揭示植被变化与水文过程的耦合机理,又可为区域生态治理与水资源管理提供科学指导。该研究利用Landsat-8 OLI/TIR遥感影像及气象数据等驱动SEBAL模型,反演宁夏盐池县的年内不同日期的陆表蒸散,结合目视解译选取的人工灌丛区与对照草地,评估了人工灌丛植被对陆表蒸散的影响。结果表明：1）SEBAL模型的蒸散反演精度与站点观测结果较为一致,可用于干旱半干旱区蒸散反演及空间特征研究;2）盐池县人工灌丛植被区日平均蒸散为1.20 mm/d,高于对照草地1.17 mm/d的日平均蒸散量,即干旱半干旱区人工种植灌木林增加了生态系统水分消耗,但不同季节和不同生物地理条件下的蒸散增强作用存在差异,蒸散增强在8月份最大,而3、4月份呈现负效应;3）人工灌丛的密度越大、植被盖度越高,对陆表蒸散的增强作用越强,特别在NDVI>0.4的高盖度情况下蒸散增强作用更加明显。由此可知,在水资源紧缺的干旱半干旱区开展以灌木树种为主的植被重建需在合理的生态水文阈值范围内开展,才能构建出稳定可持续的人工生态系统。     

The remarkable resilience of ant assemblages following major vegetation change in an arid ecosystem

In northwestern Mexico, large tracts of native desert scrub and thorn scrub vegetation are being converted to non-native grass pastures at an increasing rate in an effort to increase cattle production. Pasture development has large impacts on vegetation structure and perennial plant diversity, but little is known of the potential ecological consequences of this landscape transformation for other taxa. I compared the abundance, diversity, species composition and structure of ant assemblages in native habitats and non-native grass pastures across a longitudinal rainfall gradient in central Sonora, Mexico. Land conversion resulted in minor reductions of alpha and gamma diversity and had no effect on beta diversity or species turnover. The influence of land conversion on species composition was small in comparison to the influence of other factors. In addition, ant assemblages in native habitats and non-native grass pastures were similar to each other in regards to both species relative abundance distributions and functional group composition. These results suggest that ants are remarkably resilient to the conversion of native desert scrub and thorn scrub habitats to non-native grass pastures, which is consistent with the growing body of research reporting weak and inconsistent responses of ant assemblages to grazing in arid rangelands.     

Grazing promotes dung beetle diversity in the xeric landscape of a Mexican Biosphere Reserve

We analyze the impact of grazing on dung beetle diversity at the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve, a xeric ecosystem in central Mexico with a long history of use by humans. We compared the community structure, as well as the alpha and beta diversity between two cover conditions (open and closed vegetation) that represent the impact of grazing within a habitat, and between habitat types (submountainous and crassicaule scrublands). From 576 samples we collected 75,605 dung beetles belonging to 20 taxa. While mean species richness and diversity were different between habitat types, cumulative species richness was not. The effects of grazing on vegetation structure influenced the cumulative species richness and diversity of dung beetles in the submountainous scrubland, where grazing has created land mosaics of a grassland matrix with scrubland patches. This was not the case in the crassicaule scrubland where the impact of grazing is not as evident. Beta diversity significantly responds to the effects of grazing on habitat conditions. We discuss the ecological factors that may promote these responses by landscape diversity components. We also identify the species that could act as useful indicators to monitor the effect of land management on biodiversity. Our results indicate cattle farming maintains a diversified land mosaic, and these areas support more diverse dung beetle ensembles than homogeneous areas of closed, shrubby vegetation cover. Thus, controlled grazing activity could certainly favour the conservation of dung beetle biodiversity and improve ecosystem functioning by maintaining dung decomposition rates.