不同氮效率小麦品种苗期相关指标的杂种优势

为探究不同氮效率小麦品种氮代谢相关指标的遗传差异,选用了5个不同氮效率的小麦品种及其组配的6个杂交F₁,设置低氮（LN,0.4 mmol·L^-1 ）和正常供氮（CK,4.0 mmol·L^-1）两个氮水平,研究不同氮处理下小麦苗期形态、抗氧化酶和氮代谢相关酶活性的差异,并对其杂种优势进行了分析。结果表明,5个品种的根鲜重在低氮水平下明显高于正常氮水平,6个F₁的杂种优势表现为超中亲或偏低亲优势;苗鲜重在低氮水平下低于正常供氮水平,其F₁杂种优势表现为中亲优势。两种氮水平下,氮高效品种的硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均高于氮低效品种,6个杂交F₁的上述6种酶活性大多表现出正向杂种优势。正常氮水平下,小麦叶片MDA含量低于低氮水平;低氮水平下,6个F₁的MDA含量杂种优势表现为超中亲或偏低亲优势。两种氮水平下,6个F₁叶片可溶性蛋白含量表现为正向杂种优势,其中低氮水平下,表现为超亲优势。综上所述,低氮条件下,氮高效品种较氮低效品种表现出较好的生长潜力;利用氮高效品种作为亲本能提高杂交F₁的氮利用效率,可用于小麦氮高效育种。     

大麦单倍体细胞水平与植株水平耐低氮性的关系

为了确定大麦籽粒产量和苗期耐低氮能力与小孢子培养阶段的氮胁迫下愈伤组织产量之间是否存在一致性,以2份大麦基因型为供试材料,进行了以下3项研究：（1）培养基中水解干酪素和谷氨酰胺使用量对小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的影响;（2）营养液中NH₄NO₃不同添加量对大麦苗期生长量的影响;（3）盆栽时正常施氮与不施氮处理对大麦单株产量的影响。结果表明,培养基中氮含量的下降明显降低小孢子培养愈伤组织产量,2份基因型的降幅存在明显的差异;营养液中氮使用量的下降明显降低植株高度、主根长度和植株及根干重,2份基因型之间的降幅也存在明显的差异;盆栽时不施氮处理的大麦有效穗和单株产量低于正常施氮的对照,2份基因型间有差异。氮素胁迫下,2份基因型小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的相对值与苗期植株高度、茎叶干重、主根长度和根干重的相对值以及单株产量的相对值存在一致性,说明供试基因型小孢子水平与植株水平的耐低氮性存在相关性。     

小麦核质互作杂交种农艺性状和籽粒性状的杂种优势分析

为探究核质互作杂交种不同性状间的遗传变异规律和杂种优势,用8种小麦同核异质、同质异核雄性不育系分别与恢复系R5174、R2726组配获得16个杂交组合,对其F₁代及亲本的11个农艺性状和6个籽粒物理性状进行遗传变异、杂种优势、相关性、主成分及聚类分析。结果表明：（1）F₁表型性状的变异系数为3.00%～32.72%,农艺性状的变异系数大于籽粒性状;（2）不同性状间杂种优势差异显著,中亲优势和超亲优势分别为0.22%～12.50%和-13.51%～3.61%,其中正中亲优势组合最低比例为50%,正超亲优势组合最高比例可达81.25%;（3）粒形与旗叶面积呈显著正相关,与穗长、小穗数、穗粒数呈显著负相关;（4）从通过主成分分析得到的F₁代综合得分看, P型和Y型细胞质背景下的AK58不育系与R2726的杂交组合F₁表现最好;（5）通过聚类分析可将F₁分为两大类,其中第二大类包含除AS细胞质背景的AK58异质不育系与恢复系R2726组配的杂交组合,其共同的特征是籽粒表面积大、千粒重高及旗叶性状较好,表型性状的综合表现优于第Ⅰ类群,说明杂交种的性状受恢复系和不育系核背景影响较大。     

玉米种子活力的杂种优势分析

对12个玉米组合及其亲本的种子活力指标进行了杂种优势和亲子相关分析。结果表明,所有玉米种子活力指标均表现正向杂种优势。F₁代田间幼苗干重与父本值、高亲值、双亲差值呈显著正相关;F₁代低温发芽率与双亲差值呈显著负相关;F₁代发芽指数与母本呈显著正相关;F₁发芽势与母本值、低亲值呈显著正相关;F₁代田间出苗率、幼苗高、标准发芽率、活力指数受亲本的影响较小,与父本、母本、中亲值、高亲值、低亲值和双亲差值相关系数均不显著。     

水稻杂种优势表现与双亲遗传差异

 用广亲和恢复系中413与“Lemont × 特青”重组自交系群体(RIL)杂交,构建中413测交F₁群体（ZTP）和分子标记连锁图谱。研究了中413基因组组成、F₁杂种产量性状优势表现以及杂种优势表现与亲本间遗传差异的关系。双亲性状优良往往能获得好的F₁代,但并非所有组合都是如此。低值亲本与中413杂交亦可产生高值后代,表现较强的杂种优势。双亲遗传差异与杂种优势表现呈正相关,当母本（RILs）的粳型成分（Lemont 基因组含量）达到80%左右时,杂种的籽粒产量最大,优势最强。杂种的生物学产量亦表现随母本的粳型成分增加而继续增加的趋势。     

玉米杂交种主要性状的杂交优势分析

本文以我所培育的10个杂交组合和生产上应用的杂交种以及亲本自交系为试验材料、进行了8个性状的(株高、穗位、茎粗、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重)杂种优势率和双亲平均值与F₁各性状的相关系数的分析。明确了株高、穗位、穗长、行粒数、千粒重优势指数最大；穗行数、穗组为中等；茎粗为最小。双亲和双亲平均值与F₁代的株高、穗长、行位数、千粒重等4个性状呈极显著正相关；穗位性状呈显著正相关；茎粗、穗粗、穗行数三性状表现相关不显著，通过分析，为培育亲本，组配优势大，配合力高的杂交种提供参考。     

玉米低磷耐性性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以玉米缺磷症状叶为指标,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,对1个耐低磷玉米自交系T和2个低磷敏感玉米自交系S₁、S₂及其组配的杂交、回交群体的6个世代材料进行遗传分析,研究玉米耐低磷性状的遗传机制。结果表明,玉米低磷耐性遗传在2个组合中都是由1对加性+加性-显性多基因控制;主基因遗传率（F₂）平均为60.85%和60.29%,多基因遗传率（F₂）平均为22.02%和23.47%;T×S₁组合的遗传变异占表型变异值为83.79%,T×S₂ 组合的遗传变异占表型变异值为82.34%,表明耐低磷性状以主基因遗传为主。     

干旱胁迫下披碱草属种间杂种F1的DNA甲基化MSAP分析

为了研究披碱草属种间杂种抗旱性优势的遗传机理，以加拿大披碱草（J1）、老芒麦(L1)及其种间杂种F₁为试验材料，经干旱胁迫处理，采用甲基化敏感扩增多态性（MSAP）方法，探究干旱胁迫后亲本及种间杂种F₁的DNA甲基化变化规律。结果表明，亲本材料L1和J1的DNA平均甲基化水平分别为45.41%和59.53%，杂种F₁的DNA甲基化水平为44.24%，说明杂种在形成过程中发生了DNA去甲基化作用。全甲基化在杂交种的DNA甲基化模式中占主导地位。干旱胁迫前亲本L1、J1和杂种F₁的DNA甲基化程度分别为32.73%、41.54%和28.00%，杂种F₁甲基化水平为亲本材料的75.40%；干旱胁迫后各材料的DNA甲基化程度均增加，平均增幅分别为14.99、20.44和19.78个百分点，说明干旱胁迫对不同材料DNA甲基化水平均有明显影响，且具有特异性。杂种F₁的抗旱性最强，其DNA甲基化水平低于亲本，说明杂交种的抗旱性与DNA甲基化水平存在一定的负相关。     

广西普通野生稻渗入系耐低氮和氮素利用率的鉴定评价

以广西普通野生稻Y11为供体,籼型恢复系GH998为受体构建的166份野生稻渗入系BC₃F₅为研究对象,设置不施氮（LN）和正常施氮（NN）2种处理,调查株高、有效穗和穗长等12个表型性状,结合耐低氮（NDT）性状、氮素利用率（NUE）性状进行综合评价,以筛选出可利用的氮高效利用育种材料。结果表明：渗入系所有表型均值NN处理均高于LN处理,受施氮影响较大的性状为茎叶含氮量和谷物含氮量,增幅分别为56.89%和37.89%;影响较小的性状为穗长和千粒重,增幅分别为0.50%和2.76%;除穗长外,11个性状在2个施氮处理间呈极显著差异,而且穗总粒数、穗实粒数呈正态分布。渗入系NDT性状的相对生物产量（RBY）与相对生物含氮量（RBN）均值居于双亲之间,且RBN为正态分布;相对谷物产量（GRY）和相对谷物含氮量（RGN）均值高于双亲且趋近GH998,均为正态分布;说明渗入系的耐低氮能力与野生稻的高生物产量和高谷物含氮量特性相关。NUE性状均值处于双亲之间且趋近于GH998,说明氮素高效利用能力主要来源于栽培稻;NDT和NUE性状之间呈显著负相关,因此提高水稻耐低氮能力会降低氮高效利用率。NDT性状的主要影响因子是谷物含氮量和茎叶干重;NUE性状主要影响因子是有效穗、单株产量和谷物产量等。因此,依据研究结果对渗入系进行综合评价筛选,获得3个耐低氮、12个高氮素利用率和3个氮高效且耐低氮的株系,为水稻氮高效育种提供理论依据和育种材料。     

Ae显性突变体对玉米农艺性状及直链淀粉含量的影响分析

玉米直链淀粉是重要的食品和工业原料,高直链淀粉性状的产生受多种酶和基因-环境等因素的共同影响。玉米ae基因（amylose extender）突变导致子粒中直链淀粉含量增高、子粒表面皱缩、淀粉颗粒呈不规则形状、尺寸不均匀且表面基质蛋白增多,用于玉米育种后获得的品种直链淀粉含量升高,产量显著降低。通过将显性Ae突变体与16份优质玉米自交系杂交,对F₁代植株进行开花期、株型、产量性状调查,分析F₁代子粒总淀粉、直链淀粉的含量。结果表明,Ae突变体与不同的自交系杂交,F₁代直链淀粉含量及产量的变化存在明显差异,与基因型有密切关系,以Ae突变体和W16F41、CA240为亲本杂交,可显著提高直链淀粉含量同时产量变化最小。根据F₁代表现筛选直链淀粉含量提高、产量变化较小的双亲配制杂交种,可加速高直链淀粉玉米新品种培育进程。     

诱变结合小孢子培养的氮高效大麦DH株系评价

为了筛选大麦氮高效种质资源,以花30和8份不同诱变来源的DH株系为研究对象,采用田间试验方法,设置高氮(160 kg·hm-2)和低氮(45 kg·hm-2)两个氮肥水平,研究不同DH株系对两个氮肥水平的响应,同时对不同氮效率类型DH株系的干物质和氮素积累、转运以及氮素吸收利用特性进行分析.结果表明,在两个氮肥水平下,...     

大麦麦芽品质性状的基因型差异及相关性

为了解大麦麦芽品质的基因型差异,以191个DH系及其亲本日本啤酒大麦Noso Nijo和中国大麦泰兴9425为材料,测定了浸出率、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值、α-氨基氮含量、糖化力、黏度和总氮含量等7个麦芽品质性状,根据啤酒麦芽行业标准(QB1686-93)对参试材料的麦芽品质进行综合评分,并依据7个麦芽性状对DH系进行了聚类分析。结果表明,Noso Nijo的浸出率、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值、α-氨基氮含量、糖化力及麦芽品质评分均高于泰兴9425,黏度和总氮含量均低于泰兴9425;除可溶性氮含量在两亲本间差异显著外,其余6个性状及麦芽品质评分在两亲本间的差异均达到极显著水平。浸出率、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值、α-氨基氮含量、糖化力、麦芽品质评分在DH群体中呈正态分布,数值呈连续变化,为典型的数量性状特征;黏度和总氮含量在DH群体中分布的偏度介于-1和1之间,峰度大于1,且数值呈连续变化,说明其受主效基因控制的同时,也受微效多基因作用;麦芽品质评分与浸出率、α-氨基氮含量、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值和糖化力呈极显著正相关,与黏度和总氮含量呈极显著负相关。浸出率和库尔巴哈值对麦芽品质影响相对较大。DH系及亲本被聚为3类:第Ⅰ类包括泰兴9425在内的87个株系,其麦芽品质较差,综合评分较低;第Ⅱ类包括Noso Nijo在内的97个株系,其麦芽品质较好,综合评分居中;第Ⅲ类由9个株系组成,其麦芽品质最好,综合评分较高。     

Response to GA and Variation of the Culm Length in Doubled Haploid Lines of Wheat

Abstract

An F₁ hybrid with the semi dwarf genes, Rht1 and Rht2, was crossed with Hordeum bulbosum and maize (teosinte) (bulbosum method and maize method) to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines, and 102 seedlings of each DH line produced by the two methods were treated with GA. The sensitivity to GA was shown by the GA index (GAI) which is (length of the first leaf sheath (LS) in GA-treated seedlings / length of LS in GA-untreated seedlings) × 100. The scatter diagram of GAI plotted against culm length was divided into three groups, low, medium and high GAI groups. The segregation ratio of these gametophytic phenotypes was close to the expected ratio; 1 : 2 : 1 = Rht1Rht2 :(Rht1rht2+rht1Rht2): rht1rht2, in both DH lines produced by the two methods. The frequency distribution of culm length in DH₃, DH₄, DH₅ and DH₆ populations from DH produced by the bulbosum method showed two peaks, though that in F₃, F₄, F₅ and F₆ populations from the same F₁ hybrid (nonselective population) showed a continual normal distribution. The ratio of individuals with a shorter culm length to those with a longer culm length in DH lines was close to the expected ratio; 1 : 3 [Rht1Rht2 : (Rht1rht2 + rht1Rht2 + rht1rht2)]. The frequency distribution of culm length in F₆ was significantly different from that in F₃-F₅ populations, indicating an unintentional selection during the generation of the selfed hybrid, but the frequency of short culm relative to long culm individuals was lower in F₃-F₆ populations than in DH lines. These findings suggest the usefulness of selecting the medium culm-length lines in the DH lines produced by the bulbosum or maize method in addition to examining the GA sensitivity (GAI).     

Improvement of rice drought tolerance through backcross breeding: Evaluation of donors and selection in drought nurseries

A large-scale backcross breeding project has been undertaken to improve drought tolerance in rice. Over 160 donor cultivars from 25 countries have been used in this project, representing a significant proportion of the genetic variation in cultivated rice. These cultivars were evaluated in field experiments in the Philippines to assess their responses to drought in terms of plant height, heading date, and grain yield. Drought was imposed near heading stage, in experiments that were established either in lowland (anaerobic) fields or upland (aerobic) soil. Despite the poor adaptation of some cultivars to the tropics, it was possible to identify significant variation in plant response to drought treatments, and contrasting effects on flowering delay and growth. Subsequently, 325 BC₂F₂ bulk populations, developed by backcrossing many of these donors to one of three elite recurrent parents, were screened under drought in lowland or upland nurseries. Stress levels were managed to eliminate almost all seed set in recurrent parents, and those progeny that produced grain were selected as being putatively drought-tolerant. The selection intensity varied across years and in selection environments with more severe stress, higher selection intensity could be imposed. The number of plants selected within a population was not associated with the per se drought response of the donors in the direct evaluation, indicating the wide presence of cryptic genetic variation for drought tolerance in the apparently drought-susceptible cultivars. The genetic background of the recurrent parent affected the number of plants selected, as did the selection environment (upland versus lowland nurseries). These drought-selected introgression lines represent a useful genetic resource to develop improved cultivars for farmers in rainfed or water-scarce rice-growing regions, and also to improve our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of drought tolerance in rice. Genetic analysis of the selected lines, reported elsewhere, indicated specific regions of high introgression. Yield evaluations of the selected lines are now underway across a range of drought scenarios.     

利用小孢子培养技术创建高含油量甘蓝型油菜

以具备高含油量品质的甘蓝型油菜品系1481、1489以及1481×206的F1代为供体材料，对影响游离小孢子胚胎发生的部分因素——供体植株基因型、小孢子培养密度、小孢子培养的合适时期进行了研究，同时采用近红外反射光谱分析技术对高含油量甘蓝型油菜品系1481和1489获得的DH系种子含油量进行了测定。研究结果表明：材料1481的小孢子产胚量较高，达34.9个/蕾；三种材料的小孢子培养合适密度均为3蕾/皿；大田种植的甘蓝型油菜产胚量以初花至初花后1周左右的时间最高；所获得的40个DH系含油量中有21个DH系的含油量与对照中双4号的含油量之间存在显著差异，有13个DH系的含油量比供体亲本高，其中WD-33、WD-34两个DH系的含油量高达47%以上，可以作为选育或转育高含油量新品种的材料。     

大麦加倍单倍体(DH群体)的建立及其在遗传育种中的应用

大麦加倍单倍体 (DH群体 )建立的方法很多 ,目前在大麦遗传育种中运用较多的主要有球茎大麦法、花药培养法和小孢子培养法等三种。大麦DH群体不仅为遗传学、形态发生学和分子生物学等基础研究提供了丰富的背景和遗传稳定的材料 ,而且对于单倍体的育种实践也有重要意义。本文简要综述大麦DH群体的建立方法及其在遗传育种中的应用 ,以期为大麦遗传育种研究提供参考     

Evaluation of Rice Seedling Tolerance to Constant and Intermittent Low Temperature Stress

M202,IR50 and advanced backcross(BC 4 F 6) lines carrying the cold tolerance QTLs qCTS4 and qCTS12 were evaluated using three low temperature stress assays(constant,intermittent and constant with recovery period).Under constant stress,two BC 4 F 6 lines(MIb 4853-9 and MIb 6885-2) exhibited differences in seedling growth and accumulation of stress-related compounds although both carry the two QTLs in the IR50 background.Differences between these lines were also observed in the constant with recovery period assay,although both of them performed comparably under intermittent stress.MIb 6885-2 performed more similarly to M202 in the constant and constant with recovery period assays,suggesting that this line contains an introgressed region(s) not present in MIb 4853-9.The three assays were also applied to assess variations in cold tolerance in a set of diverse germplasms.Performance metrics and visual ratings were comparable for evaluating tolerance to constant stress.However,differences in response to intermittent stress were more evident from growth and total chlorophyll measurements than from visual ratings.With regard to the constant with recovery period assay,about 15% of the germplasm accessions did not recover.However,some lines which exhibited chilling injuries of comparable severity were able to overcome them.This recovery phenotype may improve rice performance in the field and warrant further investigation.     

不同叶鞘色玉米单倍体花粉活力差异研究

针对玉米紫色叶鞘自交系×绿色叶鞘DH系的8份F1材料,经杂交诱导、海南自然加倍自交结实收获607份DH系,就紫色叶鞘和绿色叶鞘DH系数量、污染率、平均污染株数及绿色叶鞘DH系受紫色叶鞘、绿色叶鞘污染株数进行适合性检验和分析.结果表明,紫色叶鞘单倍体花粉活力强于绿色叶鞘单倍体.     

利用分子标记定位水稻芽期耐冷性基因

 利用籼稻品种南京11和粳稻品种巴利拉的F₁花药进行组织培养,获得67个加倍单倍体植株(Doubled haploid, DH)。 以该群体构建了一张包含131个RFLP标记的水稻分子图谱。 以芽期的死苗率为指标, 评定亲本及各 DH系在低温(4～5℃)条件下的耐冷性。结果表明：死苗率在DH群体中呈双峰连续分布, 表明芽期耐冷性是由主基因控制的数量性状。将死苗率作为数量性状进行QTL的区间作图分析, 发现在第7染色体上G379b-RG4区间存在有与耐冷性有关的基因(Cts7) 。