Weed management and irrigation are key treatments in emerging black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) cultivation

Interest in conversion of marginal agricultural lands to small oak woodlands for the production of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) is increasing in the native black truffle areas of France, Spain and Italy as well as suitable or amended sites throughout the world due to high economic returns for gastronomically valuable truffles. Successful long-term management of a perennial plantation replacing an annual crop requires understanding the system in all phases of the life cycle, and in the case of truffles this involves understanding the interactive growth of the aboveground host and the belowground symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus whose fruitbody is the desired truffle. Here we focus on the pre-production phase, 4 years after establishing the truffle-oak plantation and prior to truffle production. We tested the influence of weed control, irrigation and fertilizer, each at 3 levels, on plant growth and ectomycorrhizal proliferation in three truffle-oaks plantations in northeast Spain. Results show that adequate weed control improves root and shoot dry weight while fertilizer and irrigation treatments did not influence plant growth. The low dose of irrigation (50% of the estimated water deficit for the site) and glyphosate weed control both increased total root tips/plant and T. melanosporum colonized tips (ectomycorrhizae) by approximately two-fold, compared to control treatments. Distribution of the ectomycorrhizae within the soil profile was significantly influenced by the low dose irrigation treatment, with increases observed in the 10?C20 cm and the 20?C30 cm deep layers compared to the control and high irrigation treatments. Four years after planting, T. melanosporum remained the dominant fungal symbiont, despite the presence of 14 other ectomycorrhizal morphotypes from these sites.     

土壤质地和pH值对节肢动物多度的影响

为了探讨土壤质地和pH值对节肢动物多度的影响,于2008年8月对车八岭自然保护区进行了野外调查和采样,共捕获土壤节肢动物600头,隶属于6亚纲12目,其中以甲螨亚目的数量最多。结果表明:土壤节肢动物主要分布在凋落物层和表土层,优势类群基本为甲螨亚目和中气门亚目;土壤质地对土壤节肢动物多度有明显的影响,即在同一质地条件下,土壤节肢动物多度与土壤有机质含量之间有紧密的联系,两者呈多项式相关;土壤节肢动物多度与土壤全氮含量关系则受pH值的影响,当pH值4.2时,两者呈线性相关,而当pH值4.2时,两者呈多项式相关。     

东北黑土区水土流失问题探讨

严重的水土流失制约着东北黑土区生态环境建设和国民经济发展,黑土区水土流失的治理迫在眉睫.文章通过对黑土区水土流失的现状及其成因分析,提出了切实有效的水土保持措施.     

Impact of tree species on soil carbon stocks and soil acidity in southern Sweden

Abstract

The impact of tree species on soil carbon stocks and acidity in southern Sweden was studied in a non-replicated plantation with monocultures of 67-year-old ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), beech (Fagus silvatica L.), elm (Ulmus glabra Huds.), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.). The site was characterized by a cambisol on glacial till. Volume-determined soil samples were taken from the O-horizon and mineral soil layers to 20?cm. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH (H₂O), cation-exchange capacity and base saturation at pH 7 and exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium ions were analysed in the soil fraction?<?2 mm. Root biomass (<5 mm in diameter) and its proportion in the forest floor and mineral soil varied between tree species. There was a vertical gradient under all species, with the highest concentrations of SOC, TN and base cations in the O-horizon and the lowest in the 10–20?cm layer. The tree species differed with respect to SOC, TN and soil acidity in the O-horizon and mineral soil. For SOC and TN, the range in the O-horizon was spruce?>?hornbeam?>?oak?>?beech?>?ash?>?elm. The pH in the O-horizon ranged in the order elm?>?ash?>?hornbeam?>?beech?>?oak?>?spruce. In the mineral soil, SOC and TN ranged in the order elm?>?oak?>?ash?=?hornbeam?>?spruce?>?beech, i.e. partly reversed, and pH ranged in the same order as for the O-horizon. It is suggested that spruce is the best option for fertile sites in southern Sweden if the aim is a high carbon sequestration rate, whereas elm, ash and hornbeam are the best solutions if the aim is a low soil acidification rate.     

土壤pH对蓝莓生长及光合作用的影响

以南高丛蓝莓薄雾(Misty)为试验材料,用H2SO4、Al2(SO4)3和NaOH溶液浇淋(处理)盆栽蓝莓的土壤,以调节土壤pH值,测定蓝莓叶片的叶绿素含量、光合作用及生长指标。结果表明:随着土壤pH值降低,蓝莓叶片叶绿素含量,最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)均升高。其中以pH 4.5的处理蓝莓叶绿素含量最高,植株生长势最好;pH 8.5的处理光合强度与生长势均最低。因此,南高丛薄雾蓝莓适合栽培的酸性土壤p H值范围为4.5~5.5,而碱性土壤则抑制其生长。     

典型黑土区水土保持林土壤结构性特征的对比研究(英文)

以典型黑土区水曲柳林、落叶松林、樟子松林、云杉林及撂荒地为对象,通过对土壤容重、非毛管孔隙/毛管孔隙(NCP/CP)、广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)的测定、计算与对比分析,研究了不同类型人工水土保持林对土壤结构性特征的影响。结果表明:在所研究的0-30cm土层范围内,水曲柳林和落叶松林在降低土壤容重方面略好于樟子松林和云杉林,降低幅度为8.04%-1 1.01%,落叶松林与云杉林和樟子松林之间差异均达显著水平(p0.05),而水曲柳林仅与云杉林差异显著(p0.05);林地土壤的平均NCP/CP值均显著高于撂荒地(p0.05),增加幅度范围为59.75%～128.82%,土壤透气性、透水性能力提高,并以落叶松林提高幅度最大;各林地的平均GSSI值均显著高于撂荒地(p0.05),增加幅度范围为2.98%-4.36%,说明林分可以有效改善土壤结构,使其能够更加接近旱地土壤理想结构,以水曲柳林和云杉林改良效果相对较强,但实现趋近理想土壤结构的途径、即相态的变化方式有所不同。研究结果可为科学评价典型黑土区植被恢复对土壤质量的影响和深入系统研究水土保持林构建提供理论依据。图3表2参17。     

生物固沙对土壤植被的影响

沙漠化是严重的环境问题之一。经研究表明,采用生物方法固定流沙是行之有效的措施。生物固沙过程引入人工植被,促使流沙向成土方向发展。文章概述了流动风沙土机械组成、水分、养分和微生物等方面的演变趋势,以及生活其上的植被系统演替。     

The impact of black cottonwood on soil fertility in coastal western hemlock forest

Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray) is a deciduous tree species that extends from Alaska through coastal regions of western Canada into the northwestern United States and as far south as Baja California. We examined the influence of black cottonwood on soil fertility within a forest dominated by Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziessi (Mirb.) Franco], western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg], and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex. D. Don.). Six circular 0.008 ha plots with a single cottonwood tree in the center of conifers were paired with six conifer plots (of the same size) without cottonwood. Litterfall, litter decomposition, properties of forest floor and mineral soil, and N mineralization were compared between plot types. Cottonwood litter had higher concentrations of almost all elements relative to conifer litter. Mass loss did not differ between cottonwood and fir/hemlock litter on cottonwood sites. Twice the amount of mull-like humus form (vermimull and mullmoder, 56%) was found in cottonwood plots compared to 28% in conifer plots. Higher pH (4.4) was found in the forest floor under cottonwood compared to conifer (3.9). Total N concentration (3.33 g/kg) and base saturation (68%) were higher in the mineral soil under cottonwood compared to conifers (2.98 g/kg total N and 50% base saturation). Net ammonification and net mineralization were both lower under cottonwood. These results suggest a variable effect of cottonwood on soil fertility within coastal western hemlock forests with some soil variables changed in a favourable direction and some in an unfavourable direction.     

Impact of soil pressure and compaction on tracheids in Norway spruce seedlings

We tested the effect of soil compaction on Norway spruce seedlings in terms of the size and theoretical volume flow rate of the tracheids. The results show that soil pressure limits growth in the diameter of the lumens of tracheids in all parts of seedlings studied. The tracheids of the roots with primary xylem had larger lumens than those of the roots and shoots with secondary xylem in both unloaded and loaded seedlings. This corresponds to the higher cumulative theoretical volume flow rate of the tracheids from roots with primary xylem than those from roots and shoots with secondary xylem. Although the volume flow rate of tracheids, according to the Hagen-Poiseuille law, was directly proportional to the quadratic power of the capillary diameter (tracheid lumen), the cumulative curve of the theoretical hydraulic volume flow rate was higher or relatively comparable in loaded seedlings. An explanation for these findings is that there were higher gradients of water potential values in roots and leaves in loaded seedlings because the lengths of the conductive pathways were 27% shorter than in unloaded seedlings. We hypothesise that trees have adapted to different stresses by shortening their conductive pathways to maintain a transpiration rate similar to that of non-stressed trees. These results concerning the impact of soil compaction on tracheid diameter and volume flow rate improve our understanding of the growth and functioning of different conifer organs and the mechanisms underlying the efficiency of water transport through the root xylem to the shoot.     

Biophysical controls on rhizospheric and heterotrophic components of soil respiration in a boreal black spruce stand

We conducted a root-exclusion experiment in a 125-year-old boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stand in 2004 to quantify the physical and biological controls on temporal dynamics of the rhizospheric (R(r)) and heterotrophic (R(h)) components of soil respiration (R(s)). Annual R(r), R(h) and estimated moss respiration were 285, 269 and 57 g C m(-2) year(-1), respectively, which accounted for 47, 44 and 9% of R(s) (611 g C m(-2) year(-1)), respectively. A gradual transition from R(h)-dominated (winter, spring and fall) to R(r)-dominated (summer) respiration was observed during the year. Soil thawing in spring and the subsequent increase in soil water content (theta) induced a small and sustained increase in R(h) but had no effect on R(r). During the remainder of the growing season, no effect of theta was observed on either component of R(s). Both components increased exponentially with soil temperature (T(s)) during the growing season, but R(r) showed greater temperature sensitivity than R(h) (Q(10) of 4.0 and 3.0, respectively). Temperature-normalized variations in R(r) were highly correlated with eddy covariance estimates of gross ecosystem photosynthesis, and the correlation was greatest when R(r) was lagged by 24 days. Within diurnal cycles, variations in T(s) were highly coupled to variations in R(h) but were significantly decoupled from R(r). The patterns observed at both time scales strongly suggest that the flow of photosynthates to the rhizosphere is a key driver of belowground respiration processes but that photosynthate supply may control these processes in several ways.     

植物凋落物分解对土壤化学性质的影响

为了了解凋落物分解对土壤性质的影响,采用控制试验的方式,研究了几种常见植物凋落物分解对土壤化学性质的影响,结果表明:凋落物分解对土壤pH值影响较小,灌木、草本植物凋落物分解对土壤养分含量的影响相对较大,针叶树种凋落物分解对土壤养分含量的影响相对较小;草本植物分解后,土壤pH值较对照下降了0.07,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别较对照上升了52.34%、7.31%、2.60%、13.36%、2.77%、3.64%、2.81%。     

北京城市绿地土壤pH、可溶性盐及孔隙度特征研究

通过实地采集北京市6种不同城市用地土壤样品,并与北京市西山风景区土壤进行对比,分析不同绿地类型土壤的pH、可溶性盐及孔隙度特征。研究结果表明：由于受人为因素的影响,北京市建成区土壤pH均大于8．0,土壤碱化严重;城区土壤无盐渍化现象,但土壤电导率有一定的上升趋势;城区土壤孔隙度显著低于景区土壤。建议城市绿化时应选择喜碱或耐碱及适应性较强的植物。     

南方酸性土壤交换性钙、镁和钾测定方法的探讨

本文通过南方酸性土壤交换性钙、镁、钾和速效钾不同提取方法和不同振荡时间的测定结果的比较分析,得出同一处理液（即：5克土样加50ml1N乙酸铵振荡5 min）可同时测定交换性钙、镁、钾和速效钾.此方法与GB7865-87, GB7856-87 ,GB7856-87测定结果无显著差异,却更加简单、快速、准确,分析成本大大降低,是一个值得推广普及的方法.     

树盘覆盖对土壤温湿度与有机质含量的影响

采用碎石、草坪、麦秆、木屑作覆盖材料,对树盘进行覆盖,测定土壤温湿度变化,探讨覆盖处理对绿地土壤的影响。结果表明:麦秆覆盖和木屑覆盖能有效调节土壤温度、提高土壤湿度,土壤有机质含量比对照提高56.3%、37.5%,碎石覆盖后的效应与对照(露地)相似,草坪覆盖仅对土壤温度有一定的调节能力。       

激素、通气和pH值对四倍体刺槐和二乔刺槐离体生长的影响

以四倍体刺槐和二乔刺槐的不定芽为试验材料,通过比较培养前后的芽伸长量、增殖率和生物量等指标,研究了激素、通气状况(封口材料)、培养基pH值对刺槐离体生长的影响.结果表明,在BA0.5mg/L、NAA0.1mg/L时,四倍体刺槐不定芽的生物量最大;在BA0.5mg/L、NAA0.5mg/L时,二乔刺槐不定芽的生物量最大.在湿度为35%±5%环境条件下,四倍体刺槐封口材料以耐高温塑料最好,二乔刺槐以棉塞最好;在湿度为55%±5%条件下,四倍体刺槐和二乔刺槐均以棉塞最好.在pH值为5.6、5.8和6.0时四倍体刺槐的增殖系数大,二乔刺槐在pH为6.4时的增殖系数大,而两品种在不同pH下的质量增量百分率差异不显著.     

Impact of slash disposal on soil and water loss and the growth of planted seedlings

IntroductionState Forestry Administration of China issuedmanagement investigated for forest harvesting andregeneration in 1987, which included three methodsof slash disposal (State Forestry Administration1987). The first slash treatment is slash piling, whichis divided into scattered piling and strip piling. Thescattered piling is suitsble for selection cutting, stripcutting and tending cutting. Strip piling is used fOllowing clear cutting. The second slash treatment isspreading of slash. …