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1.
The accelerated greenhouse effect and the degradation of land resources by water and wind erosion are two major, yet interrelated global environmental challenges. Accelerated decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cultivated soils results in decline in SOC stocks over time and also contributes to increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Off‐site transport of SOC in runoff waters during erosional events also contributes to SOC depletion, but there is a paucity of data in the literature documenting erosional SOC losses and the fate of eroded SOC. In this paper, we present a mass balance approach to compute CO2 evolved from mineralization of SOC during transport and deposition of eroded soils. Erosion‐induced CO2 emission rates ranging between 6 and 52 g C m−2 yr−1 were computed using data on SOC stocks and dynamics from a series of long‐term experiments conducted across a range of ecological regions. For the cropland of the world, we estimated an annual flux of 0.37 Pg CO2‐C to the atmosphere due to water erosion. This flux is significant and suggests that water erosion must be taken into consideration when constructing global and regional C budgets. Through its contribution to atmospheric CO2 increase, water erosion can have a positive feedback on the accelerated greenhouse effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
黄土丘陵区不同坡度下土壤有机碳流失规律研究 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8
通过野外径流小区观测与采样分析,研究了自然降雨条件下坡度对土壤有机碳流失的影响.结果表明:在黄土丘陵区,随着坡度增加(10°~30°),其侵蚀强度(A)变化趋势为:A20°>A30°>A15°>A10°>A25°,表明在20°和25°之间存在着临界坡度;土壤有机碳流失的变化趋势与侵蚀强度一致,可见有机碳流失主要受侵蚀强度的影响.土壤侵蚀造成了泥沙中有机碳的富集,其平均富集比为2.27~3.74,且富集比随着侵蚀强度和坡度增大而减小.土壤有机碳流失程度与降雨特征值PI30呈幂函数关系.减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀是降低土壤有机碳流失的关键. 相似文献
3.
The current economic crisis has left numerous residential developments in the southeastern United States in various stages of construction. Many of them are currently graded and essentially abandoned, creating a major source of sediment runoff to waterways. Residential development locations with significant bare soil areas were identified through classification of Landsat 5 TM satellite imagery and subsequently verified from high-resolution county aerial photographs. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used in a geographic information system (GIS) as a tool for prioritizing identified locations on the basis of potential soil loss assuming the worst case scenario of a completely unmaintained site. Initial GIS identification indicated 301 sites with a total bare soil area of 2 378 ha over three counties in Upstate South Carolina. A random sample of 153 sites was visited over 17 days and assessed using a mobile GIS, global positioning system (GPS), and digital camera for field validation. Results indicated that 78% (119) of the sites were classified correctly (residential construction sites in varying stages of completion); 88% of identified areas were less than 25% built compared to the previous year; 48% were categorized as moderate to severe problems. Abandoned and unfinished developments in Upstate South Carolina may represent a major source of sediment pollution to streams. Well-maintained erosion control devices may be useful in preventing offsite sedimentation. 相似文献
4.
[目的] 探明土壤有机碳流失时空分布变化对土壤侵蚀强度的响应机制,以期为侵蚀环境下土壤碳循环机制研究提供基础数据,并为解决黑土“变薄变瘦”问题提供科学依据。[方法] 选取松嫩平原典型黑土区的北安市、克山县、克东县、拜泉县等14个市(区、县)为研究对象,采用RUSLE模型并结合GIS空间分析技术分析东北典型黑土区2000—2019年土壤侵蚀与土壤有机碳流失的时空变化特征。[结果] 研究区土壤侵蚀强度整体呈北高南低的分布格局,并以微度侵蚀为主;2000—2019年典型黑土区微度侵蚀面积占比上升趋势不显著,轻度及以上程度的侵蚀面积占比则整体表现为降低态势,其中87.91%的区域侵蚀强度等级未发生明显变化,仅有3.74%的区域侵蚀强度等级升高;土壤有机碳流失空间分布差异明显,总体呈北高南低的分布特征,研究期间土壤有机碳年平均流失强度为4.74 t/(km2 · a);2010—2019年,土壤有机碳流失总量呈增大趋势,其中北安市流失量最大,为研究区总流失量的37.00%;2015—2019年,土壤有机碳流失强度<5 t/(km2 · a)的区域面积占比下降,而流失强度>5 t/(km2 · a)的区域面积占比上升,导致年平均流失强度增大;研究区北部土壤侵蚀强度高的地区由于有机碳丰富,使得其在遭受侵蚀作用时损失的有机碳总量相对较大,形成土壤有机碳流失总量的地域性差异特征。[结论] 侵蚀作用下土壤有机碳流失的时空变化特征,表明严重的土壤侵蚀是坡面土壤有机碳流失的重要驱动因素。 相似文献
5.
坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
以野外布设的径流小区为研究对象,采用模拟降雨方法研究随机条件下降雨侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳含量及流失过程的动态变化规律。结果表明:(1)降雨侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳含量随降雨的进行逐渐降低并趋于平稳,与坡面土壤有机碳含量相比显著增高(p0.01),有机碳在泥沙中明显富集,富集比最大值达1.780,泥沙中有机碳含量及富集比随侵蚀速率的增加明显减小且趋于稳定;(2)泥沙有机碳流失速率随降雨的进行先波动增大,达到最大值后又波动减小,最后逐渐趋于准稳定,整个过程呈单峰分布;(3)泥沙有机碳流失强度与土壤侵蚀强度呈显著性线性正相关(p0.01),说明土壤侵蚀量决定侵蚀过程中有机碳流失量,准确获取土壤侵蚀强度是估算坡面有机碳流失量的基础。 相似文献
6.
[目的]明确和规范修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)中各因子的单位,使得RUSLE在中国具体应用过程中更加科学和便捷。[方法]通过对国内外RUSLE应用实践的总结和对比研究,并分析其科学合理性,找出最为普遍应用的、准确的RUSLE各因子的单位,明确不同单位类型之间的转化系数。[结果]国内RUSLE的应用,大部分是通过各地区建立的各因子统计模型转换成国际制单位系统,最后相乘得到的是以国际制单位表示的土壤侵蚀量,另一部分则是通过相应的各因子统计模型计算得到各个因子以美制单位系统表示的计算结果,最后再乘以224.2将土壤侵蚀量转换为国际制单位。国内主流侵蚀估计中使用的单位焦耳系统,单位面积有两种即km^2和hm^2。土壤流失量A常用的国际制单位为t/hm^2或t/km^2;降雨侵蚀力因子R常用的国际制单位为(MJ·mm)/(hm^2·h·a)或(MJ·mm)/(km^2·h·a);土壤可蚀性因子K的常用国际制单位为(t·hm^2·h)/(hm^2·MJ·mm)或(t·km^2·h)/(km^2·MJ·mm)。不同地区建立的计算方法通过相应的转换系数转换成国际制单位。最后,R和K因子的单位系统的一致性是RUSLE应用的关键步骤。[结论]R和K因子通过相应的单位转换系数转换为国际制单位以及两者的单位一致性是土壤侵蚀评估的重要基础。 相似文献
7.
[目的]探究三峡库区土壤侵蚀程度,为区域土壤侵蚀合理化治理提供依据。[方法]采用RUSLE模型,结合多源数据(MODIS-NDVI,DEM,土地利用等),定量评价长江三峡库区2000-2010年的土壤侵蚀时空分布。[结果]①三峡库区除西部地区外,其它地区土壤侵蚀情况严重;2000-2010年,长江沿岸以剧烈侵蚀和极强度侵蚀为主;②三峡库区土壤侵蚀状况在2000-2010年间得到一定程度的改善,强度以上土壤侵蚀面积由2000年的1.71×106 hm2下降为2010年的6.82×105 hm2;库区内平均侵蚀模数由2000年的36.75 t/(hm2·a)下降为2010年的22.79 t/(hm2·a);③三峡库区经过多年侵蚀治理,强度、极强度、剧烈侵蚀面积逐渐减少的同时,轻度、中度土壤侵蚀面积在逐渐增加。[结论]研究区需要进一步加强对轻度、中度土壤侵蚀的治理。 相似文献
8.
CHEN Chuan-sheng JIANG Xin 《水土保持研究》2006,13(5):186-187
1 IntroductionSoil erosion has been recognized to be a serious environ-mental and soil degradation problem:it can reduce soil pro-ductivity,and it can also increase sedi ment load in receivingwater.The purpose of this researchis to evaluate an availa-bili… 相似文献
9.
基于RUSLE模型的云南省土壤侵蚀和养分流失特征分析 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
准确评估区域土壤侵蚀和养分流失空间分布特征,是开展区域水土保持规划和生态治理的基础。基于GIS空间分析技术和RUSLE模型,对云南省土壤侵蚀和养分流失特征进行定量化分析。结果表明:云南省土壤侵蚀面积为1 835.91×104 hm2,占总面积的48.07%,平均侵蚀模数为15.65 t/(hm2·a),土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀为主,但极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀是区域侵蚀产沙的主要来源。滇西南区土壤侵蚀强度较大,而滇西北区土壤侵蚀强度较小。区域土壤侵蚀主要发生在夏季,旱地是区域侵蚀产沙的主要策源地。流失土层厚度集中分布在0~2 mm/a,平均土层流失厚度为1.19 mm/a。土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、速效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)的平均流失模数分别为820.00,55.19,3.32,0.32 kg/(hm2·a),4种养分流失量空间分布均存在一定的聚集特征,总体表现为滇西区等西部区域大于东部区域。研究结果可为云南省水土保持规划和水土流失生态环境建设提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
Cassim Mohamed Fayas;Nimal Shantha Abeysingha;Korotta Gamage Shyamala Nirmanee;Dinithi Samaratunga;Ananda Mallawatantri 《国际水土保持研究(英文)》2019,7(2):130-137
Soil erosion contributes negatively to agricultural production, quality of source water for drinking, ecosystem health in land and aquatic environments, and aesthetic value of landscapes. Approaches to understand the spatial variability of erosion severity are important for improving landuse management. This study uses the Kelani river basin in Sri Lanka as the study area to assess erosion severity using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model supported by a GIS system. Erosion severity across the river basin was estimated using RUSLE, a Digital Elevation Model (15 × 15 m), twenty years rainfall data at 14 rain gauge stations across the basin, landuse and land cover, and soil maps and cropping factors. The estimated average annual soil loss in Kelani river basin varied from zero to 103.7 t ha-1 yr−1, with a mean annual soil loss estimated at 10.9 t ha−1 yr−1. About 70% of the river basin area was identified with low to moderate erosion severity (<12 t ha−1 yr−1) indicating that erosion control measures are urgently needed to ensure a sustainable ecosystem in the Kelani river basin, which in turn, is connected with the quality of life of over 5 million people. Use of this severity information developed with RUSLE along with its individual parameters can help to design landuse management practices. This effort can be further refined by analyzing RUSLE results along with Kelani river sub-basins level real time erosion estimations as a monitoring measure for conservation practices. 相似文献
11.
针对新疆喀什噶尔河流域克孜河下游以风蚀为主,水蚀为辅的水土流失成因,提出了调整土地利用结构,营造防风固沙林带,疏浚下游河道,引用洪水资源灌溉已有和规划林带的综合治理思路。 相似文献
12.
Few studies have demonstrated soil redistribution under upslope tillage (UT) rather than downslope tillage (DT) and its impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution in long‐term agricultural practices in hillslope landscapes. We selected two neighbouring sites from the Sichuan Basin, China, one under DT and the other under UT, to determine the pattern of soil and SOC redistribution under a long‐term UT practice. DT caused soil loss at upper slope positions and soil accumulation at lower slope positions. However, UT resulted in soil accumulation at upper slope positions and soil loss at lower slope positions. The total erosion rate decreased by 60.5% after 29 years of UT compared with DT. Having the same direction of soil movement by tillage and water exaggerated total soil loss, whereas having the two movements in the contrasting direction of soil for the two reduced it. SOC stocks at positions from summit to downslope were much larger (33.8%) and at toe‐slope positions were only slightly greater (4.5%) in the UT soils than comparable values for the DT site. The accumulation rate of SOC at the UT site increased by 0.26 Mg/ha/year compared with that at the DT site. It is suggested that soil movement by water and tillage erosion occurred in the same direction accelerates the depletion of SOC pools, whereas the opposite direction of soil movement for the two can increase SOC accumulation. Our results suggest that UT has significant impacts on soil redistribution processes and SOC accumulation on steeply sloping land. 相似文献
13.
《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2018,29(3):812-824
The implementation of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the Ethiopian Highlands is a top priority to reduce soil erosion rates. However, the effectiveness of these measures for different hillslope gradients and land use conditions remains poorly understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by determining support practice (P) and cover‐management (C) factors of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation for commonly used SWC structures in semi‐arid environments. The factor values were calculated on the basis of soil loss data collected with 21 large runoff plots installed in rangeland and cropland sites. The P‐ and C‐factors were calculated following the recommended procedures. Results show P‐factors ranging from 0.32 to 0.74 for stone bunds, from 0.07 to 0.65 for trenches, and from 0.03 to 0.22 for stone bunds with trenches. Reduced storage capacities due to sediment deposition resulted in significant declines of the effectiveness of SWC structures over time. For example, the average P‐factor value for trenches increased from 0.1 in the first year after installation to 0.51 after 3 years. C‐factor values ranged from 0.23 to 0.82 in rangeland and from 0.03 to 0.35 in cropland. For rangeland, this large variability is due to vegetation cover changes caused by grazing. In cropland, C‐factors vary with crop types and tillage practices. The results of this study not only aid in modelling and quantifying the short‐term impacts of SWC structures on soil erosion rates but also highlight the importance of considering temporal variations of the effectiveness of SWC measures. 相似文献
14.
基于GIS的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以小流域为单元进行土壤侵蚀量的定量评价研究,是探索土壤流失规律和评价流域治理效益的一个重要途径和内容。根据修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),在ArcGIS软件平台下,以QuickBird遥感影像作为主要数据源,计算了黄土高原南小河沟小流域土壤侵蚀量并定量分析了土壤侵蚀量与坡度和土地利用的关系。结果表明:南小河沟小流域年土壤侵蚀量88 504.2 t/a,平均土壤侵蚀模数为2 438.98 t/(km2·a),属于轻度接近于中度侵蚀强度,土壤侵蚀得到有效控制。随着坡度的增大土壤侵蚀量明显增加,>25°区域产生全流域80%以上的土壤侵蚀量。不同植被类型的土壤侵蚀模数依次为:天然草地>未成林地>疏林地>灌木林地>人工草地>乔木林地。改善疏林地、未成林地和天然草地的结构,加强难利用地和荒坡地的治理,提高植被覆盖度,是降低土壤侵蚀量的主要途径。 相似文献
15.
16.
黄土坡面不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳流失的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
坡面土地利用方式与产流、产沙及土壤有机碳的流失具有密切关系。对延安燕沟流域的坡耕地、草地、刈割草地、灌木地、刈割灌木以及刺槐林地径流小区的径流、泥沙及有机碳流失量进行了分析。结果表明:在不同土地利用方式下,产流、产沙量与植被覆盖度呈负相关关系;随径流流失的可溶性有机碳量表现为:坡耕地〉刈割草地〉草地〉刈割灌木地〉灌木地〉刺槐林地小区,随泥沙流失的有机碳量表现为:坡耕地〉草地〉灌木〉刺槐林地。随泥沙流失的土壤有机碳占总流失量的主要部分,而随径流流失的有机碳只占很少的比例。因此,增加黄土坡面植被覆盖度是控制产流、产沙量和有机碳流失的重要途径。 相似文献
17.
侵蚀条件下土壤有机碳流失研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
全球土壤有机碳库储量丰富且活跃,而作为碳流失主要驱动力的土壤侵蚀对陆地碳循环影响巨大,揭示其影响将对气候变化背景下深刻理解碳收支过程和相关政策的制定具有重要意义。该文主要介绍了近年来国内外关于水蚀和风蚀影响土壤有机碳流失过程的研究进展,分析了侵蚀条件下土壤碳的源汇争议,简述了土壤有机碳流失的原位和异位环境效应,并提出了相关研究的主要现实问题和未来发展方向。在侵蚀进程中,土壤有机碳的固定与流失并存,流失部分主要包括在地表径流泥沙和土壤呼吸过程中,当前相关研究多集中于侵蚀有机碳的去向问题。在一定的景观范围内,定量刻画侵蚀过程中土壤碳输入输出关系是今后区域碳循环研究领域亟待解决的关键科学问题。 相似文献
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略谈水土流失与土壤侵蚀 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
目前人们对“水土流失”等名词的理解不一,可概括为五种类型。导致理解歧义的原因,主要为水土保持科学产生和发展的历史与语言词汇两个方面。“水土流矢”与“土壤侵蚀”是两个有区别的概念,对水土流失、土壤侵蚀与水土保持等基本概念的理解,必须同我国水土保持工作实践结合起来。 相似文献
19.
土壤侵蚀是我国目前面临的重大生态问题之一。利用GIS技术和修正的水土流失方程(RUSLE)模型对降雨侵蚀造成的土壤流失进行预测估算是目前较为常用的一种土壤侵蚀研究方法。以RUSLE模型的基本构建方法为基础,结合景观生态安全格局理论,对甘肃省甘南州迭部县县域内的土壤侵蚀状况进行了估测性。分析了模型中各个作用因子在当地的分布及表现特点,并构建了该县的土壤侵蚀风险格局。提出在土壤侵蚀格局的关键点或地带,依靠坡改梯,增加护坡,种植等高植物篱,提高植被郁闭度等手法,提高流失斑块的破碎度,降低地表径流能量,弱化土壤侵蚀的规模化效应,以期起到解决或减弱当地土壤严重流失问题的作用。土壤流失风险格局也可以为土地利用格局的改造提供指导性依据。 相似文献
20.
引洪灌溉沙漠 综合治理沙害 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
引洪灌溉沙漠综合治理沙害于振江(新疆维吾尔自治区水利厅农水处,乌鲁木齐830000)新疆策勒县位于世界著名的流动性大沙漠──塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,是新疆风沙灾害最为严重的县之一。历史上,策勒县城曾三次因风沙湮埋而被迫迁移。近代,由于人类不当的社会经济活... 相似文献