利用啤酒糟生产高档保健饮料

利用啤酒糟生产高档保健饮料啤酒糟难以贮存无法远销，目前它除了就地售作饲料外经常霉烂浪费了。酒糟有令人不愉快的气味，无法直接用作食品或饮料，本技术利用酒糟生产高档保健饮料。不但无酒糟的异味，而且具有类似绍兴酒的香气。本保健饮料富含蛋白质，氨基酸，多种维...     

啤酒工业副产物综合利用研究现状

系统地介绍了我国啤酒工业副产物产生的基本情况及啤酒糟、啤酒废酵母的利用现状,讨论了这一领域国内外开发研究的新技术、新思路、新进展及部分深加工产品开发状况．     

预处理对啤酒麦糟酶水解的影响

提出了湿磨和稀硫酸预水解结合的啤酒麦糟酶解前预处理方法。湿磨压榨处理可以分离出麦中约５０％的蛋白质，并能提高麦糟纤维素酶解糖得率１４％左右。用０．７５％的硫酸，固液比１∶８至１∶１０预水解时１２１－１２５℃下最佳预水解时间为８０－１００ｍｉｎ，１５０℃下最佳预水解时间为１５－２０ｍｉｎ。在最佳预水解条件下，预水解糖得率为９５．０％，纤维素酶水解得率为７６．４％，多聚糖水解糖总得率为８８．９％。     

五倍子单宁对啤酒稳定性的影响

单宁是植物的次生代谢产物。酿酒时单要从大麦和酒花转入啤酒，成为啤酒的重要成分。大麦单宁为缩合单元，以原花色素的二聚体、三聚体为主。在糖化和洗糟时低聚的原药色素因氧化聚合成高分子单宁而急剧减少。酒花单宁出由水解单宁、缩合单宁构成，其中含有活泼羟基的花色苷和类单宁能延迟啤老化口味的产生和提高胶体稳定性。五倍子单宁是 的资源，添加五倍子单宁６ｇ／１００Ｌ于麦汁和啤酒中，可降低麦汁中子区氮５ｍｇ／１００ｍ     

板栗幼苗施用EM微生物菌剂试验简报

板栗幼苗施用ＥＭ微生物菌剂试验简报刘世明李松富（石棉县林业局ＥＭ是“有效微生物”（ＥＦＦＥＣＴＩＶＥＭＩＣＲＯＯＲＧＡＮＩＳＭ）的英文缩写。它是日本琉球大学比嘉照夫教授研制出来的新型复合微生物菌剂，不含任何化学有害物质，无毒副作用，不污染环境。目前Ｅ...     

京津冀刺槐人工林直径,树高及蓄积量模型

京津冀刺槐人工林直径、树高及蓄积量模型张春生刘忠柱李新玫刘丽华（平泉县林业局，０６７５００）（衡水市林业局，０５３０００）关键词刺槐；数学模型；逐步变量选择法中图分类号Ｓ７５８．５ＭＡＴＨＥＭＡＴＩＣＡＬＭＯＤＥＬＳＦＯＲＤＩＡＭＥＴＥＲ，ＴＲＥＥＨ...     

加强科技期刊编务工作的几点思考

加强科技期刊编务工作的几点思考张慧敏（河北林学院，保定０７１０００）关键词编务工作，工作特点，人员素质中图分类号Ｃ２３２ＯＮＴＨＥＩＭＰＲＯＶＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＣＯＭＰＩＬＡＴＩＯＮＷＯＲＫＦＯＲＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＡＮＤＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＰＥＲ...     

修剪、疏花及化控对野生欧李幼树的效应

修剪、疏花及化控对野生欧李幼树的效应宋海萍，李春兰（河北林学院保定０７１０００）关键词化控，疏花，修剪，欧李中图分类号Ｓ６６２．３ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＲＩＭ，ＦＬＯＷＥＲＴＨＩＮＮＩＮＧＡＮＤＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＮＣＥＲＡＳＵＳＨＵＭＩＬ...     

板栗果实氨基酸总量的测定方法

板栗果实氨基酸总量的测定方法郭素萍，李保国，张林萍，陈贵通（河北农业大学林学院，保定０７１０００）（邢台市林业局，邢台０５４０００）关键词板栗，氨基酸，测定方法中图分类号Ｓ６６４．２０１ＤＥＴＥＲＭＩＮＡＴＩＯＮＭＥＴＨＯＤＳＦＯＲＴＯＴＡＬＡＭＯＵ...     

海南岛树木资源(续7)

被子植物亚门　ＡＮＧＩＯＳＰＥＲＭＡＥ双子叶植物纲　ＤＩＣＯＴＹＬＥＤＯＮＥＡＥ　　　玉蕊科　ＬＥＣＹＴＨＩＤＡＣＥＡＥ玉蕊（Ｂａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎｉａｒａｃｅｍｏｓａ（Ｌｉｎｎ．）Ｓｐｒｅｎｇ）；Ｈ（１５），Ｄ（３５）。文昌（头宛）。本岛东北部海滩或海岸。　　　野牡丹科　ＭＥＬＡＳＴＯＭＡＴＡＣＥＡＥ※海南谷木（ＭｅｍｅｃｙｌｏｎｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｅＭｅｒｒ．ｅｔＣｈｕｎ）；吊罗。小乔木，本岛南半部常见。谷木（Ｍ．ＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍＣｈａｍｐ．ｅｔＢｅｎｔｈ．），角木（琼）；Ｈ（２０）…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.