茶扦插苗刺腐霉病菌在中国的发现及其生理特性

茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病在广西各地苗圃普遍发生,造成死苗。经鉴定,Ｐｙｔｈｉｕｍ ｓｐｉｎｏｓｕｍ Ｓａｗａｄａ是该病重要病原菌之一。生理测定表明,该菌生长温度７～３５℃,最适温度２５～３０℃,高温度下生长良好,最适ＰＨ７．０～８．２,ＣＡ基质有利于繁殖体形成。对光照无特异需求,紫外灯照射生长减缓。这是刺腐霉对茶扦插苗致 性的首次报道。     

茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病菌腐皮镰孢生物学特性研究

 茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病菌腐皮镰孢生长温度范围10~35℃,最适生长温度25℃;在27~31.5℃下培养时,RH 96%产孢量最大;孢子发芽率则以在30℃和RH 100%、25~27℃和p H 5.6~8.1时较高。黑暗、日光灯及黑暗与散光交替处理对菌丝生长和产孢无明显差异,但紫外灯处理可使菌丝生长显著减慢。孢子致死温度58℃ 10 min。室温下病菌在病残体中可存活18个月以上。该菌能利用多种单糖、双糖及醇类作碳源和利用L-胱氨酸、草酸铵、尿素、DL-α-氨基丙酸作氮源。L-赖氨酸不适于病菌生长和产孢。     

黑龙江省冬小麦雪腐病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用形态特征观察和致病性测定方法,对黑龙江省饶河县冬小麦雪腐病进行了病原鉴定,并对病菌生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明,黑龙江省饶河县冬小麦雪腐病是由半知菌亚门雪腐格氏霉[Gerlachia nivalis (Ces.ex Sacc.)W.Gams et E.Mull.]侵染引起的红色雪腐病.病菌生长最适温度为20～25℃,适宜pH为7,但3.5～11.5范围内差异不显著;光暗交替有利于菌丝生长,最佳碳源为淀粉,最佳氮源为牛肉膏;病原菌致死温度为50℃处理10 min.产孢最适温度为15℃,最适pH为7,最佳碳源为麦芽糖,最佳氮源为硝酸钠.缺N、C比缺Mg、Fe、K、P元素对病原菌的生长影响大.     

胡萝卜黑腐病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

胡萝卜黑腐病是影响山西省胡萝卜产业发展的主要病害。本文研究了胡萝卜黑腐病病原菌归属及其生物学特性。通过病原菌形态学特征鉴定胡萝卜黑腐病致病菌为Alternaria radicina。病原菌生物学特性测定结果表明,菌丝最适生长温度为28℃;最适pH为6;最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和尿素;光照对菌丝生长影响较小。分生孢子萌发最适温度为30℃,水滴中萌发率最高,酸碱度和光照周期对分生孢子萌发影响较小。     

番茄茎基腐病病原菌的生物学特性

对番茄茎基腐病病原菌生物学特性研究结果表明:病菌菌丝在供试PDA、PSA、2%水琼脂、Richard、番茄煎汁、燕麦片和番茄燕麦等7种培养基中均能良好生长,而在2%水琼脂培养基上生长较为缓慢;菌丝在2～32℃范围内均能生长,最适20℃,致死温度为50℃,10min;菌丝生长的pH范围为3～10,最适为5～7;光照对菌丝生长影响较小。病菌在7种供试培养基上均能产生菌核;菌核在10种供试营养物质中均能萌发,萌发温度范围为5～30℃,最适20℃,致死温度为59℃,10min;菌核萌发pH范围为3～10,最适为7。     

西瓜绵腐病菌生物学特性研究

本文针对辽宁省西瓜生产上近年趋重发生的绵腐病,通过病原菌形态特征观察、柯赫氏法则证病试验、rDNA-ITS序列测定及分析,确定其致病菌为瓜果腐霉(Pythium a phanidermatum);并对该病原菌的主要生物学特性进行了研究.试验结果表明:菌丝在黄瓜煎汁培养基、蔗糖培养基、硫酸铵、甘氨酸培养基中生长最适;其生长最适温度35℃,最适pH为6～8;光照对菌丝生长影响较小;菌丝致死温度为51℃,10 min.产生孢子囊以菠菜煎汁培养基为最适,在麦芽糖、硝酸钾培养基中孢子囊产生量最大;产生孢子囊的最适温度为25℃、最适pH为8;光照培养产生孢子囊数量最多.     

茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病的病原鉴定

茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病在各地苗圃中都有发生，造成相当程度的损失，经该病多由刺腐霉和腐皮镰孢茶专化型复合侵染所致。     

温度对假禾谷镰刀菌生长、侵染及茎基腐病发生的影响

研究温度对小麦茎基腐病发生的影响,可为病害的发生规律和生态防控措施的研究提供依据。本研究测定了温度对假禾谷镰刀菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发、对寄主小麦侵染以及在植株体内扩展的影响,结果表明,假禾谷镰刀菌菌丝生长的温度范围为4℃～30℃,其中28℃最适于菌丝的生长,孢子萌发的温度范围为4℃～35℃,其中12℃～30℃较适宜分生孢子萌发,17℃～28℃为假禾谷镰刀菌侵染小麦的适宜温度范围,假禾谷镰刀菌在小麦植株体内扩展的适宜温度范围在22℃～30℃;通过不同温度培养试验以及田间小麦不同生育期接种试验测定温度对小麦茎基腐病发生的影响,结果表明,播种期、起身期接种的小麦茎基腐病发生高于越冬苗期接种处理,而此期的温度较越冬苗期利于假禾谷镰刀菌的侵染和小麦茎基腐病的发生。     

柑橘黑色蒂腐病菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性

从自然发病的柑橘果实表面分离出柑橘黑色蒂腐病菌(Diplodia natalensis Evans),对其生物学特性研究的结果表明:不同培养基对菌落形态、菌丝生长速率及产孢量都有很大影响,其中以马铃薯蔗糖培养基菌丝生长旺盛,生长速度最快,产孢量最大。病原菌适宜的生长及产孢温度为25~30℃,最适温度为30℃;光照条件对病菌的生长及产孢没有显著的影响;病菌的致死温度在75℃左右,在测试的常用化学药剂中,以咪鲜胺对其抑制效果最好。     

引起西洋参锈腐病的Ilyonectria属4种病原菌的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性

 Ilyonectria属真菌是引起西洋参锈腐病的主要病原菌,每年给西洋参生产造成重要经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省及山东省栽培的西洋参的I. mors-panacis、I. robusta、I. vredehoekensis及I. communis 4种病原菌,通过平板培养,测定它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源和光照条件下菌丝生长和产孢量;采用生长速率法测定对6种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。生物学试验结果表明:Czapek培养基为Ilyonectria spp.菌丝生长的最适培养基,PDA、OA和CMA培养基有利于产孢;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源分别是可溶性淀粉和硝态氮,不同碳源对各菌株产孢的作用不同,最适产孢氮源为硫酸铵;I. vredehoekensis最适生长温度为25 ℃,I. robusta为20～25 ℃,其他2种菌则为20 ℃,产孢最适温度范围为15～20 ℃;黑暗条件适宜供试菌的生长,全光照有利于I. mors-panacis和I. robusta产孢,但不利于I. vredehoekensis和I. communis产孢。药剂试验结果表明:同一杀菌剂对4种病菌的作用存在差异,在供试的6种杀菌剂中,4种病菌对多菌灵最为敏感(EC₅₀<0.5 μg·mL^-1),其次是戊唑醇(EC₅₀<15 μg·mL^-1),恶霉灵的抑制效果最差(EC₅₀>960 μg·mL^-1)。上述研究结果为了解西洋参锈腐病菌Ilyonectria的环境适应性及防治策略提供了有益参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.