黑龙江地区向日葵核盘菌致病性分化研究

本文对黑龙江省的100株向日葵核盘菌(39个亲和组)的致病力、菌落生长速率、草酸产量及总酸产量(pH)进行了测定,并分析了菌株致病力与菌落生长速率、草酸产量及总酸产量(pH)3个因子的相关性。结果表明:菌株的致病力与草酸产量成正相关(r=0.758,P0.01);与总酸产量(pH)之间成负相关(r=-0.794,P0.01);草酸产量与总酸产量(pH)之间呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.639,P0.01)。     

核盘菌对油菜、向日葵和大豆的侵染及其致病性分化研究

 通过对从陕西大荔采集的油菜及其后茬向日葵上的核盘菌和从新疆阿勒泰的向日葵上采集的核盘菌样品进行单菌核分离、培养和纯化,比较其菌丝生长速度、菌丝干重、菌落形态、致病力强弱及菌株的草酸累积等,将两地的核盘菌分成A、B、C三种类型,其中A类来源于陕西大荔的油菜和向日葵,B、C类来源于新疆阿勒泰的向日葵。不同类型核盘菌对于不同寄主的致病力存在着分化现象,A、B类菌株生长正常、菌落均匀旺盛,B类对油菜、向日葵和大豆的致病力较强,草酸产量较高;而A类仅对油菜和向日葵的致病力较强对大豆的致病力很弱,但草酸产量最高。C类菌株生长异常,菌落稀疏不均匀,对3种作物的致病力均弱,草酸产量较低。2001年田问调查亦表明:A类菌株可导致油菜、向日葵菌核病的发生,但未见其使大豆致病,由此提出油菜茬后,不宜种植向日葵,二者应与小麦、玉米等实行较长周期的轮作。本文也同时对各菌株进行了RAPD分析和菌丝体亲和性研究,结果表明,菌株间的遗传多样性表现丰富但未发现与其致病性分化相关。     

核盘菌中dsRNA种类及其与致病力的关系

 对源于我国黑龙江省佳木斯市同一块茄子田的14个核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)菌株及其中1个菌株Ep-1PNA5的2个衍生菌株的致病力和菌丝中的双链RNA(dsRNA)进行了分析。在马铃薯琼脂培养基(PDA)上对5个弱致病型核盘菌菌株(Ep-1PD、Ep-1PI、Ep-1PL、Ep-1PM、Ep-1PN)异常性状(菌丝生长慢,且异常分枝)的传染特性进行了测定。结果表明:在离体油菜叶片上,16个供试核盘菌菌株中,7个属于强致病类型,7个属于弱致病类型,2个属于中等致病类型。从10个核盘菌菌株的菌丝中检测到dsRNA因子,并可分成3类dsRNA电泳谱型。第一类dsRNA谱型只含有7.4kb大小的dsRNA分子,3个强致病型核盘菌菌株属于这种谱型;第二类dsRNA谱型含有2种dsRNA分子,大小分别为6.4kb和7.4kb。6个弱致病型菌株属于这种谱型;第三类dsRNA谱型只含有6.4kb大小的dsRNA分子。1个弱致病类型菌株属于这种谱型。从另外6个核盘菌菌株的菌丝中没有检测到任何dsRNA因子,其中4个菌株属于强致病型菌株,2个菌株属于中等致病型。可见,6.4kb大小的dsRNA因子与核盘菌弱致病性状密切相关。5个弱致病型核盘菌菌株(Ep-1PD、Ep-1PI、Ep-1PL、Ep-1PM、Ep-1PN)的异常性状可以通过菌丝接触传染给一些强致病型核盘菌菌株,使其菌丝生长变慢及分枝异常。结果还表明:这些弱致病型核盘菌异常性状的传染具有菌株特异性。     

核盘菌自噬相关基因SsATG5和SsATG8的功能分析

为探究自噬在核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum致病过程中的作用,利用酵母Saccharomyces自噬相关基因（autophagy-related gene,ATG）编码的蛋白序列比对核盘菌基因组,获得核盘菌假定ATG,并以核盘菌1980菌株为出发菌株,基于同源重组的原理对假定ATG进行敲除和回补,并测定不同突变体的生长表型和致病能力。结果表明,从核盘菌基因组中比对到2个ATG,分别命名为SsATG5和SsATG8,两者在核盘菌致病过程中均上调表达。SsATG5和SsATG8敲除突变体在菌丝生长、产草酸和侵染垫形成方面与野生型菌株无明显差异,但SsATG5敲除突变体在离体拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana叶片上的致病力显著下降了约40%,在活体拟南芥植株上的致病力显著下降了约80%,同时SsATG5回补突变体恢复了正常的致病力。表明SsATG5参与了核盘菌的致病过程,证实自噬在核盘菌致病过程中发挥着重要作用。     

向日葵核盘菌菌饼打取位置以及继代次数对其生物学特性和致病力的影响

在向日葵核盘菌培养中,采用不同继代次数和打取不同位置的菌饼对其生物学特性和致病力的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在距离接种中心最远处4.5cm处打取的核盘菌菌饼,其生长速率最快,草酸分泌量最高(94.54μg/mg),多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性最高(29.15 U/mg),且致病力最强(病斑直径1.79 cm)。同时,通过比较核盘菌培养继代次数对致病力的影响,发现当继代次数超过15次后,其致病力显著降低。     

内蒙古自治区向日葵小核盘菌的菌丝亲和组类型及其菌株的生物学特性、致病力和交配型

为明确内蒙古自治区阴山北麓地区向日葵小核盘菌Sclerotinia minor的遗传变异,对自内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市、包头市和呼和浩特市向日葵上分离纯化的110株向日葵小核盘菌菌株进行菌丝亲和组(mycelium compatibility group,MCG)划分,并对5个主要MCG组间和组内各菌株的生物学特性、致病力和交配型进行测定。结果表明,供试的110株菌株被划分为14个亲合组,其中MCG1为主要类型,包含32株菌株,占总菌株的29.1%;MCG2包含来自7个地点的25株菌株;5个MCG仅包含1株菌株;在这14个MCG中,MCG1～MCG5包含92株菌株,占总菌株数的83.6%。MCG1～MCG5组间各菌株在菌落直径和草酸分泌量上存在差异,但在菌核形成量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和致病力上无显著差异;而MCG1～MCG5组内各菌株在菌落直径、草酸分泌量、菌核形成量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和致病力上均有一定差异。在MCG1～MCG5各菌株的交配型中,除MCG2中菌株的负反转型与正反转型比例接近1∶1外,其它4个MCG中菌株的负反转型与正反转型比例均偏离1∶1,表明内蒙古自治区向日葵小核盘菌具有较高的遗传变异程度。     

花生白绢病菌ITS分型、菌丝亲和群分析及相关生物学特性比较

2013~2016年从全国12个省市采集不同花生白绢病样本,共分离获得39个分离物,对其ITS-r DNA序列进行了分析,表明它们均属于齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii);这39个分离物分为两个亚组,分别包含22个和17个菌株;对这39个菌株进行了菌丝亲和群分析及相关生物学特性比较,共鉴定出23个菌丝亲和群;8个亲和群包含2~6个菌株,其余的15个亲和群都只包含1个菌株;同一菌丝亲和群的菌株菌落形态相似,大多数菌株的菌丝生长速度、菌核大小比较相近,个别菌株差异较大;39个菌株均能产生草酸,在菌落形态、菌丝生长速度、菌核大小和重量上均有差异,生长速度为0.47~2.32cm·d~(-1),菌核直径为0.71~1.87 mm,单粒菌核干重为0.24~2.64 mg。     

挥发性化合物2-甲基苯并噻唑对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢的抑制效应

为明确挥发性化合物2-甲基苯并噻唑（2-methylbenzothiazole,2-MBTH）对向日葵菌核病病原菌核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和番茄灰霉病病原菌灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的防治潜力,采用密封盘菌丝生长速率法测定其对2种病原菌的抑制作用,利用离体叶片接种试验分析其对2种病原菌致病力的影响。结果显示,2-MBTH对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢具有明显的抑制作用,2-MBTH对核盘菌菌丝的EC₅₀为0.87 μL/L,对灰葡萄孢菌丝的EC₅₀为4.49 μL/L。2-MBTH能够显著降低灰葡萄孢的致病力,受抑制程度与2-MBTH浓度呈正相关;扫描电镜观察发现,2-MBTH能够使灰葡萄孢菌丝形态异常,菌丝干瘪,分枝增多,表面塌陷;使核盘菌菌丝破损,表面塌陷。另外,随着2-MBTH熏蒸浓度的增大,核盘菌的菌核数量和质量都有所减少,且健康菌核在2-MBTH的熏蒸作用下失去了萌发能力。表明2-MBTH对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢均有较高的抑制作用,表现为菌丝生长、菌核萌发受到抑制,利用其熏蒸作用可以为向日葵菌核病和番茄灰霉病的有效防控提供新思路。     

江苏省大、小麦纹枯病病原学的初步研究

 1984至1986年间,采集江苏各地大、小麦纹枯病标样,分离获得丝核菌属菌株分别为23个和50个。经比较鉴定其培养特性,菌丝形态、隔膜孔器以及细胞核数目,结合菌丝融合测试,50个小麦纹枯丝核菌菌株中除2个属于立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)AG₅群外,其余均为禾谷丝核菌(R.cetea-lis Vander Hoeven),其中CAG₁、CAG₃、CAG₆、AGC₁分别为44、1、1和2个菌株。在23个大麦纹枯丝核菌菌株中,除2个属于立枯丝核菌AG₅群外,其余均为禾谷丝核菌,其中CAG₁、CAG₂、AGE的菌株分别为18、1、1、另有一菌株不属所测融合群。
人工交互接种试验表明:来源于大麦和小麦的禾谷丝核菌CAG₁群菌株对于大、小麦均有极强的致病力;立枯丝核菌AG₅群菌株次之,也有一定致病力;其他融合群的菌株致病力较弱。因此,引致江苏省大小麦纹枯病的主要病原菌为禾谷丝核菌(R.cerealis)的CAG₁群。     

核盘菌一分支酸变位酶同源效应蛋白的亚细胞定位

前期研究表明核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum产生的一种分支酸变位酶同源效应蛋白能够提高其致病能力。为了进一步研究该效应蛋白在核盘菌致病过程中的作用机制,我们通过构建GFP融合蛋白对其分泌行为和亚细胞定位开展了研究。首先通过PCR技术扩增了该基因的启动区+信号肽(SP)+叶绿体定位肽(CTP)的DNA序列,构建GFP融合载体,然后借助REMI技术转化核盘菌原生质体,筛选GFP能够表达的转化子,最后接种转化子菌丝于烟草叶片,激光共聚焦检测GFP荧光信号,发现GFP荧光与叶绿体自体荧光共定位,表明该效应蛋白可分泌进入寄主叶绿体内发挥作用。     

Analyses of Lettuce Drop Incidence and Population Structure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor

ABSTRACT To understand the geographical distribution of lettuce drop incidence and the structure of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum populations, commercial lettuce fields were surveyed in the Salinas, San Joaquin, and Santa Maria Valleys in California. Lettuce drop incidence, pathogen species, and mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were determined and analyzed using geostatistic and geographical information system tools. Lettuce drop incidence was lowest in the San Joaquin Valley, and not significantly different between the other two valleys. Semivariogram analysis revealed that lettuce drop incidence was not spatially correlated between different fields in the Salinas Valley, suggesting negligible field-to-field spread or influence of inoculum in one field on other fields. Lettuce drop incidence was significantly lower in fields with a surface drip system than in fields with furrow or sprinkler irrigation systems, suggesting that the surface drip system can be a potential management measure for reducing lettuce drop. In the San Joaquin Valley, S. sclerotiorum was the prevalent species, causing drop in 63.5% of the fields, whereas S. minor also was identified in 25.4% of the fields. In contrast, in the Salinas Valley, S. minor was the dominant species (76.1%) whereas S sclerotiorum only observed in only 13.6% fields, in which only a few plants were infected by S. sclerotiorum. In the Santa Maria Valley, both species frequently were identified, with S. minor being slightly more common. Although many MCGs were identified in S. minor, most of them consisted of only one or two isolates. In all, approximately 91.4% of the isolates belonged to four MCGs. Among them, MCG-1 was the most prevalent group in all three valleys, accounting for 49.8% of total isolates. It was distributed all over the surveyed areas, whereas other MCGs were distributed more or less locally. Populations of S. sclerotiorum exhibited greater diversity, with 89 isolates collected from the Salinas and San Joaquin Valleys belonging to 37 different MCGs. Among them, the most recurrent MCG-A contained 16 isolates, and 30 MCGs contained only 1 isolate each. Many MCGs occurred within only one or a part of the two valleys. Potential reasons for this abundant diversity are discussed.     

Clonality in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Infected Cabbage in Eastern North Carolina

ABSTRACT Eighty-four isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from four cabbage production fields in North Carolina and 16 isolates from an experimental cabbage field plot in Louisiana were DNA-fingerprinted and tested for mycelial compatibility. In a comparison with 594 unique DNA fingerprints of S. sclerotiorum from Canadian canola, no fingerprints were shared among Canadian, North Carolina, and Louisiana populations. DNA fingerprints from the North Carolina sample were distinctive from those of the Canadian and Louisiana samples, with significantly more hybridizing fragments in the 7.7- to 18-kilobase range. Forty-one mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) and 50 unique DNA fingerprints were identified from the North Carolina sample. Three MCGs and three fingerprints were identified from the Louisiana sample. From the North Carolina sample, 32 MCGs were each associated with a unique fingerprint; of these, there were 11 clones (i.e., cases in which two or more isolates belonged to the same MCG and shared the same DNA fingerprint). Six clones sampled from two or more fields represented approximately 29% of the total sample (24 of 84 isolates), with six clones recovered from fields 75 km apart. There were 10 cases in which one MCG was associated with more than one DNA fingerprint and two cases in which one DNA fingerprint was associated with more than one MCG. The small sample from Louisiana was strictly clonal. The North Carolina sample had a clonal component, but deviated from one-to-one association of MCG with DNA fingerprint to an extent consistent with more recombination or transposition than the other two populations sampled.     

嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌的抗菌活性及抗菌机制研究

测定了嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌丝生长、菌核产生和菌丝呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,嘧菌酯对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长具有明显的抑制作用,且药剂处理浓度在1.0 μg/mL 时能显著抑制其菌核产量。旁路氧化酶专化抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)对嘧菌酯的抗菌活性有显著的协同作用,协同增效系数达到3.27~14.13倍。药剂处理后48 h内,嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的剂量曲线与抑制菌丝呼吸的耗氧速率曲线趋势相似;48 h以后,单位质量菌丝耗氧速率上升,且高于空白对照,而菌丝的生长量并没有增加,表明菌丝体正常呼吸作用受嘧菌酯抑制48 h 后会发生耗氧增强的生理应急反应。水杨肟酸在嘧菌酯处理后1 h内对菌丝呼吸没有抑制作用,但在嘧菌酯处理1 h后对菌丝呼吸表现为抑制作用,表明油菜菌核病菌菌丝在以细胞色素为载体的呼吸链的电子传递受到嘧菌酯阻断后,可以诱导耗氧更高的旁路氧化途径。     

辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）对辣椒的致病力分化研究

 辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici Leonian）是具有重大危害性的病原卵菌,其寄主范围较广,可引致辣椒、番茄、茄子、黄瓜、南瓜等多种重要蔬菜作物的疫病。由辣椒疫霉引起的辣椒疫病是一种毁灭性病害,在世界各地的辣椒种植区普遍发生,我国尤以江苏、浙江、安徽、上海等长江中下游地区发生严重。迄今国内关于辣椒疫霉致病力分化的研究较少,且存在分歧。有报道指出辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力差异与菌株地区来源直接相关［1］;也有研究认为辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力与地理来源不直接相关［2］。此外,辣椒疫霉菌株致病力分化和菌丝生长速率是否相关尚属未知。本文对采自安徽合肥、淮南、和县、潜山、岳西、江苏南京和四川邛崃7个县市的23个辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力和菌丝生长速率进行了测定,旨在明确辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力是否存在分化现象及致病力与菌株地区来源及菌丝生长速率之间的关系,为辣椒疫霉所致辣椒疫病的抗病育种和综合治理提供依据。     

Genetic Variability Within and Among Mycelial Compatibility Groups of Sclerotium rolfsii in South Africa

ABSTRACT Isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal organism of stem rot or southern blight of groundnut, can be placed in mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) based on hyphal interactions between isolates. The aim of this study was to determine whether amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was a suitable technique to assess genetic variability between isolates and MCGs of S. rolfsii. For preliminary genetic analysis, 10 isolates were selected from each of two MCGs and compared with each other using the restriction enzymes EcoRI and MseI and 4 primer pairs. The number of polymorphisms ranged from 10 to 36 per primer combination, with an average of 22.5. AFLP analysis clearly showed genotypic differences (22%) among MCGs B and C, with a maximum variation of 6.41% between any two isolates per group using four primer pairs. Certain isolates could not be distinguished from each other. A more in-depth study of 10 isolates from MCG B, using 8 additional primer pairs, showed small genetic differences (maximum of 4.2% and minimum of 0.2%) between isolates. These results suggested that DNA could be pooled for comparison of MCGs. Pooled DNA from isolates within groups using 20 primer pairs confirmed differences between 9 MCGs. This technique effectively differentiated MCGs of S. rolfsii from each other and also detected differences between isolates within a single MCG.     

壳聚糖对水稻恶苗病菌和油菜菌核病菌的作用

用平板含毒介质法测定了壳聚糖对水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium moniliforme)和油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖对F.moniliforme抑制作用相对较强,EC_(50)低于1000mg/L,而对S.sclerotiorum的作用较弱,EC_(50)高于3000mg/L。壳聚糖抑制F.moniliforme菌丝生长,导致菌丝畸形肿胀,产生不正常分支,并且抑制其分生孢子的萌发和芽管伸长。壳聚糖处理后F.moniliforme菌丝细胞膜的透性增加,导致蛋白质渗漏,但对其细胞膜的主要结构成分麦角甾醇的含量影响不明显。在离体培养时,壳聚糖对S.sclerotiorum产草酸毒素无明显影响,但预先经壳聚糖处理后,再接种S.sclerotiorum的油菜叶片中草酸含量显著减少。     

Variation in Pathogenicity Among South African Isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi

Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates from South Africa were evaluated for differences in growth rate in vitro and levels of pathogenicity towards Eucalyptus smithii in the field. Inoculations were conducted in the field in summer and winter in two subsequent years at two locations in South Africa using 59 P. cinnamomi isolates. The isolates differed significantly in growth rate in vitro, as well as in levels of pathogenicity to E. smithii in the field. Growth rate in vitro was significantly influenced by interactions with culture age, geographic origin and genetic background as determined using isozymes. Levels of pathogenicity in the field were influenced by season of inoculation and average minimum temperatures at trial sites. The host from which P. cinnamomi isolates were originally obtained did not significantly affect levels of pathogenicity in the field. Culture age had a significant negative effect on growth rate in vitro and pathogenicity in the field. Significant differences in levels of pathogenicity could be found for different multilocus isozyme genotypes. Geographic origin and mating type of P. cinnamomi isolates had no significant effect on levels of pathogenicity in the field. A positive correlation was found between growth rate in vitro and levels of pathogenicity in the field. Levels of variation for pathogenicity within A1 mating type isolates were significantly lower than for A2 mating type isolates. Results of this study provide valuable information on selection of P. cinnamomi isolates for future resistance/tolerance screening assays of Eucalyptus germplasm in South Africa.