UV-B辐射的增强对作物形态及生理功能的影响

通过综述UV-B辐射增强对作物产生的影响,为进一步揭示作物对UV-B辐射增强的响应机制、适应变化和寻找相应的解决方法提供参考.分析发现UV-B辐射增强能对作物的形态在根、茎、叶营养器官和生殖器官方面产生负面影响,从而进一步影响作物的生物量和产量;UV-B辐射增强对植物生理的影响主要通过影响作物的叶绿体、光合作用及矿质代谢而起作用,并且这些影响具有品种间和生育期的差异.因此研究紫外辐射对作物的影响具有重要的生态学意义.     

不同甘薯品种抗UV-B辐射增强的效应分析

用比色法研究人工增强UV-B辐射对盆栽‘滇紫甘薯24’（‘DZS24’）和‘徽薯’（‘HS’）成熟叶片渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶比活力的影响及其种间差异。结果表明：增强UV-B辐射下2品种的可溶性糖含量（SSC）均随辐射强度的增加而显著降低,可溶性蛋白质含量（SPC）均为前期随辐射强度的增加而降低,后期随辐射强度的增加而升高,但‘HS’的变化幅度均大于‘DZS24’,‘DZS24’的游离脯氨酸含量（FPC）随辐射强度的增加而增加,‘HS’则与其相反;2品种的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）比活力随辐射强度的增加而升高,POD（过氧化物酶）比活力随辐射强度的增加而降低,但相同辐射下‘DZS24’的SOD比活力的增幅大于‘HS’,POD和CAT比活力的变幅小于‘HS’。因此‘DZS24’具有比‘HS’更强的渗透调节和抗氧化能力,更适于在UV-B辐射强烈的低纬高原地区种植。     

UV-B辐射增强对木本植物的影响研究进展

阐述了UV B辐射增强对木本植物的影响研究进展 ,并指出UV B辐射增强对植物生态系统影响的研究方向。     

UV-B辐射增强对葡萄光合作用日变化的影响(简报)

大气臭氧层的不断破坏引起了地球表面紫外线-B(UV-B）辐射强度不断增加,这对植物的生长发育产生了重要影响。试验以酿酒葡萄（V.vinifera. L）“赤霞珠”（Cabernet Sauvignon）为材料,在自然光照条件下,通过增加不同强度的UV-B辐射,研究UV-B辐射增强对葡萄叶片光合作用日变化的影响,为进一步研究UV-B辐射增强对植物的影响提供依据。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强后葡萄叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈双峰型,且日变化平均值表现为低辐射（T₁,10.8 μW/cm²）处理组＞对照组（CK）＞高辐射（T₂,25.6 μW/cm²）处理组,而水分利用效率则表现为对照组（CK）＞低辐射（T₁,10.8 μW/cm2）处理组＞高辐射（T₂,25.6 μW/cm2）处理的变化趋势。同时,UV-B辐射增强对葡萄叶片中光合色素含量没有显著的影响。这说明UV-B辐射增强对葡萄光合作用的影响与UV-B辐射强度和照射时间有关,适当增加一定剂量的UV-B辐射对葡萄光合作用不会造成危害。     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻蛋白质及核酸的影响研究

盆栽试验研究UV B辐射增强对水稻蛋白质及核酸的影响结果表明 ,UV B辐射增强抑制水稻生长 ,降低水稻生物量和水稻叶片可溶性蛋白质及核酸含量。随UV B辐射的增强 ,水稻叶片蛋白水解酶和核糖核酸酶活性上升 ,硝酸还原酶活性下降 ,叶片总游离氨基酸含量增加。     

UV-B辐射增强对土壤有机碳稳定性的影响

以母质相同、有机碳含量不同的2个水稻土为研究材料,通过室内模拟光照,探讨紫外辐射(UV-B,280~315nm)对土壤总碳(TC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和复合酚(AEP)含量的影响以及土层厚度不同(0.95,1.89,2.84mm)对UV-B辐射的响应特征。结果表明:与黑暗处理相比,培养96h后,无论是在有机碳含量低的土壤(A土)还是在有机碳含量高的土壤(B土)中,UV-B辐射均显著降低了土壤TC的含量,却增加了土壤DOC的含量,在试验结束时,土壤A和B的TC含量分别降低了3.11%和6.18%,而土壤DOC含量分别增加了16.05%和9.89%。在UV-B辐射96h后,与1.89,2.84mm土层相比,土层厚度为0.95mm时土壤TC、DOC和AEP含量变化幅度最大,A和B两个土壤中TC含量分别降低了19.11%和14.35%,DOC和AEP含量分别增加了18.66%和18.92%与23.52%和22.70%,而UV-B辐射对厚度为1.89mm和2.84mm的土层TC、DOC和AEP含量并无显著影响。研究结果表明UV-B辐射对土壤碳库稳定性有一定的影响,在农业生产中为了保护碳库稳定性,应该尽量减少地表裸露。     

增强UV-B辐射对两个烤烟品种主要化学成分的影响

以云南两个烤烟主栽品种“云烟87”和“红花大金元”为试验材料,模拟昆明地区24.65％和39.53％的臭氧衰减时增强的UV-B辐射(分别为T1 5.30 kJ·m-2·d-1和T2 8.50 kJ·m-2·d-1),研究了大田条件下增强UV-B辐射对两个烤烟品种烟叶常规化学成分、质体色素和酚类含量的影响,为揭示UV-B辐射对烤烟化学质量特征的影响机理提供理论依据.结果表明:两种UV-B辐射明显降低了两个烤烟品种的水溶性糖和邻苯二酚含量,同时造成两个烤烟品种全氮、全钾、游离氨基酸、质体色素和类黄酮明显增加.增强UV-B辐射对两个烤烟品种烟碱含量的影响不同,增强UV-B辐射使“云烟87”的烟碱含量增加,使“红花大金元”烟碱含量降低.水溶性糖和总氮含量变化对UV-B辐射的响应说明“云烟87”品种对UV-B辐射更敏感.     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻多胺含量及其相关酶活性的影响

试验研究表明,处理前期(7～14d)UV-B辐射增强使“汕优63”水稻精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性分别增加165.74％、104.60％和89.60％,“南川”(NC)运3种酶活性分别增加59.91％、41.30％和23.68％,新品系“IR_(65600-85)”在UV-B辐射胁迫下多胺脱羧酶活性表现与前2品种略不同,即ADC和ODC活性分别提高115.93％、14.45％,而SAMDC活性下降33.01％。处理后期(21～28d)随UV-B辐射累积量的增加,这3种酶活性均有所下降,其中ODC和SAMDC活性降幅大于ADC,其中“汕优63”ADC、和ODC活性分别比对照增加89.72％、3.71％,“南川”则分别增加73.95％、27.38％,“IR_(65600-85)”ADC活性增加94.41％,ODC、活性却下降13.57％。处理后期(21～28d)3类水稻“汕优63”、“南川”和“IR_(65600-85)”SAMDC分别下降40.06％、19.20％和38.21％。多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性变化趋势则相反,即处理前期(7～14d)呈不同程度下降趋势,处理后期(21～28d)则呈极显著上升趋势,其结果引起多胺(PA)含量特别是腐胺(Put)含量明显上升。水稻对UV-B辐射增强的反应具有基因型差异。     

镧对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗叶绿素含量的影响

采用水培实验方法研究了La对紫外辐射（UV—B2 0．15WM^-2,0．45Wm^-2）胁迫下大豆（Glycine max）幼苗叶绿素含量及叶绿素a／b值的影响。实验结果表明：与CK相比，无UV—B胁迫时20mgL^-1LaCl3能明显提高大豆幼苗的叶绿素含量，且叶绿素a的增幅（12．77％）大于叶绿素b（0．00）；UV—B处理使大豆幼苗叶绿素含量降低，且T2处理（0．45Wm^-2）中的下降幅度（12．18％）大于T1（0．15Wm^-2）处理，叶绿素a的降幅大于叶绿素b。但适量浓度的La溶液有抑制叶绿素含量降低的作用；在叶绿素含量变化动态图中，20mgL^-1LaCl2处理组叶绿素含量均高于CK组，也高于60mgL^-1LaCl3处理组，La＋UV—B处理组叶绿素含量与UV-B处理组走势近似。但降幅小于后者，即La具有提高大豆幼苗叶绿素含量、缓解UV—B辐射伤害的作用。     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种大麦田土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸的影响

利用田间模拟UV-B辐射装置,从大麦分蘖期开始进行UV-B辐射增强处理,以后各主要生育期各选择一典型日分别观测作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量和土壤呼吸速率.UV-B辐射设对照(Ambient)和增强(Elevated,14.4kJ·m-2·d-1)两个水平,增强处理相当于南京地区4-5月自然光UV-B辐射量的120％.3个大麦品种分别为单2号、苏啤3号和苏啤4号.结果表明:3个品种中作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量均随生育进程表现出一致的规律,即分蘖、拔节、孕穗和抽穗期逐渐增加并达到最大值,成熟期则显著下降,UV-B辐射增强没有改变这种变化趋势;UV-B辐射增强后,各品种在多数生育时期观测的根际与非根际土壤微生物量碳含量显著低于对照(自然光)(P＜0.05),而单2号和苏啤4号在孕穗期(4月23日)观测的非根际土壤微生物量碳含量却明显高于对照(P＜0.05);UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号在孕穗期和成熟期、苏啤3号在抽穗期与成熟期观测的土壤呼吸速率显著低于对照(P＜0.05),其它阶段的差异不显著,各处理中土壤呼吸速率由分蘖到拔节、孕穗、抽穗期逐渐增加,抽穗期、成熟期逐渐下降的趋势没有改变;在UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号和苏啤3号两个品种的Q10值显著低于对照(P＜0.05),苏啤4号的Q10值则显著增大,明显高于其它品种(P＜0.05).研究认为,不同大麦品种土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率对UV-B辐射增强的响应存在差异.     

水稻对UV-B辐射增强的生理响应及其分子机制研究

本文以水稻为研究对象,从细胞、个体和群体水平系统分析了不同水稻品种对UV-B辐射增强差异响应的遗传生理与防卫机制。试从农业生态系统角度,结合作者近期研究成果,系统分析了近年来国内外的研究重点及其成就。已有研究认为水稻对UV-B辐射增强的生理响应存在明显的种间差异,通常认为起源于靠近赤道附近的低纬度地区的籼稻品种比高纬度地区的粳稻品种更抗(耐)UV-B辐射污染,但许多研究结果不支持这一假说,即在籼粳稻品种中均存在明显对UV-B辐射增强呈不同抗性的种质资源。进一步研究结果表明水稻对UV-B辐射的响应差异是可遗传的数量性状。QTL定位分析结果发现多数抗UV-B辐射相关性状的加性QTL主要集中在第1、2、3、6染色体上,并检测到一些加性QTL还存在加性×加性上位性及其与环境的显著互作效应。作者还深入分析了水稻抗UV-B辐射增强的分子生理与调控机制,提出适当增加植物的硅营养,可以有效提高其抗逆性。最后,作者提出从农田生态系统角度研究和评价UV-B辐射增强所带来的生态风险及其影响是今后研究的重点,强调应重视研究田间条件下UV-B辐射增强及其与其他生态环境因子的互作对作物生长发育的综合影响,在此基础上,探索建立作物遗传改良与栽培调控的减灾防灾技术,为应对全球环境变化,制订相关防护策略提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

UV-B辐射对植物类黄酮影响的研究进展

UV-B辐射增强对农业生态系统和作物产量的影响已引起国内外广泛关注。本文结合近年来国内外研究成果,介绍了UV-B辐射胁迫下植物应激合成与累积类黄酮的特征,考察了类黄酮在抵御UV-B辐射胁迫中的生态生理作用及其机理,探讨了类黄酮与其他抗UV-B辐射机制的关系,分析了未来该研究工作的若干取向。     

低纬高原滤减UV-B辐射对烤烟营养生长期形态性状的影响

在云南玉溪主产烟区的通海县(海拔1806.0m)自然环境中,通过覆膜减弱UV-B的辐射强度(分别是自然环境下的25%、50%和65%),采用盆栽试验研究了UV-B辐射对烤烟K326团棵中后期-现蕾期部分形态特征的影响。结果表明:减弱自然环境下的UV-B辐射对K326株高、最大叶长、叶宽及叶面积、茎围、节间距和叶数等没有显著影响。但在不同减弱UV-B处理下,株高、最大叶长、最大叶面积和节间距等呈现增加的趋势,而叶数则有减少的趋势。说明目前通海的UV-B辐射水平已对K326的形态建成产生了一定的抑制效应。     

低能氮离子束与UV-B增强对水稻光合及蒸腾速率的影响

为进一步探索缓解增强UV-B辐射对植物光合系统损伤效应的方法,该文研究了在3种不同剂量低能氮离子束的作用下,增强UV-B辐射对水稻光合作用日变化以及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射(16.46 kJ/m2·d)降低了水稻孕穗前期叶片的净光合率（Pn)、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）以及叶绿素a（Chla）和叶绿素b（Chlb）的含量,而提高了水分利用率（WUE)、类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a与b（Chla/Chlb）的值。与单独增强UV-B辐射处理相比,剂量为3.0×1017 N＋/cm2的低能氮离子束和增强UV-B辐射复合处理显著的提高了Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci以及光合色素含量等指标。因此,剂量为3.0×1017 N＋/cm2的低能氮离子束处理可能缓解了增强UV-B辐射对水稻造成的损伤。研究结果可为深入探索离子束生物技术和多种诱变源对水稻生理特性的综合效应提供参考。     

全生育期UV-B辐射增强对棉花生长及光合作用的影响

植物光合系统是UV-B辐射最初和最重要的作用靶标。本文在大田条件下进行紫外灯照射处理,研究全生育期UV-B辐射增强(高于环境20%和40%)对棉花形态、干物质积累、光合色素和产量的影响,并通过分析棉花主茎功能叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨UV-B辐射增强影响棉花光合作用的机制。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强抑制了棉花生长和干物质积累,籽棉产量显著降低,且UV-B辐射越强,抑制作用越明显。随UV-B辐射的增强,棉花主茎功能叶的净光合速率(P_n)在各生育期均显著降低,叶绿素含量呈先升高后降低趋势,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)未发生变化,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)反而升高,说明P_n下降主要由非气孔限制因素造成。对叶绿素荧光参数的分析表明,PSⅡ的最大光化学量子产率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、线性电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)随着UV-B辐射的增强而降低,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著升高,且各叶绿素荧光参数与Pn变化均显著相关;慢速弛豫NPQ(NPQS)及其在NPQ中的比例均随UV-B辐射的增强而显著提高,表明PSⅡ反应中心受损,光化学效率降低。以上结果证明,全生育期UV-B辐射增强降低了棉花的光合叶面积、叶绿素含量和净光合速率,引起棉花生长与物质积累受抑,产量降低。UV-B辐射增强引起的光合速率下降与PSⅡ反应中心遭到破坏密切相关。     

Crop phenology modifies wheat responses to increased UV-B radiation

Ozone layer depletion increases the level of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface affecting both natural and agricultural ecosystems, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Considering the harmful effects UV-B radiation has on plant growth the future productivity of wheat crops in Southern Chile could be challenged by both (i) the forthcoming level of UV-B increase and (ii) the sensitivity of this crop to higher UV-B radiation. In this study the effect of increased UV-B radiation at different phenophases on a spring wheat cultivar (Pandora) was investigated in two experiments at plant and crop levels under out-door conditions. The experiments consisted of controls, increased UV-B radiation at specific phenophases (from 3 leaf stage to booting 3L-Bo, and from booting to maturity Bo-PM), and increased UV-B radiation for the majority of the crop cycle (from 3 leaf stage to maturity). UV-B radiation was increased by Q panel UV-313 lamps set in plastic framed structures. Control plants were grown either without frames or below the same framed structures as those which received increased UV-B treatments. Phenology, above-ground biomass, grain yield, components, grain protein concentration, leaf area index (LAI), Fv/Fm and pigments were measured at booting and/or at harvest. Above-ground biomass and yield decreased by 11–19 and 12–20%, respectively, when UV-B radiation was increased at the 3L-Bo phase, while no effect was observed when irradiation was applied later in the crop cycle (Bo-PM). No additional UV-B effects to those observed at booting were detected in plants irradiated during the majority of the entire crop cycle (3L-PM). Biomass variation was strongly associated (r = 0.99; P < 0.01) with UV-B/PAR ratio in the sensitive treatments to UV-B increases (3 L-Bo) of both experiments. Flour protein was not affected by UV-B increases at any phenophase evaluated in this study. In both experiments, leaf green area and weight were negatively affected by increased UV-B radiation and no effect on specific leaf area (SLA) was found. Lower Fv/Fm, chlorophyll, carotenoid concentration and carotenoid:chlorophyll ratio were found at crop level (experiment 2) under higher UV-B in the 3L-Bo and 3L-PM treatments. The flavonoid concentration responded differently in the two experiments, probably due to the optimum responses these pigments had to expose UV-B doses.     

UV-B增强下施钾对大麦抽穗期生理特性日变化的影响

通过大田试验,研究在UV-B增强条件下,不同施钾量对大麦抽穗期叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用率等生理指标日变化的影响。UV-B辐射设2水平,即对照(CK,自然光,辐射强度1.5 KJ/(m2·h))和增强120%(1.8 KJ/(m2·h));施钾量设2水平,即低钾(K1,K2O 73 kg/hm2)和高钾(K2,K2O 150 kg/hm2)。结果表明,UV-B增强降低大麦的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率。增施钾肥可提高叶片中叶绿素的含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾效率,但对大麦胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率的影响不明显。增施钾肥可减缓UV-B增强对大麦净光合速率的抑制作用,但不能减缓UV-B增强对大麦气孔导度和蒸腾速率的抑制作用。     

UV-B辐射胁迫对水稻叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

研究结果表明，增强的紫外线－B（UV－B，280－320nm）辐射会导致水稻植株矮化4.71%-16.59%、叶面积变小、干物质生产量减少11.79%-60.57%。究其原因主要是叶片光合作用色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的降低和叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的改变，光合系统Ⅱ受到破坏，光合作用能力下降、生长发育受阻。     

Response of three eastern tree species to supplemental UV-B radiation: leaf chemistry and gas exchange

Quantitative changes in foliar chemistry in response to UV-B radiation are frequently reported but less is known about the qualitative changes in putative UV-screening compounds. It has also not been conclusively shown whether qualitative differences in screening compounds or differences in localization patterns influence the sensitivity of plants to damage from UV-B radiation and there is some question as to whether differences in the amounts of soluble screening compounds correlate with physiological sensitivity to UV-B radiation. This study represents the first part of a multiple-year study designed to answer the above questions. In this study we evaluated whether differences in soluble UV-screening compounds were linked with possible effects on gas exchange and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Branches of mature trees of sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were exposed to supplemental levels of UV-B radiation over three growing seasons. Controls for UV-A were also measured by exposing branches to supplemental UV-A only and additional branches not irradiated were also used for controls. These species demonstrated differing levels of screening compounds with poplar being the most responsive in terms of epidermal accumulation of phenolics. These were separately identified as flavonols, chlorogenic acid and hydroxycinnamates (HCAs). Red maple had the highest levels of constitutive UV-absorbing compounds but these showed little response to supplemental UV-B radiation. Leaf area was marginally influenced by UV exposure level with both UV-A and UV-B tending to reduce leaf area in red maple and poplar and increase it in sweet gum, when averaged over the 3-year period. Assimilation was generally not reduced by UV-B radiation in these species and was enhanced in red maple by both UV-B and UV-A and by UV-A in sweet gum. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that epidermal attenuation of UV-B would only be reduced in poplar, which accumulated the additional epidermal screening compounds. It is possible that photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced in red maple by the increased absorption of blue light within the mesophyll due to elevated levels of HCAs. Stomatal conductance was generally reduced and this led to an increase in water use efficiency (WUE) in red maple and poplar. Since few detrimental effects of supplemental UV-B were observed, these results suggest that these tree species utilized a range of UV-screening compounds and deposition patterns to achieve UV-B tolerance and further, that subtle responses to UV-B could have ecological significance in the absence of reduced productivity or photosynthetic efficiency.