草地贪夜蛾对化学农药和Bt作物的抗性机制及其治理技术研究进展

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是一种重要的经济作物害虫,在美洲玉米种植区均有发生。近几年该害虫迅速蔓延至非洲和东南亚等地区,并于2018年12月下旬在中国云南省被发现,对玉米生产造成严重威胁。化学农药和Bt作物是目前防治草地贪夜蛾的最主要手段,但大量研究表明,草地贪夜蛾已经形成了具有高抗药性和Bt抗性的种群。本文介绍了草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性现状,从抗性相关因子的表达调控和靶标位点变异2个方面论述了草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性机制,总结了目前草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性的治理策略,并结合中国实际情况探讨了草地贪夜蛾综合防控的发展方向,以期为该害虫的防控提供参考。     

昆虫病原真菌防控草地贪夜蛾的现状、问题与展望

草地贪夜蛾是世界性重大农业害虫,危害大、防控难。昆虫病原真菌菌种资源丰富,具有易流行、害虫不易产生抗性等突出优点,在草地贪夜蛾防控中应用潜力大。本文综述了昆虫病原真菌在草地贪夜蛾防治中的现状,分析了存在的问题,重点指出了昆虫病原真菌在草地贪夜蛾防治中的发展方向,为进一步发挥昆虫病原真菌在草地贪夜蛾防控中的作用提供参考。     

Food safety assessment of crops engineered with RNA interference and other methods to modulate expression of endogenous and plant pest genes

Genetically modified crops have been grown commercially for more than two decades. Some of these crops have been modified with genetic constructs that induce gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi). The targets for this silencing action are genes, either specific endogenous ones of the host plant or those of particular pests or pathogens infesting these plants. Recently emerging new genetic tools enable precise DNA edits with the same silencing effect and have also increased our knowledge and insights into the mechanisms of RNAi. For the assessment of the safety of foodstuffs from crops modified with RNAi, internationally harmonized principles for risk assessment of foods derived from genetically modified crops can be followed. Special considerations may apply to the newly expressed silencing RNA molecules, such as their possible uptake by consumers and interference with expression of host genes, which, however, would need to overcome many barriers. Bioinformatics tools aid the prediction of possible interference by a given RNA molecule with the expression of genes with homologous sequences in the host crop and in other organisms, or possible off‐target edits in gene‐edited crops. © 2020 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

探索中前行-中药材病害研究概况与思考

中医药是我国医学的特色,中药资源是中医药事业发展的物质基础,在国务院颁布的《中药材保护和发展规划》(2015-2020年)中,中药材首次被确立为我国的战略性资源。大量的中药材在田间生产及加工贮藏过程中存在病害问题,严重影响了中药材的产量和质量。我国药用植物病害研究经历了几十年的历程,在2000年之前,由于中药行业整体不受重视,研究的药材及其病害种类均极为有限,发表的研究论文很少。近10年来,随着中药在国内外的认可度提升和需求量增加,中药材栽培种类和面积急速扩大,病害研究的队伍和研究水平均有所增强。在研究方向和内容上主要集中在病原鉴定和防治技术方面,研究思路延续植物病理学的一般规律,针对药用植物特色的研究比较薄弱。本文总结了近20年以来我国中药材病害的研究概况,针对存在的问题,提出在人力不足和经费投入有限的情况下,要针对中药材病害发生的重点难点问题以及行业的需求,重点加强病害与中药材质量与安全性相关的基础性研究,加快先进技术的引入,提高研究效率和深度,为中药材病害防治提供理论基础和技术指导。     

Sensitivity ofFusarium graminearum to fungicide JS399-19:In vitro determination of baseline sensitivity and the risk of developing fungicide resistance

The baseline sensitivity ofFusarium graminearum Schwade [teleomorph =Gibberella zeae (Schweinitz) Petch] to the fungicide JS399-19 (development code no.) [2-cyano-3-amino-3-phenylacrylic acetate] and the assessment of risk to JS399-19 resistancein vitro are presented. The mean EC₅₀ values for JS399-19 inhibiting mycelial growth of three populations of wild-typeF. graminearum isolates were 0.102±0.048, 0.113±0.035 and 0.110±0.036 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. Through UV irradiation and selection for resistance to the fungicide, we obtained a total of 76 resistant mutants derived from five wild-type isolates ofF. graminearum with an average frequency of 1.71 × 10⁻⁷% and 3.5%, respectively. These mutants could be divided into three categories of resistant phenotypes with low (LR), moderate (MR) and high (HR) level of resistance, determined by the EC₅₀ values of 1.5–15.0 μg ml⁻¹, 15.1–75.0 μg ml⁻¹ and more than 75.0 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. There was no positive cross-resistance between JS399-19 and fungicides belonging to other chemical classes, such as benzimidazoles, ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors and strobilurins, suggesting that JS399-19 presumably has a new biochemical mode of action. Although the resistant mutants appeared to have comparable pathogenicity to their wild-type parental isolates, they showed decreased mycelial growth on potato-sucrose-agar plates and decreased sporulation capacity in mung bean broth. Nevertheless, most of the resistant mutants possessed fitness levels comparable to their parents and had MR or HR levels of resistance. As these studies yielded a high frequency of laboratory resistance inF. graminearum, appropriate precautions against resistance development in natural populations should be taken into account. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting August 7, 2008.