Effects of water deficit on growth,nodulation and physiological and biochemical processes in Medicago sativa-rhizobia symbiotic association

The effects of water deficit on growth, nodulation, and several physiological and biochemical processes in six symbiotic combinations involving three Moroccan alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) populations (Tafilalet1, Adis-Tata and Demnate2), an American Moapa variety and two rhizobial strains (RhL9 and RhL10) were studied. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings were separately inoculated with the suspension of two rhizobial strains and grown under two irrigation regimes: 80% of field capacity (optimal irrigation) and 40% of field capacity (water deficit). The water stress was applied for five weeks and the agro-physiological and biochemical parameters related to water deficit tolerance were assessed. The results showed that the water deficit had significantly reduced the height of the plants, the dry biomass and nodulation. This constraint also negatively affected the relative water content of leaves, the membrane permeability, the stomatal conductance, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, the time to reach maximum fluorescence, the total chlorophyll content and the total nitrogen content. Comparison among the tested symbiotic combinations showed that their behaviors were significantly different. Under drought, oasis populations Ad and Ta maintained high PS II efficiency, membrane stability, relative water content, chlorophyll and nitrogen content in comparison to the mountain one Dm2 and the American Moapa variety. These parameters were maintained at adequate levels in the plants inoculated with the rhizobial strain RhL9 that showed a tolerance to water deficit conditions.     

Seed germination of the invasive species Piper aduncum as influenced by high temperature and water stress

Piper aduncum is a common woody weed throughout the tropics and a successful invader in many areas. As this species most often dominates roadsides and forest margins, and these habitats frequently experience extreme changes in temperature and water availability, it is important to understand how the seeds adapt to these stresses. This study investigated the effect of high temperatures and water stress, continuous, periodic or transient, on P. aduncum seed germination before or after imbibition. It was found that P. aduncum seeds exhibited only intermediate tolerance and did not germinate at temperatures above 35°C or water potentials below ?0.6 MPa. However, this species is well adapted to local conditions, with fruit ripening in the rainy season, seed desiccation tolerance to eRH 8%, rapid germination under wet conditions, higher temperature tolerance than the maximum ground temperature, germination of most seeds after 60 h continuous heat treatment or daily periodic heat treatments up to 5 h at 40°C and insensitivity to 12 h heat treatment at 40°C during the whole germination process. The intermediate tolerance to high temperature and water stress of P. aduncum, in combination with local environmental conditions in Xishuangbanna, makes P. aduncum an intermediate invader in this area.     

具防病并提高植物耐旱功能的小链霉菌HS57的筛选

本研究旨在寻找防治黄瓜枯萎病并提高植物抗逆能力的多功能菌株。从连作田健康黄瓜根际土中分离筛选到1株放线菌HS57。平板对峙法测定菌株HS57对尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌的抑制作用,平皿对扣共培养法测定其挥发性物质对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用,温室盆栽法测定其对黄瓜枯萎病的防病效果及对小麦耐旱能力的影响,结合菌株形态特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定。结果表明,菌株HS57可抑制3种病原菌生长,其中对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制率为52.4%;其挥发性物质对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制率为32.1%。浓度为10⁷个/mL的HS57孢子悬浮液浸种对黄瓜枯萎病的防效最好,为51.0%;小麦种子经浓度为10⁷、10⁸个/mL的HS57孢子悬浮液浸种,麦苗经连续7 d缺水处理后再浇水,比对照恢复得更好。初步鉴定HS57菌株为小链霉菌Streptomyces parvus,是一株非常有潜力的多功能菌株。     

驼绒藜等8种耐旱灌木持水力分析

采用切枝自然脱水法测定了驼绒藜等8种耐旱植物的持水力及几个相关参数。结果表明,随着脱水时间的延续,植物间失水率的差异先是由小增大,后又趋于缩小,规律性十分明显。分析表明,个体间失水率差异与植物间失水率差异具有相同的消长模式,且二者峰值的时间进程基本吻合,从而导致植物间差异显著性峰值向右偏移。提出Logistic方程拟合法,认为方程拐点是植物种类间和个体间生理活性变化最大时期的客观标志之一。拐点是失水率曲线上多点信息的综合体现,且具有动态性质,因而相对于其他点状体系或静态标准,拐点用于持水力的判断表现出最高效率。依据以拐点为核心的失水率体系,将8种灌木的耐旱性分为3组。特别针对华北驼绒藜所表现出的超强的耐旱性参数,对华北驼绒藜与驼绒藜相对旱生地位的传统认识提出了质疑。     

不同玉米自交系幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其耐旱性评价

以9份玉米自交系为试材,采用盆栽试验方法进行苗期的水分胁迫试验,研究土壤水分胁迫对玉米自交系的生长发育及生理特性的影响,并采用多元分析方法对玉米自交系的耐旱性做出了综合评价。结果表明:水分胁迫下,玉米自交系幼苗通过外部形态及内部生理生化变化来响应干旱对其伤害,且耐旱性强的材料变化幅度小于耐旱性差的材料。通过主成分分析将干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的6个单项指标转化为3个彼此独立的综合指标,并计算得到综合评价D值,比较准确地对玉米自交系材料的耐旱性做出了评价;利用聚类分析将9份玉米自交系材料分为耐旱性不同的四类,即干旱敏感型、弱耐旱材料、中度耐旱材料、高度耐旱材料四类。利用逐步回归的分析方法建立了玉米耐旱性评价回归方程:D=-0.107746+0.35003UWC+1.67684WUE-0.05857REC-0.1699Pro,筛选出适宜干旱胁迫下玉米耐旱性鉴定指标4个,即地下部含水量、水分利用效率、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量。在相同的逆境胁迫下可通过测定其它玉米品种上述4个指标的耐旱系数,利用回归方程进行耐旱性预测;材料8-8-1、KH207 A27-4-2的耐旱性较强,可以在后续试验中进行抗旱育种及栽培研究。     

甜荞资源萌发期耐旱性鉴定体系建立与种质筛选

为了探索荞麦萌发期耐旱性鉴定胁迫浓度与鉴定指标,建立甜荞萌发期耐旱性鉴定体系,筛选优异种质资源,以80份不同来源的甜荞种质资源为材料,通过设置不同的PEG6000胁迫浓度(10％、20％、25％和30％),研究了不同干旱胁迫对甜荞种子萌发和生长的影响.结果表明:低浓度胁迫(10％PEG6000)对甜荞种子的萌发率和根的...     

耐草甘膦杂草的研究现状

草甘膦是目前世界上用量最大、应用范围最广的农药,因为在转基因抗草甘膦作物田中过度依赖其除草,耐草甘膦杂草将演替成优势种群。耐受性杂草不但增加了杂草防除难度和成本,而且还会导致在农田生态系统中因过量使用草甘膦而出现一系列生态风险问题。本文通过对草甘膦特性、耐草甘膦杂草现状和耐受机制等进行较系统的总结和分析,以期为我国未来抗除草剂作物商业化种植后制定杂草治理策略奠定基础,也为草甘膦在转基因作物田高效安全地使用提供理论依据。     

小麦对麦长管蚜的耐害性及评估方法

为更有效地将耐害性用于小麦病虫害的绿色防控,该文就小麦对麦长管蚜的耐蚜性及其评估方法进行总结。具有耐蚜性的小麦受到一定数量蚜虫为害时,田间产量损失不明显,或能够通过生理生态途径补偿产量损失。耐蚜性不影响蚜虫的取食及生物学参数,对蚜虫进化压力小,因此田间表现更稳定。耐蚜小麦可以允许田间存在一定数量的蚜虫,这不仅可以减轻防治压力,还可以为天敌提供食物,有利于天敌的保护和利用,更符合有害生物绿色防控理念的核心。然而,目前抗麦长管蚜的小麦抗源鉴选主要是以蚜量为基础的抗生性和不选择性,耐害性被忽视。鉴于麦长管蚜田间蚜量与小麦产量(千粒重)损失率正相关,且峰值蚜量和小麦千粒重受损敏感期在小麦灌浆期重合,因此提出了以耐蚜值(千粒重损失率和灌浆期蚜情指标的比值)为依据计算耐蚜指数来评估小麦耐害性的方法,该方法可弥补抗源鉴选中忽视耐害性的不足,也能克服以田间千粒重损失率为依据评估耐害性时很难实现蚜量统一的不足,同时消除抗生性和不选择性带来的影响。     

新疆根瘤菌抗逆性研究

利用根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体固氮是我国农业的传统经验,也是现代农业体系中维持土壤碳氮平衡的一个重要环节,培肥改土的有效途径。然而,根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体只是“固氮潜力”,并不能代表固氮能力。就根瘤菌来说,它的活动还要受到周围环境的影响,所以开发逆性环境中的根瘤菌资源并研究其抗逆特性是提高根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体固氮能力的关键。新疆干旱区环境特殊,豆科植物在农牧业生产、药材生产、土壤改良、防风固沙中起着重要作用,我们从1983年开始,对新疆境内不同生态环境中的根瘤菌资源进行了比较全面的     

高温干旱跨代效应对小麦芽期耐旱性和耐盐性的影响

选用生长于新疆吐鲁番地区高温胁迫(HT)、石河子地区花后干旱胁迫(DT)以及正常灌溉(NW)环境下收获的‘SDWW-7’、‘津农6号’和‘金石农1号’小麦种子,分别用不同浓度的PEG-6000和NaCl溶液模拟干旱胁迫和盐胁迫,研究来自3种环境条件下收获种子的耐旱性和耐盐性。结果表明：(1)高温干旱胁迫导致父代小麦籽粒千粒重降低,下降幅度为23.55%～46.15%;高温干旱胁迫对‘SDWW-7’和‘金石农1号’的淀粉含量影响存在显著差异(P<0.05)。(2)子代小麦材料在遭受干旱胁迫时,经过高温锻炼后的‘SDWW-7’、‘津农6号’及经过干旱锻炼后的‘金石农1号’长势更好,其相对盐害率的均值仅为1.24%～2.72%。(3)子代小麦材料在遭受盐胁迫时,通过发芽势、发芽率、相对盐害率等筛选指标发现‘SDWW-7’、‘津农6号’、‘金石农1号’在经历高温锻炼后的子代表现最优;两种锻炼方式对子代小麦耐盐性的影响程度表现为‘SDWW-7’>‘津农6号’>‘金石农1号’。(4)子代小麦抗旱性综合评价表明在15%PEG-6000(D1)、20%PEG-6000(D2)干旱胁迫...     

Spinosad resistance development in wild olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations in California

BACKGROUND: Among target pests of the insecticide spinosad is the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In Cyprus, spinosad has been sporadically used since its registration in 2002, whereas in Greece its use has been very limited since its registration in 2004, particularly in biological olive cultivars in Crete. By contrast, in California it has been the only insecticide used against the olive fruit fly since its registration in 2004. This study aimed at examining the resistance status of the olive fruit fly to spinosad. RESULTS: Populations from California, Greece and Cyprus, plus a laboratory population, were tested. Bioassays were performed by oral or topical application of different concentrations of the insecticide. Cypriot populations demonstrated no resistance as compared with that of the laboratory population. Among the Greek populations, only one from Crete demonstrated a fourfold increase in resistance, whereas five populations from California demonstrated a 9–13‐fold increase. CONCLUSION: The observed resistance increase was associated with spinosad applications in the respective areas. These values are relatively low and do not yet pose a serious control problem in the field. However, the observed variation documents that spinosad tolerance has increased in areas where the insecticide has been more extensively used. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Response of ten cultivars of Lolium perenne to the ectoparasitic nematode Tylenchorhynchus dubius

The interaction between 10 cultivars ofLolium perenne andTylenchorhynchus dubius was studied to investigate the incidence of tolerance and resistance to ectoparasitic nematodes inL. perenne.Differences in tolerance were small; the nematode treatments yielded 67 to 76% of the dry shoot mass of the controls. Cultivars with a low leaf weight ratio and a low transpiration coefficient tended to have a somewhat better tolerance. Differences in resistance occurred, but resistance is of minor importance to reduce damage in theL. perenne/T. dubius host-parasite system.Samenvatting Om na te gaan of inLolium perenne tolerantie en resistentie t.a.v. ectoparasitaire nematoden voorkomt, werd de interactie tussen 10 cultivars vanL. perenne en de ectoparasitaire nematodeTylenchorhynchus dubius onderzocht.De verschillen in tolerantie bleken gering. Cultivars met een lage spruit/wortel-verhouding en een lage transpiratiecoëfficiënt waren in het algemeen wat toleranter. Er werden verschillen in resistentie gevonden, maar voor het verminderen van schade in het waardplant/parasiet-systeemL. perenne/T. dubius is resistentie van, weinig belang.     

不同地理种群鸭跖草Commelina communis L.对莠去津的耐受性

鸭跖草是我国常见杂草,目前已成为农田难除杂草之一。生产实践中,莠去津对玉米田鸭跖草的防效已有所降低。2016-2017年,为了探讨鸭跖草不同地理种群对莠去津的耐受性,采用莠去津单剂量甄别方法,从黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、江苏、浙江、湖北和贵州8个省份采集46个鸭跖草种群,进行了其对莠去津的耐受性初筛试验。在此基础上,选择7个不同地理来源的代表性种群,研究其对莠去津的敏感性差异,结果显示:种群JS-10、HB-3和HB-6对莠去津敏感,GR_(50)分别为122.21、153.27 g/hm~2和158.13 g/hm~2;种群JL-13、HLJ-2、JL-7和JL-1对莠去津耐受性相对较强,GR_(50)分别为273.98、277.29、374.68 g/hm~2和379.57 g/hm~2。以上结果表明,不同地理种群鸭跖草对莠去津的耐受水平存在差异,从地理分布上呈由南向北耐受水平增加的趋势。各地理种群对莠去津的耐受性差异可能与不同地区莠去津的使用年限、使用剂量和使用频度相关。     

Inheritance of tolerance to metribuzin in durum wheat

The inheritance of tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin was studied in two durum wheat cultivars, one of which, 'Anton', is resistant and one, 'Nita', susceptible. Parents, F₁, F₂ and F₃ of the crosses 'Anton' × 'Nita' and 'Nita' × 'Anton' were tested for herbicide response. The character evaluated was the increase in weight of plants treated with the herbicide. As there were no significant differences between progenies of reciprocal crosses, cytoplasm was not involved in tolerance. Tolerance was semi-dominant with means values of F₁, F₂ and F₃ progenies in the range of mid-parent. The heritability of this trait estimated by regression of the average of progeny F₃ in their parent F₂ had a value of 0.23 ± 0.063 and a value of 0.52 ± 0.150 estimated by the relation V _G/ V _P for full-sib F₂ families.     

黄瓜品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期耐盐性及其评价指标研究

采用NaCl水溶液人工模拟盐胁迫,以多项指标的盐害系数为依据,比较了18个黄瓜品种资源在芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及其两个时期耐盐性的相关性,并对两个时期各品种资源的耐盐性通过聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:芽苗期的总盐害系数与发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、下胚轴长、根长、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、活力指数的盐害系数的相关性达极显著水平;幼苗期与总盐害系数相关性达极显著水平的有地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重、壮苗指数、根/冠,达显著相关水平的有地上部干重,叶绿素a/b和叶绿素(a b)/类胡萝卜素的盐害系数与总盐害系数相关性不显著。从两个时期的聚类分析图来看,它们的耐盐性并不相同。黄瓜品种资源耐盐性的强弱在芽苗期和幼苗期表现明显不同。在进行黄瓜芽苗期耐盐性筛选时可以将发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、下胚轴长、地上鲜重、根鲜重综合起来作为评价指标。在对黄瓜幼苗期耐盐性鉴定时可以用地上部和地下部鲜重、地上部和地下部干重、壮苗指标、根/冠来衡量黄瓜材料在幼苗期耐盐性的强弱。     

Inactivation of Paraquat by an Aqueous Extract of Rehmannia glutinosa

Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & Mey. was very tolerant to paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium). The paraquat concentration required to reduce dry weight of R. glutinosa by 50% (GR₅₀) was 24 mM , whereas a similar effect was obtained with 0·75 mM in Zea mays L. (maize, cv. Dekalb) and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean, cv. Kwangkyo). When 1·5 mM paraquat in 10% aqueous extract of R. glutinosa was applied to maize and soybean, growth inhibition reached 24% and 7%, respectively, of the untreated control. Decreased activity of paraquat due to the extract also occurred in both leaf discs and chloroplasts of soybean. The total amount of [¹⁴C]paraquat absorbed into soybean leaves after 48 h was 34%, but it was reduced to 17% when the extract was added. Translocation of [¹⁴C]paraquat was also inhibited in the presence of the extract. In thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis using various solvent systems, R_f values of [¹⁴C]paraquat with the extract differed from those without the extract. The results suggested that the aqueous extract of R. glutinosa contained a substance which could nullify paraquat activity. © 1997 SCI.     

生防木霉菌对嘧霉胺抗药性变异及其相关蛋白诱导

选育对杀菌剂具有抗性的生防菌株是生物防治研究的重要内容之一.通过药剂选择培养基及紫外光诱导获得对嘧霉胺具抗性的突变体KTm-1、KTm-2.研究结果显示,与亲本菌株相比,抗性突变体的耐药性提高20倍以上.抗性菌株在无药培养基上连续转代8次,耐药性未见下降.活体拮抗测定表明,耐药菌株的抑菌能力略高于亲本菌株.PAGE显示抗性突变体KTm-1的可溶性蛋白谱带比其亲本菌株多4条,其中Rf=0.64的蛋白谱带是两个耐药菌株的特异性谱带,可视其为耐药相关蛋白.经Sephadex G-100柱层析纯化,SDS-PAGE测定耐药蛋白分子量为44.1KDa.     

拮抗性木霉菌株抗逆性筛选评价标准与方法

本研究旨在为高效筛选耐受高温胁迫、低温胁迫、盐胁迫及干燥（干旱）胁迫拮抗性木霉菌株提供筛选阈值。根据5种、20株拮抗尖孢镰孢菌效果较好的木霉菌对上述逆境因子的反应差异,建立每种逆境因子在不同水平下的木霉菌株生长和酶活变化检测阈值和标准化评价方式;分析木霉菌在不同胁迫条件下发育相关生化因子与菌株生长变化之间的关系,及相应胁迫下的孢子萌发率与菌落直径之间的相关性。通过正态性检验获得供试木霉菌株生长响应胁迫的阈值为：1 mol/L NaCl（盐胁迫阈值）,36℃（高温胁迫阈值）,14℃（低温胁迫阈值）,400 g/L PEG-6000（干旱胁迫阈值）。相应胁迫下的菌落直径与孢子萌发率明显正相关。菌株在大部分胁迫下的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活与菌丝干重有明显的相关性。本研究为科学评价生物防治木霉菌资源的抗逆性提供了依据。