烟芽夜蛾囊泡病毒3h株对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的感染特性及对其生长发育的影响

为寻找有效防控外来入侵物种草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的技术,以烟芽夜蛾囊泡病毒3h株(Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h,HvAV-3h)为研究对象,通过测定不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫口服或针刺感染HvAV-3h后的死亡率、存活时间、取食量及体重,分析该毒株对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的感染特性及对其生长发育的影响。结果显示,草地贪夜蛾1、2龄幼虫口服HvAV-3h后的校正死亡率分别为9.22%和0,3～6龄幼虫针刺感染HvAV-3h后的校正死亡率则高达100.00%,感染HvAV-3h的幼虫均在幼虫期或蛹期死亡。3～5龄幼虫针刺感染HvAV-3h后的存活时间明显长于健康幼虫;3～6龄幼虫针刺感染HvAV-3h后其体重和取食量均受到不同程度的抑制作用,体重抑制率分别为67.79%、41.68%、16.31%和10.30%,总取食量抑制率分别为57.80%、33.90%、17.42%和41.82%;其中3龄幼虫针刺感染HvAV-3h后的体重和取食量被显著抑制,且蜕皮困难,最终在幼虫期死亡;部分4～6龄感染HvAV-3h幼虫能够完成化蛹,但是均无法羽化。表明HvAV-3h感染能够有效控制草地贪夜蛾幼虫,有望开发为草地贪夜蛾的生防制剂。     

防治斜纹夜蛾蛹和2龄幼虫的棒束孢菌株筛选

为获取对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)具致病力的生防真菌资源,通过对8株寄主为鳞翅目蛹的棒束孢属Isaria spp.真菌进行形态学和分子系统学鉴定;以斜纹夜蛾的蛹和2龄幼虫为试虫,分别采用拌土法和浸渍法测试菌株的致病力。结果显示:菌株GZUIFR08XS1、GZUIFR04XS8、GZUIFR08XS13为环链棒束孢I.cateinannulata,菌株GZUIFR08LYS4、GZUIFR04XS5、GZUIFR04XS7、GZUIFR08XS12、GZUIFR04XS16为粉棒束孢I.farinose。8株菌对斜纹夜蛾的蛹和2龄幼虫均有致病力。土壤接种5 mL浓度为2×10~8个/mL的分生孢子,环链棒束孢GZUIFR08XS1、GZUIFR04XS8对蛹的致死率均为100%。接种浓度为1×10~8个/mL的分生孢子,环链棒束孢GZUIFR04XS8对2龄幼虫致死率为(78.21±2.22)%,较其他菌株有差异显著(P0.05)。将环链棒束孢GZUIFR04XS8分别接种在2～5龄幼虫时,对同一龄期幼虫的致死率随接种浓度的增大而上升,其中,接种孢子浓度为1×10~9个/mL可致2龄幼虫100%死亡;同一接种浓度下,对幼虫致死率随幼虫龄期的增大而下降,其中,2龄幼虫的致死中浓度LC_(50)为1.28×10~5个/mL。环链棒束孢GZUIFR04XS8有较好防治斜纹夜蛾蛹和低龄幼虫的生防潜力。     

大叶桃花心木的花、叶抽提物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用研究

测试了大叶桃花心木花和叶的乙醇抽提物对重要杂食性害虫斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,大叶桃花心木花、叶抽提物50μg/mg浓度对斜纹夜蛾3龄、5龄试虫均具有较高的拒食作用,10μg/mg浓度对斜纹夜蛾3龄、5龄幼虫拒食作用较低,25μg/mg浓度对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫拒食作用高于5龄幼虫,且呈显著差异。大叶桃花心木花抽提物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性高于叶抽提物。     

复合性状转基因棉对斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食行为及营养代谢的影响

本文采用培养皿叶盘法和烘干法研究了常规棉‘Daiza 24C’、单价抗虫棉‘GK19’和复合性状转基因抗虫棉‘Daiza 24’对斜纹夜蛾幼虫选择、取食及营养代谢的影响。结果表明,在非选择性条件下,虽然有较多的斜纹夜蛾1龄和3龄幼虫在‘Daiza 24’叶片上停留,但对其的取食量均显著低于‘Daiza 24C’和‘GK19’,表现出明显的拒食现象。在可选择条件下,取食‘Daiza 24’的1龄和3龄幼虫比例均随时间延长呈逐渐下降趋势,对‘Daiza 24’叶片表现出显著忌避行为,趋向于取食‘Daiza 24C’和‘GK19’。‘Daiza 24’对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的相对生长率、相对取食量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率均存在显著影响,而对5龄幼虫,取食‘Daiza 24’的幼虫除相对生长率和相对取食量显著低于取食‘Daiza 24C’‘GK19’的幼虫外,其他营养指标在取食不同品种间差异均不显著。以上研究结果表明,斜纹夜蛾1龄和3龄幼虫对‘Daiza 24’表现出显著的拒食和忌避行为,‘Daiza 24’对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的营养代谢存在显著影响,但对高龄幼虫营养代谢的影响较弱。     

海杧果叶提取物对斜纹夜蛾毒杀和拒食活性初探

采用冷浸法和超声波提取法对海杧果(Cerbera manghas L.)叶进行提取。测定了其对斜纹夜蛾［Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)］的毒杀和拒食活性。浸渍法试验结果表明,处理48 h后,乙酸乙酯萃取相对斜纹夜蛾的毒杀活性最高,LC50为1.277 3 mg/mL;采用叶碟法进行非选择性和选择性拒食活性测定,乙酸乙酯萃取相处理24 h后,拒食率分别为43.39%和42.55%。     

Evaluation of antixenosis in soybean against Spodoptera litura by dual-choice assay aided by a statistical analysis model: Discovery of a novel antixenosis in Peking

The method for evaluating soybean (Glycine max) antixenosis against the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) was developed based on a dual-choice assay aided by a statistical analysis model. This model was constructed from the results of a dual-choice assay in which Enrei, a soybean cultivar susceptible to S. litura, was used as both a standard and a test leaf disc for 2nd–5th instar larvae. The statistical criterion created by this model enabled the evaluation of the presence of antixenosis. This method was applied to four soybean varieties, including Tamahomare (susceptible), Himeshirazu (resistant), IAC100 (resistant), and Peking (unknown), as well as Enrei. Subsequently, the degrees of antixenosis were also compared by F-test, followed by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). According to the results, the antixenosis of Tamahomare, Himeshirazu, and IAC100 was statistically reevaluated and Peking exhibited a novel antixenosis, which was stronger for 3rd–5th instar larvae than for 2nd instar.     

Antifeedant activity of solvent extracts of neem seed kernel against Spodoptera litura F. and their persistency against sunlight through encapsulation

Abstract

Different solvent extracts of neem seed kernels were evaluated against Spodoptera litura F. on cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis leaves. Based on this evaluation, aqueous extract was dissolved in ethanol, and methanol extract in ethanol, and dissolved parts were designated as fraction I and fraction II, respectively. The extracts having more antifeedant activity were encapsulated to achieve stability against the sunlight. Among the solvent extracts tested at 1.0% concentration, methanol extract provided maximum protection (100%) of the leaves followed by ethanol (98.39%) and aqueous (93.01%) extracts. Fraction I and fraction 11 were equally effective at 0.1 % concentration against S. litura larvae and checked more than 70% of leaf damage. However, such extracts were found to be unstable when exposed to sunlight. The pre‐gelatinized starch‐encapsulated products, viz. ρre‐gel I and pre‐gel II were quite stable and afforded more than 68.0% protection to the cauliflower leaves even after 6 days of exposure to sunlight.     

Effects of four host plants on susceptibility of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to five insecticides and activities of detoxification esterases

BACKGROUND: The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests worldwide. The susceptibility of S. litura larvae reared on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, cowpea and sweet potato to phoxim, chlorfenapyr, methomyl, fenvalerate and emamectin benzoate under laboratory conditions was determined. RESULTS: Spodoptera litura larvae reared on tobacco were most tolerant to all insecticides, whereas those that fed on sweet potato were most susceptible. When larvae were reared on each host plant for three generations, the susceptibilities to phoxim of larvae that fed on Chinese cabbage and cowpea were similar, whereas the susceptibility of larvae that fed on sweet potato decreased by the third generation, and on tobacco the susceptibility decreased in each consecutive generation. When nicotine was added to their diet for three consecutive generations, the tolerance of larvae to phoxim increased twofold, and to emamectin benzoate 3.1‐fold, but the tolerance of larvae to fenvalerate and chlorfenapyr did not change. The acetylcholinesterase activities of the larvae that fed on sweet potato and cowpea were greater than the activities of those that fed on Chinese cabbage and tobacco. In contrast, the carboxylesterase activities of the larvae that fed on tobacco and Chinese cabbage were greater than the activities of those that fed on sweet potato and cowpea. The glutathione S‐transferase activities of larvae were highest when they fed on tobacco, followed by Chinese cabbage and cowpea, and the lowest activities were observed when larvae fed on sweet potato. CONCLUSION: Feeding on tobacco or with nicotine added to the diet, the larvae became more tolerant to insecticides, especially to phoxim and emamectin benzoate. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

丽草蛉三龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾卵及低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为探明丽草蛉对斜纹夜蛾的捕食作用,本研究在室内测定了丽草蛉3龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力及其功能反应。结果表明,丽草蛉3龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾的卵及1龄、2龄和3龄幼虫均表现出积极捕食行为和较强的捕食能力,其捕食功能反应符合Holling II型,模型可信度较高。猎物的龄期和密度能显著影响丽草蛉的捕食能力,随斜纹夜蛾龄期增大,丽草蛉3龄幼虫的日均最大捕食量、对猎物的攻击系数和控害效能均显著下降,但对猎物的处理时间明显延长;当斜纹夜蛾密度增加时,丽草蛉3龄幼虫的捕食效率逐渐下降。综合各项捕食作用参数,丽草蛉3龄幼虫对斜纹夜蛾卵的捕食能力最高,其理论日最大捕食量为313.7粒,控害效能为23.5;其次是对斜纹夜蛾1龄幼虫,其理论日最大捕食量为130.5头,控害效能为9.9。本研究结果证实了丽草蛉是斜纹夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的重要天敌,且具较高的控害潜能,可用于斜纹夜蛾的生物防治。