绵羊胎儿手术——胎儿血管插管技术试验

本文重点描述了导管制备、绵羊麻醉及剖腹取胎血管插管及术后观察等。手术8例(脐动脉二例失败一例,胫前动脉六例),成功7例。结果表明:胫前动脉插管,子宫切口小,胎儿暴露少,羊水损失少,导管固定可靠、优于脐动脉插管,并就插管最适胎龄及提高胎儿成活率等问题进行了分析讨论。     

犬剖腹产手术及注意事项

<正>一般说来,犬妊娠期为60d,个别犬提前1～2d生产,少部分推迟1～2d,也有极个别的推迟3d生产。凡是已到临产期不能顺利生产,推迟后仍不能顺产者,都可确诊为难产。早期判定,早期手术是剖腹产能否成功的保障。反之,采取保守的或者强行助产,致使母犬体质下降,错过最佳手术时机再去采取剖腹术取胎,常常造成胎儿孱弱或不能全部存活。     

妊娠山羊宫内胎儿脐动脉插管手术方法的研究

为了优化山羊胎儿脐动脉插管模型,本试验采用医用硬膜外导管对单胎妊娠120日龄的山羊进行胎儿脐动脉插管手术,对其手术途径、导管类型、插管方法、麻醉和术后护理进行研究。术后可顺利采集胎儿血液样本,1周后母山羊正常分娩。本试验建立的山羊胎儿脐动脉插管模型的手术方案,可为胎儿疾病的诊断及临床用药等提供试验基础。     

犬难产的手术助产

犬的难产大多是由原发性子宫迟缓及胎儿与母体骨盆大小不适引起,难产如果处理不当,不仅会危及母体及胎儿的生命,而且往往能引起生殖道疾病。笔者曾经收治多例犬的难产病例,经人工助产及激素治疗法达不到治疗效果。对这些病例及时进行剖腹产手术治疗均痊愈。现将其中两病例报道如下。1发病情况和临床诊断病例1:波士顿犭更犬,年龄2岁,体重4 kg。2004年8月10日下午开始分娩,产出1条正常犬后,再无分娩迹象,晚上来就诊。母犬食欲正常,行走自如,犬主诉称,上一胎共生出8条幼犬,检查发现子宫内确有胎儿。首先使用催产素肌注,让犬主人回家等待分娩,11…     

奶牛妊娠期及分娩后的管理技术

妊娠是哺乳动物的胚胎和胎儿在母体子宫内发育成长的时期,妊娠起始于受精、终止于分娩.妊娠期一般可分为胚胎早期、胚胎期和胎儿期.胚胎早期为受精后12～15d.胚胎期为受精后的第15～33d.胎儿期到受精后的第34d至分娩.胎儿发育成熟,妊娠期满,母体将胎儿及其附属物从子宫排出体外的生理过程就是分娩.     

超声乳化犬晶状体和植入人工晶状体后房水肿瘤坏死因子-α和一氧化氮实验研究

本实验研究的目的在于首例研究犬在超声乳化术(phacoemulsification)后同步人工晶状体(intraocularlenses,I-OL)植入后肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumournecrsisfactor-a,TNF-a)细胞因子、一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)自由基含量的实验。实验分为3组;实验第1组犬眼为对照组,随机选取没有进行超声乳化的实验犬眼。实验2组犬眼为只进行超声乳化手术的犬眼。实验3组为进行超声乳化手术并同步植入人造晶状体(IOL)的实验犬眼。结果:手术后3～12d实验2组和实验3组TNF-α细胞因子、NO自由基含量明显比对照组高,以后逐渐降低;术后3～24d,实验3组的TNF-a和NO含量比实验1组、实验2组高。     

犬难产的手术救治

犬的妊娠期为58～62 d。在怀孕期已满,仍不能将胎儿从产道中排出即称为难产。导致犬难产既有母体的因素,也有胎儿的因素,以母体因素为主引发的难产叫母性难产,因为胎儿因素为主引发的难产叫胎儿性难产。     

犬猫剖腹产手术的体会

由于犬猫的体型较小,出现难产时很难施行矫正术和截胎手术,采用药物催产或牵引术很难奏效。因此,剖腹产手术是治疗犬猫难产行之有效的方法。2001年至2002年两年内我们在西安爱心宠物医院共做剖腹产手术105例,其中猫40例,大型犬10例,小型犬55例。术后母体愈后良好,无一例在手术中死亡,仔犬、猫除除死胎外,全部成活。     

创伤致实验动物深静脉血栓形成的研究

为观察创伤致实验动物深静脉血栓形成及其组织学变化,分别选用犬、新西兰兔及Wistar大鼠作为实验动物,进行骨科有创手术过程,其中犬24条进行人为股骨颈骨折钢板内固定手术,新西兰兔20只行单侧肢股骨骨折后髋人字石膏固定术,Wistar大鼠30只行单侧肢体（左后肢）骨缺损性骨折后髋人字石膏固定术。以大体解剖,血管彩超,血管组织学,血常规等指标进行检测深静脉血栓的形成。结果受试犬中有10条犬在术后4周内陆续死亡,尸检可见心脏内形成鸡脂样血栓,另有4条犬在术后6周及8周死亡,尸检心脏内见到血栓,其余犬饲养至48周,未见血栓形成,总体血栓形成率为58．3％;新西兰兔手术后饲养至8周,患肢每周进行血管彩超检测,未检测到血栓形成,但术部有大量囊性积液;30只大鼠术后9d内镜检肢体深静脉血栓形成率为77．8％。本试验表明骨科有创手术可致实验动物深静脉血栓形成,不同种属间有差异,犬及大鼠的发生率比兔要高,在用实验动物进行骨科的相关研究课题及临床兽医进行手术时要采取必要的预防措施。     

犬剖腹产手术后大出血的急救

笔者从事犬猫临床 10年 ,先后做过上千例犬的剖腹产手术。曾先后遇到过 4只犬 ,手术后子宫大出血 ,经积极抢救方化险为夷。现将体会介绍如下。1　病史及症状笔者于 2 0 0 0年 5月 16日、 8月 3日、 2 0 0 1年 3月 2日、 9月 4日分别遇到犬剖腹产手术后子宫出血的病例。这些病例是临产检查确诊需剖腹取胎的成年母犬。一般术前常规备皮、麻醉。为防止失血过多 ,在手术中先输入止血敏、ＶＣ,然后静注广谱抗生素控制感染 ;术中胎儿取出后 ,清理子宫 ,子宫肌注缩宫素 5Ｕ ,按此方法先后做了剖腹产上千例 ,手术均很顺利 ,但在上述 4病例中却遇到术…     

Experimental infection of pregnant cows with Bacillus licheniformis bacteria.

To study the abortifacient potential and fetoplacental tropism of Bacillus licheniformis bacteria, eight cows in the sixth to eighth month of gestation were inoculated intravenously either once (n = 4) or on four successive days (n = 4) with B. licheniformis at doses ranging from 10(9) to 10(12) colony-forming units. Cows were euthanatized and necropsied prior to abortion (n = 2), at the time of abortion (n = 2), or at calving (n = 4). Live-born calves (n = 5) were euthanatized immediately after delivery and necropsied. B. licheniformis was reisolated from placentomes/endometrium in six of eight (75%) cows and from one fetus aborted 43 days after inoculation. Lesions associated with B. licheniformis were restricted to the pregnant uterus, with the exception of one cow, which developed pneumonia. Necrosis in the fetal compartment of the placenta were present in three of four (75%) cows of both inoculation groups. Lesions were mainly restricted to fetal membranes and especially to the fetal side of the placentomes. Necrosis and diffuse neutrophil infiltrations of both villi and intervillous areas occurred in the fetal part of the placenta, and the placentomal interface was distended by bacteria, neutrophils, erythrocytes, and debris. Within trophoblasts, bacteria were located both free in the cytoplasm and in cytoplasmatic vesicles. Inflammation was present in three of eight (38%) calves. Placental and fetal lesions were similar to those found in cases of spontaneous abortions associated with B. licheniformis. The abortifacient potential of B. licheniformis and the tropism for the bovine placenta is demonstrated here for the first time.     

Survey of the prevalence and types of infertility in beef cows and heifers

Thirty to 180 days after natural mating to bulls, 8,184 beef cows and heifers were palpated rectally for pregnancy determination. Of these, 7,396 (90%) were pregnant and 815 (10%) were not pregnant. Regarding the nonpregnant cattle, 315 (38.7%) had a normal uterus and a functional corpus luteum, suggesting that they were cycling; the rest had palpable pathologic findings: 455 (55.8%) had ovarian inactivity and uterine atrophy; 16 (2%) had pyometra; 12 (1.5%) had a mummified fetus; 7 (0.9%) had chronic metritis; 6 (0.8%) had an involuting uterus; and 4 (0.5%) had adhesions of the uterus, ovaries, or a combination of both. For the purpose of comparison, the cattle were grouped according to age: group 1-1,035 nulliparous heifers 18 to 24 months of age; group 2-1,137 primiparous heifers 30 to 36 months of age; group 3-5,548 multiparous cows between 4 and 9 years of age; and group 4-464 cows 9 years of age or older. The pregnancy rates were 79.1, 72.2, 96.8, and 78.2, respectively, for these groups. The pregnancy rate for 4- to 9-year-old cows was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than that for the other age groups.     

Surgical and conservative methods for removing mummified fetuses in cattle

The purpose of this study was to describe the findings and therapy in 4 cows and 1 heifer with mummified fetus. All animals were admitted at the clinic after several unsuccessful therapies with prostaglandin F2alpha and local uterine infusions. All animals were in good condition. In case 1, diagnosis of mummified fetus could not be confirmed after manual rectal palpation and ultrasonography whereas cases 2, 4, 5 all had mummified fetus. In case 3, the fetus was in maceration. Initial therapy consisted of administration of prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin E2 followed by repeated administration of prostaglandin E2. Mummies (length from apex to rump 13-32 cm) could be taken out within 3 to 6 days per vias naturales in cases 2, 4, 5 and in case 3, bones (maximal length 4 cm) could be unhinged. The structure in the uterus of case 1 could not be mobilised and was consequently removed under sight control using colpotomy followed by hysterotomy. Animals 2, 3, 4 and 5 were pregnant on the occasion of telephone inquiry. On the basis of our results, we recommend the conservative medical therapy with PGE2 for cases of mummified fetus. Colpotomy and hysterotomy are reserved as therapy feasible if the use of prostaglandin E2 is not successful.     

Changes in weight and composition in various tissues of pregnant gilts and their nutritional implications

The objectives of this study were to characterize the quantitative changes in various body tissues of high-lean type gilts during gestation and to determine the protein needs of pregnant gilts based on changes in tissue contents. Thirty-five gilts (158.2 +/- 8.3 kg) were housed in individual gestation crates with six unbred gilts randomly selected and slaughtered to provide data for d 0 of gestation. The remaining gilts were bred and assigned randomly to one of six slaughter groups: d 45, 60, 75, 90, 102, and 112. Gilts were fed 2 kg (as-fed basis) of gestation diet daily (3.1 Mcal/kg of ME and 0.56% lysine). Carcass soft tissue, bone, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, kidney, liver, uterus, fetus, mammary gland, and the remaining viscera were separated and weighed. Carcass soft tissue, liver, remaining viscera, uterus, and gastrointestinal tract were ground, freeze-dried, and analyzed for composition. Body weights of the gilts increased quadratically (P < 0.001) during gestation. Weights of carcass soft tissue and uterus, including placenta, increased linearly (P < 0.001) during gestation. Weights of individual fetuses, fetal litters, individual mammary glands, and the entire mammary glands increased cubically (P < 0.001) during gestation. Crude protein in carcass soft tissue increased cubically (P < 0.01), whereas DM and ether extract (EE) in carcass soft tissue increased linearly (P < 0.01). The DM, CP, and EE in the entire mammary glands increased quadratically (P < 0.001) during gestation. The DM, CP, and EE in fetal litter increased cubically (P < 0.01) as gestation progressed. The accretion rates of the conceptus, fetal litter, individual fetus, individual mammary gland, and CP in fetal litter differed (P < 0.05) before and after d 70 of gestation. The CP daily gain from all maternal and fetal tissues was 40 and 103 g/d before and after d 70 of gestation, respectively, suggesting that pregnant gilts may require different quantities of dietary protein during gestation. Based on the maintenance requirement, maternal tissue gain, and conceptus gain, pregnant gilts require 6.8 and 15.3 g/d of true ileal-digestible lysine (or 147 and 330 g/d of true ileal-digestible protein) before and after d 70 of gestation, respectively, to support their true biological needs.     

Effect of initial length of uterus per embryo on fetal survival and development in the pig

Influence of initial length of uterus available to each embryo on its subsequent survival and development was determined by systematic restriction of the length available to each potential embryo. Fifty-seven pregnant crossbred gilts were laparotomized at d 3 of gestation, length of uterine horns was measured in situ and corpora lutea (CL) were counted. In Exp. 1, uterine space available to each potential embryo was restricted by ligating one uterine horn 5 cm from the tip per CL. Uteri were examined at d 20, 25 or 50. In Exp. 2, one uterine horn was ligated on d 3 at 10, 20 or 30 cm from the tip per CL and uteri were examined at d 50. Embryos in the restricted section (RS) had a specific mean uterine length available to each potential embryo of 5, 10, 20 or 30 cm. Embryos in the nonrestricted section (NRS) had a variable mean uterine length available to each potential embryo of 44 +/- 4 cm. When embryos were restricted to 5 cm, the proportion of surviving fetuses at d 20, 25 and 50 was 61, 12 and 8%, respectively, whereas in combined NRS it was 82%. When the uterus was examined at d 50 after restricting embryos to 10, 20 or 30 cm/CL, 25, 33 and 52% of fetuses survived; in combined NRS survival was 71%. Each fetus surviving to d 50 in RS was associated with 36 cm of initial uterine length but fetal survival was not associated with number of CL. In RS, 59% were female fetuses and in NRS 50% were females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Serial monitoring of clinical, haematological and immunological parameters in canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Clinical, haematological and immunological data are presented from 14 dogs with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) serially monitored for up to 945 days after initial presentation. At the time of diagnosis, all dogs had severe anaemia (mean packed cell volume [PCV] 17.6±7.1 per cent) with leucocytosis in seven cases and thrombocytopenia in four dogs. The Coombs' test was positive in all cases. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody alone was identified in eight cases, a combination of IgG and IgM autoantibodies was recognised in three cases, and in two dogs only IgM autoantibody was recorded (complement fixing in one of these dogs). All dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids and some animals also received cyclophosphamide (four cases), azathio-prine (two cases), blood transfusion (four cases) or underwent splenectomy (two cases). Two dogs died during the initial episode of AIHA. In 12 dogs, the anaemia was resolved by an average of 36.3 ±16.0 days after initial presentation, but autoantibody titre often persisted after clinical improvement and normalisation of PCV. Four dogs had a clinical relapse 67 to 170 days after initial presentation and one of these dogs subsequently died from thromboembolic disease. One dog developed lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum antinuclear antibody at day 691 after initial presentation, and two cases developed disease consistent with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) at 365 and 618 days post initial presentation. In one of these dogs, AITP was concurrent with multicentric lymphoma. No correlation was recorded between haematological and immunological parameters at presentation and subsequent response to therapy or long-term clinical behaviour.     

Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model

Pathogenicity of 17 Campylobacter isolates for pregnant guinea pigs was investigated. Of 14 isolates, 12 (86%) produced rates of abortion ranging from 13% to 87%. Two isolates did not produce abortion. Reference strains of C fetus subsp venerealis produced abortion in 60% to 87% and C fetus subsp fetus produced abortion in 60% of the guinea pigs. Inoculated organisms were recovered from uterus, blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and gallbladder of the guinea pigs at rates as high as 83% for 2 ovine isolates and as low as 13% for 2 bovine and 1 human isolates. Most isolations were from the uterus. Two avian isolates were not recovered. Within the C jejuni and C coli group, the ovine and the human isolates appear to be more pathogenic. Swine, bovine, and avian isolates were less pathogenic. Seemingly, the pregnant guinea pig was a suitable and practical model for evaluating the pathogenicity of Campylobacter organisms, regardless of their host of origin.     

Effect of surgical manipulation, placental fluid, and flunixin meglumine on fetal viability and prostaglandin F2 alpha release in the gravid uterus of mares

Twenty-one pregnant mares with single or twin conceptuses between 41 and 65 days of gestational age were allotted to 5 treatment groups. A ventral median celiotomy was performed in all mares. In group-1 mares (3 mares, single conceptus), the uterus and fetus were palpated for 5 minutes. In group-2 mares (3 mares, single conceptus, flunixin meglumine), 250 ml of sterile placental fluid was injected into the nongravid uterine horn. In group-3 mares (4 mares, unicornuate twin conceptuses), group-4 mares (3 mares, unicornuate twin conceptuses, flunixin meglumine), and group-5 mares (8 mares, bicornuate twin conceptuses, flunixin meglumine), 1 conceptus was removed from the uterus via hysterotomy. All mares received progesterone prophylactically until day 100 of gestation or until the fetus died. The 3 mares in group 1 delivered clinically normal, live foals. The mean prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite (PGFM) plasma concentration peaked at 180 +/- 5.2 pg/ml during uterine manipulation and fetal palpation, then declined to baseline by 1 hour. Free placental fluid (group 2) undermined the chorioallantois ventrally and resulted in fetal death within 3 hours after surgery. The mean PGFM plasma concentration peaked at 39 +/- 4 pg/ml following injection of placental fluid. None of the remaining fetuses in the 7 mares with unicornuate twin conceptuses (groups 3 and 4) survived. Five mares with unicornuate twin conceptuses (group 5) delivered single viable foals. In another mare in group 5, the fetus was alive 4 days after surgery, when the mare was euthanatized for a fractured femur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Concentrations of luteinising hormone and progesterone in pregnant and non-pregnant heifers

An experiment was conducted to determine if concentrations of luteinising hormone or progesterone were different in pregnant or non-pregnant heifers for seven days before and 20 days after a successful or non-successful insemination. Heifers with an oestrous cycle length of 18 to 24 days only were used and they were bled at 08.00, 16.00 and 24.00 each day for seven days before and for 20 days after insemination with thawed semen (treatment 1) or semen diluent (treatment 2). Animals allocated to treatment 3 had the embryo nonsurgically flushed from the uterus at days 10 to 12 while animals allocated to treatment 4 were inseminated with semen diluent and then had a viable embryo transferred to the uterus between days 10 and 12. All animals were slaughtered between 19 and 21 days after insemination and pregnancy rate determined. There were no differences in basal luteinising hormone levels between treatments. Blood concentrations of progesterone were not different before insemination and for 16 days after insemination for pregnant (11 out of 15) and non-pregnant heifers (14) allocated to treatments 1 and 2. Between days 17 and 20, progesterone concentrations declined in non-pregnant heifers. Transfer of an embryo to non-pregnant heifers on day 10 to 12, did not affect progesterone concentrations, but non-surgical flushing of the embryo caused a decline in blood concentrations of progesterone. It was concluded that basal blood concentrations of luteinising hormone and progesterone, in samples taken three times daily were not different in pregnant or non-pregnant heifers before and for 16 days after insemination.     

Intratubal insemination with fresh semen in dogs

The number of spermatozoa required to obtain conception by intratubal insemination in dogs was examined. Three groups consisting of 5, 8 and 8 dogs received 0.5 x 10 (6), 2.0 x 10(6) and 4.0 x 10(6) spermatozoa, respectively, into each uterine tube. No conception occurred in the 5 animals inseminated with 0.5 x 10(6) spermatozoa, but conception occurred in 6/8 (75.0%) and 3/8 (37.5%) dogs inseminated with 2.0 x 10(6) and 4.0 x 10 (6) spermatozoa, respectively. Among the pregnant animals, three aborted (33.3%) and the mean number of newborns was small, 2.5 +/- 0.5 (SE). One acardiacus anceps was observed with normal fetus in one animal with a Caesarean delivery.