棉隆熏蒸对烟草氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究棉隆熏蒸对烟草氮素吸收转化利用的影响,本试验选取云南酸性红壤、北京碱性潮土2种中国典型土壤,以本氏烟Nicotiana benthamiana为对象,研究了棉隆熏蒸对土传病原菌防效、土壤氮素转换、根系氮素供应、植株氮空间分布及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果显示,棉隆熏蒸对2种供试土壤中土传病原菌镰孢属Fusarium spp.、疫霉属Phytophthora spp.真菌的抑制率均超过89%,棉隆熏蒸显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量,减少了硝态氮含量,抑制了土壤硝化速率及根系硝态氮供应速率,而促进了土壤反硝化速率及根系铵态氮供应速率。棉隆熏蒸显著降低了烟草组织总氮含量,但增加了根、茎、叶各部位铵态氮含量,减少了硝态氮含量,且在酸性红壤土中更明显。棉隆熏蒸后硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性有不同程度增加。试验结果表明,棉隆熏蒸通过改变根际氮素形态及含量,进而影响根际氮素供应速率及氮代谢关键酶活性,促进烟草根茎叶各部位硝态氮的代谢,促进烟草生长。研究结果为棉隆的科学应用提供了理论支撑。     

Relationship between safening activity of dymron and fenclorim to pretilachlor and glutathione S-transferase activity in rice

Dymron [1‐(α,α‐dimethybenzyl)‐3‐(p‐tolyl)urea] and fenclorim (4,6‐dichloro‐2‐phenylpyrimidine) were found to exhibit a safening activity on the growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings against pretilachlor [2‐chloro‐2′,6′diethyl‐N‐(2‐propoxyethyl)acetanilide] injury. By pretilachlor treatment at 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1, the elongation of the third leaves of rice seedlings was reduced by approximately 20 and 40%, and that of the fourth leaves was reduced by approximately 40 and 80%, respectively. Upon the treatment of dymron at 3 × 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1 in combination with pretilachlor, the growth inhibition was half alleviated in the third leaves, and the length of the fourth leaves was almost recovered from 10^–6 mol L^‐1 pretilachlor injury, and was 20–25% recovered from 10^–5 mol L^–1 pretilachlor injury. Upon the treatment of fenclorim at 3 × 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1 in combination with pretilachlor, the growth inhibition of rice seedlings was almost alleviated in both the third and the fourth leaves. This result indicated that dymron and fenclorim showed almost the same safening effect on the fourth leaf growth against 10^–6 mol L^‐1 pretilachlor injury, although fenclorim showed higher effects at higher concentrations of pretilachlor. Glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities in rice seedlings were investigated after being treated with a herbicide and safener. By pretilachlor treatment at 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1, the GST activity was approximately 32 and 72% increased in roots, respectively, and a little increased (7–13%) in shoots of two‐leaf‐stage rice seedlings. By dymron treatment at 3 × 10^–6?10^–5 mol L^–1, the GST activity was 2–30% increased in roots, but was not increased in shoots. By their combination treatment, the GST activity was almost the same or less than that by treatment with pretilachlor alone. In contrast, by fenclorim treatment alone, the GST activity was 43–52 and 33–45% increased in roots and shoots of rice seedlings, respectively. By the combination treatment of pretilachlor and fenclorim, the GST activity was increased 73–126% in shoots and 101–139% in roots, and was much more increased in both shoots and roots compared with treatment of pretilachlor or fenclorim alone. It was found that dymron showed less effect in increasing the GST activity than fenclorim. It is also suggested that dymron did not increase the GST activity in shoots but did increase it slightly in roots, and showed almost no effect on GST increase by pretilachlor in shoots, or rather reduced the increase in roots. From the above results, fenclorim and dymron may have different mechanisms of safening effects on the protection of rice seedlings against pretilachlor injury.     

Effect of naringenin on the growth and lignin biosynthesis of gramineous plants

Lignin biosynthesis is essential for plant growth. 4‐Coumarate CoA ligase (4‐CL, EC6.2.1.12) is involved in the monolignol synthesis and occupies a key role in regulating carbon flow into the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway. Naringenin, one of the metabolites in this pathway, is known as a potent in vitro inhibitor of 4‐CL. The growth of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari), maize (Zea mays L. cv. Yellow corn) and Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing seedlings at the 2nd leaf stage was inhibited after continuous root application with 0.1 mmol L^?1 naringenin for 1 week, although naringenin did not kill these gramineous plants. The highest inhibition of fresh weight increase was observed in maize, followed by rice and E. oryzicola. The symptoms in these plants were root browning, delay of leaf/root development and shoot dwarfing. Naringenin treatment increased the contents of 4‐CL substrates, cinnamic acid, 4‐coumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid from 1.2 to 7.2 times and from 1.2 to 3.5 times in shoots and roots, respectively, except for ferulic acid in E. oryzicola roots. It also caused a slight decrease of the lignin content and alteration of lignin constitutions in rice plants. These results suggested that the monolignol pathways after 4‐CL towards lignin has the possibility to be the novel action sites of plant growth retardants, although further investigations are needed to clarify the mode of action.     

Growth and development of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and its impact on selected crops

The growth and development of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., and the effects of the holoparasite on the growth and yield of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), chilli ( Capsicum annuum ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) were investigated in pot experiments under glasshouse conditions. 'Mature' and 'immature' seeds of C. chinensis showed 15 and 47% germination, respectively. The independent life duration of seedlings from 'immature' seeds was 6 days shorter than 'mature' seeds (19 days). Cuscuta chinensis formed haustoria on chilli and tomato, but not on rice seedlings. Infection with three C. chinensis seedlings per host plant reduced leaf area, dry weight, carbon and nitrogen content by 78–84% and 27–44% in tomato and chilli plants, respectively. Dry weight of C. chinensis was 0.63 g per pot in tomato, and 0.24 g per pot in chilli. Carbon and nitrogen content of C. chinensis was 0.189 and 0.028 g per pot, respectively, when grown with tomato. When it was grown with chilli, the carbon and nitrogen content of C. chinensis was 0.001 and 0.007 g per pot, respectively. Cuscuta chinensis reduced the fruit yield of tomato and chilli by 72 and 29%, respectively. The results indicated that tomato is a preferred host of C. chinensis compared with chilli, and rice is not preferred. In the host–parasite associations, C. chinensis suppressed growth and yield of chilli and tomato by diverting the elaborated products of metabolism of the hosts.     

Involvement of heme synthesis in the growth stimulation of maize seedlings by 5‐aminolevulinic acid

The growth of maize seedlings was stimulated by shoot‐applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid 2 days after treatment at 90 and 120 μmol L^?1. The effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid on the activity of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1) and the chlorophyll, ammonium, heme and total free amino acid content were investigated by using maize seedlings to clarify the involvement of nitrogen metabolism and heme synthesis in the growth stimulation. 5‐Aminolevulinic acid increased the level of nitrate reductase activity at 90 μmol L^?1 and the ammonium and heme content at 90 and 120 μmol L^?1 2 days after treatment. The total amino acid content increased by 90 and 150 μmol L^?1 5‐aminolevulinic acid 2 and 3 days after treatment, respectively. However, no significant change was observed in the activity of nitrite reductase or the chlorophyll content after the 5‐aminolevulinic acid treatment. These results suggest that the enhancement of nitrogen metabolism by nitrate reductase activation is involved in the 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced stimulation of maize seedling growth. The activation of nitrate reductase might be related to an increase in the heme content following the 5‐aminolevulinic acid treatment.     

干旱区绿洲土壤外源Pb对油菜生长和吸收Cd、Zn的影响

以干旱区绿洲土壤和油菜为供试对象,通过Cd-Zn和Cd-Pb-Zn胁迫下的盆栽试验研究了Cd-Zn污染绿洲土壤条件下Pb的介入对油菜生长及吸收和迁移Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Pb的介入促进了油菜茎叶的生长,在较低水平(Cd≤1.8mg·kg-1、Zn≤300mg·kg-1)时促进了根系的生长,而在较高水平(Cd>1.98mg·kg-1、Zn>300mg·kg-1)时则抑制了根系的生长;Pb的介入促进了油菜对Cd、Zn的吸收,但并未影响油菜对Cd、Zn吸收的变化趋势;Pb的介入促进了油菜对Cd、Zn的富集,却抑制了对Cd、Zn的迁移。     

水杨酸对杂交稻抗白叶枯病的作用

杂交稻幼苗感染白叶枯病菌后,其叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性明显提高,丙二醛(MDA)积累和膜透性显著增大,叶绿素含量与不饱和脂肪酸指数(IUFA)下降。经水杨酸(SA)预处理的植株PAL活性仍继续增加,而MDA含量和膜透性的增大趋势得到缓解,膜脂不饱和度增加。作者认为外源SA对杂交稻抗白叶枯病可能有多方面的作用。     

Suppression of rice blast using freeze-killed mycelia of biocontrol fungal candidate MKP5111B

Several applications of the suppressive fungus MKP5111B, isolated from the phylloplane of rice plants, were tested in an effort to control rice blast disease. Three treatments with MKP5111B [living (Std), killed with liquid nitrogen (FR), and autoclaved (AC)] were either sprayed onto rice seedlings or mixed into seed-sown soil. Three weeks after spraying and 4 weeks after the soil application, we introduced Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, into our systems. The Std and FR treatments suppressed rice blast, but the AC treatment proved ineffective. Although a suppressive effect was seen on new leaves, no mycelium of MKP5111B was seen. The fungus thus may have induced a systemic resistance in the rice plants. A substance from MKP5111B, such as elicitor molecule(s) are likely responsible for the induced resistance.     

Transport via xylem of atrazine, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene in tomato and wheat seedlings

Transport of atrazine (ATR), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB) from roots to shoots via xylem of wheat and tomato seedlings was measured following a 24-h exposure of plant roots to hydroponic solutions of these organic compounds. Transport of the compounds from roots to shoots reached equilibrium within 24 h, consistent with an earlier finding. Low concentrations of TCB were detected in the final external solution and the xylem efflux of control wheat seedlings. This suggested that there was a fast foliar uptake of TCB and its downward movement via phloem of the wheat seedlings. Concentrations of DNT, ATR, and TCB in xylem effluxes of wheat and tomato increased significantly with increases of their external concentrations. The translocation stream concentration factors (TSCF), i.e., the ratios of the concentrations in xylem sap to those in external solution, of the compounds with tomato seedlings followed the order of ATR > DNT >> TCB, which was inversely correlated with the log K_ow (the octanol–water partition coefficient) of the compounds. The observed xylem transports of DNT and TCB from roots to shoots with wheat seedlings were lower than those with tomato seedlings. ATR exhibited a high xylem transport with the two plant species, which resulted presumably from an atrazine–metal complex formation.     

Behaviour of the herbicide EL-107 in wheat and rape grown under controlled conditions

The behaviour of ¹⁴C-EL-107 has been evaluated in winter wheat and rape, which are tolerant and susceptible, respectively, under field conditions. After 10- to 13-days’growth under controlled conditions, seedlings were allowed to absorb the herbicide through the roots. Two experiments were conducted to study the absorption and the metabolism of EL-107. Absorption was estimated during a 5-day treatment at the rate of 1–47 μM, and metabolism was studied after a 1-day treatment at 14.7 μM. The results showed that (i) rape plants absorbed more herbicide than wheat, and translocated less radioactivity into their shoots, and (ii) the metabolism of EL-107 proceeded actively only in the shoots, where EL-107 disappeared at similar rates in the two species, giving rise to the same metabolites. In conclusion, the respective degrees of susceptibility of the two species could be partly related to differences in the concentration of the herbicide in the roots, where it can exert its phytotoxic effect.     

外源一氧化氮对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的影响

为探讨外源NO对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢过程的影响,以银辉2号南瓜品种为材料,采用盆栽法研究了80μmol·L-1SNP对60 mmol·L-1Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、碳氮代谢相关酶活性及代谢产物量的变化规律。结果表明:Na_2CO_3胁迫12 d,南瓜幼苗地上和地下部分干重、相对生长量、根冠比、Rubisco羧化活力、光合色素含量和氮代谢相关酶活性均不同程度下降;Rubisco氧化活力、游离氨基酸总量和蛋白水解酶活性显著上升。80μmol·L-1SNP外源处理能明显缓解Na_2CO_3胁迫对南瓜幼苗生长及光合作用的抑制,增加了干物质的积累和光合色素的含量。与Na_2CO_3胁迫处理相比,干物质积累量、相对生长量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素(caro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、Rubisco羧化酶、淀粉酶(AMY)活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了26.72%、30.45%、17.69%、46.15%、46.43%、30.70%、38.75%、70.0%、65.37%;Rubisco加氧酶、蛋白水解酶活性和游离氨基酸总量分别降低了18.29%、31.76%、28.57%。外源NO通过促进淀粉酶和Rubisco羧化活性的提高和氧化活性的下降,维持了可溶性总糖含量的稳定;通过增强NR、GS和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性、抑制蛋白水解酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性,降低叶片中游离氨基酸含量,增加了蛋白质的积累。本研究结论:碱性盐胁迫下,80μmol·L-1的SNP通过增强南瓜幼苗的光合碳代谢,促进了酮酸转化为氨基酸。通过提高氮代谢相关酶NR、GS、GOGAT活性,促使碳流由光合碳代谢转向氮代谢,维持了盐害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜幼苗抵御Na_2CO_3胁迫的能力。     

干旱胁迫下两种芽胞杆菌对玉米幼苗促生作用研究

供试玉米品种为‘先玉335’（XY335）,供试菌株为NECC11322(Bacillus subtilis)枯草芽胞杆菌、NECC11324(B. megaterium)巨大芽胞杆菌。试验设4组处理：Con（无菌水浸种,干旱胁迫）,C1（无菌水浸种,正常供水）,C2（NECC11322菌液浸种,干旱胁迫）,C3（NECC11324菌液浸种,干旱胁迫）,测定了浸种后盆栽玉米幼苗的生长状况、抗性生理指标及植株的N、P、K含量。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下接种NECC11322、NECC11324后,玉米幼苗叶片及根系SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性较Con均不同程度升高,其中接种NECC11322根系POD活性增长最为显著,较Con增长67.78%;植株叶片及根系可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量较Con均呈上升趋势,其中接种NECC11322叶片可溶性糖含量增长最为显著,较Con增长152.10%;与Con相比,植株叶片及根系全氮、全磷、全钾养分含量均有所提升,接种NECC11322后叶片全氮含量升高最为显著,较Con增长88.47%;干旱胁迫下接种两种芽胞杆菌后,植株叶片及根系丙二醛含量较Con均显著降低,接种NECC11322[JP2]后根系降幅最为显著,较Con降低51.03%。综上可知,干旱胁迫下接种两种芽胞杆菌均可降低干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制,其中NECC11322菌株更具有抗旱性。通过提高保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量以及植株养分含量提高玉米幼苗抗旱性,促进玉米幼苗生长。     

混合盐碱胁迫对燕麦幼苗矿质离子吸收和光合特性的影响

为探讨燕麦新品种定莜6号在低、高浓度盐碱胁迫下的生理响应机制,采用盆栽试验研究了25 mmol·L-1和75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长、矿质离子吸收和光合特性的影响。结果表明,25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫10 d并未引起燕麦幼苗干重的明显改变,但75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫显著降低了幼苗干重。25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下,燕麦根系和地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+显著降低,根系选择吸收K+、Ca2+、Mg2+及由根系向地上部运输K+、Ca2+的能力明显增强,但由根系向地上部运输Mg2+的能力下降,从而使地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+高于根系,而Mg2+/Na+低于根系;75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下的上述变化大于25 mmol·L-1。25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫使燕麦幼苗叶片总叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,而净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls)变化不大;与25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫相比,75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦叶片总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ls明显下降,Ci显著提高,而叶绿素a/b无明显差异。25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下,燕麦幼苗叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)明显下降,保护性热耗散(ΦNPQ)显著提高,而初始荧光(Fo)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q L)、非调节性能量耗散(ΦNO)、光系统I和光系统II之间激发能分配的不平衡性(β/α-1)和叶绿体Hill反应活性无显著变化;与25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫相比,75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下Fo、ΦNO、β/α-1显著提高,Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、q L、NPQ、ΦNPQ和叶绿体Hill反应活性明显下降。上述结果表明调控矿质离子吸收和运输以保持地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+高于根系是燕麦适应盐碱的重要机制,高浓度盐碱胁迫造成PSⅡ反应中心受损是燕麦Pn降低的主要因素,而过剩光能耗散是保护光合机构的重要途径。     

水稻白叶枯病菌毒素对水稻不育系珍汕97A的专化毒性

 采用乙酸乙酯法提取对珍汕97不育胞质具有专化毒性的白叶枯病菌AH28、GX50和非专化毒性的OS14菌株的毒素。以不同浓度的毒素处理珍汕97不育系和保持系的种子或幼苗,可引起水稻叶片褪绿和细胞坏死,产生与接种病菌相似的症状,在蚕豆叶片上形成过敏性坏死斑;毒素可导致水稻幼苗萎蔫、胚根胚芽生长受抑和根冠细胞死亡;毒素的毒性与毒素浓度和产毒素菌株的致病力成正比;专化性毒素AT对珍汕97不育系的毒害程度显著高于对保持系的毒害。     

水稻免疫育苗的抗性研究

 将稻田土和病稻苗上分离的Fusarium equiseti,F.oxysporum,F.graminearum和Rhizoctoniasolani,接种在免疫育苗法和普通旱育苗法培育的秧苗上。免疫育苗的秧苗提高抗病力95.5%~97.8%。测定其秧苗接种病原菌后防御酶系的动态表明:1.过氧化物酶活性峰比对照提前36 h,且峰值高;2.超氧化物歧化酶活峰比对照提前4 h;3.苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活力比对照高1倍多。同时免疫育苗秧苗新陈代谢旺盛、生理活性高。表现在:1.叶片叶绿素含量高(3.12 mg/ml)、光合作用强度大(887mol O₂/g.h),因而干物质积累多;2.根系发达,单株根数比普通旱育秧苗多3.9条/株;3.根系色白有弹性,活力强,对α-萘胺氧化力达60μg/g.h,提高30%;4.束缚水含量达64.89%,显著高于普通旱育苗;5.根冠比比普通旱育苗高28%。     

水稻白叶枯病菌毒素对水稻不育系珍汕97A的专化毒性

采用乙酸乙酯法提取对珍汕９７不育胞质具有专化毒性的白叶枯病菌ＡＨ２８、ＧＸ５０和非专化毒性的ＯＳ１４菌株的毒素。以不同浓度的毒素处理珍汕９７不育系和保持系的种子或幼苗,可引起水稻叶片褪绿和细胞坏死,产生与接种病菌相似的症状,在蚕豆叶片上形成过敏性坏死斑;毒素可导致水稻幼苗萎蔫、胚根胚芽生长受抑和根冠细胞死亡;毒素的毒性与毒素浓度和产毒素菌株的致病力成正比;专化性毒素ＡＴ对珍汕９７不育系的毒害程度显著高于对保持系的毒害。     

木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗质量特性及枯萎病防效的影响

黄瓜枯萎病是设施黄瓜栽培中最为常见且为害严重的土传真菌病害,应用生防菌防治黄瓜枯萎病,对黄瓜安全生产有重要意义。试验采用前期筛选的对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗效果的3株木霉菌,即棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,利用盆栽试验,测定了木霉菌不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗质量及枯萎病防效的影响。3种施用方式分别为T1（木霉与病原菌同时接种）、T2（先接种木霉菌,2 d后接种病原菌）和T3（先接种病原菌,2 d后接种木霉）。结果显示,3株木霉菌对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均在64.78%以上,且以拟康氏木霉886的T2施用方式的防效最高,达到81.54%。在播种后8~14 d,所有木霉菌处理的黄瓜幼苗壮苗指数、叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系总吸收面积均比CK1（只接种病原菌孢子悬液）显著上升,3种施用方式中以T2处理对上述6项指标的促进效果最显著,并以拟康氏木霉886在播种后14 d的6项指标增加幅度最大,该处理的黄瓜壮苗指数、叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系总吸收面积的增加幅度分别达到210.06%、74.39%、37.23%、54.45%、88.00%和51.11%。本研究的3株木霉菌通过提高黄瓜幼苗生理代谢活性,增强了幼苗质量,提高了对黄瓜枯萎病的抗性,在应用中,提前施入木霉菌,有利于提高黄瓜幼苗对病害的防治效果,为后期提高黄瓜产量和品质奠定基础条件。     

Arginase activity in Arabidopsis thaliana infected with Heterodera schachtii

The activity of arginase (ARGAH), which results in ornithine and urea production, is important for nitrogen metabolism in all organisms as well as for defence responses. The second‐stage juveniles of the cyst‐forming nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrate roots and induce the formation of a permanent feeding site. To determine whether infection with H. schachtii causes the induction of arginase, the expression was studied in Arabidopsis roots and shoots at the day of inoculation and at 3, 7 and 15 days post‐inoculation (dpi). Parasite infection caused a strong decrease of root arginase activity and ARGAH1 gene expression, which persisted over the entire examination period. In shoots, the mRNA expression of ARGAH2 increased at 3 and 7 dpi, but the enzymatic activity was significantly enhanced only at 3 dpi. Thus, while arginase down‐regulation occurs in roots, which is apparently due to the presence of nematode effectors, in shoots the activity is only transiently up‐regulated despite persistently high gene expression. As oxidative stress is possible during nematode infection, the activity and gene expression of glutathione reductase, a marker of the redox equilibrium, were estimated and found to be significantly enhanced at 7 dpi in shoots of infected plants. The level of proline, an amino acid known for its ability to scavenge free radicals, was increased 60‐fold. The results suggest that the disruption of redox homeostasis, as reflected by increased proline level and glutathione reductase expression and activity, accompanies changes in arginine metabolism in the shoots, indicating systemic changes induced by nematode infection.     

牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿生长及氮代谢的影响

为了明确牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿生长及氮代谢的影响,测定了不同牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度下抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1、I-1的受害指数、单株生物量及氮代谢的变化。结果表明：（1）随着牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度的增加,R-1、I-1无性系各接虫处理的受害指数均升高、单株生物量均下降,在相同牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度下,R-1无性系的受害指数及产量损失率均低于I-1无性系。（2）受牛角花齿蓟马为害后,R-1无性系各接虫处理硝酸还原酶活性上升后趋于稳定,硝态氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,游离氨基酸含量呈持续上升的趋势; I-1无性系各接虫处理的硝酸还原酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,硝态氮含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,游离氨基酸含量上升后趋于稳定或下降。结果说明：硝酸还原酶活性的升高是R-1无性系对蓟马诱导抗性的一种表现,而I-1无性系氮代谢失调是其感蓟马的主要原因之一,因此R-1无性系的适应能力强,受害较轻,对牛角花齿蓟马为害的抗性和补偿生长能力高于I-1无性系。