作物生产动态模拟模型研究与应用

概要介绍了动态模拟技术在作物生产中的研究和应用简况、动态模拟的基本原理、模型的组建与验证，对有待进一步研究的问题进行了讨论，对其前景作了展望     

作物生产系统模拟模型研究进展

阐述了作物生长模拟模型的国内外研究进展及各种模型特点,并讨论了作物生长模拟模型的应用。它的未来发展主要在：（１）更加深入、详细地模拟作物生产的各种过程;（２）与地理信息系统和计算机专家系统相结合,形成完善的作物生产计算机决策管理系统。     

作物生长模拟研究进展

作物生长模拟是一个新兴的研究领域,有助于理解预测和调控作物生长发育及其对环境的反应。本文着重介绍了作物生长模拟模型的定义、特征、国内外的研究动态以及目前常用的生长模型。     

我国玉米计算机模拟模型研究进展

玉米生长发育计算机模拟模型研究在我国起步较晚,与国外存在较大差距,但近年来发展迅速.本文首次全面系统地综述了我国玉米生长发育计算机模拟模型研究进展,分析了我国玉米模型研究中存在的问题,展望了今后我国玉米模型研究的发展方向。     

作物灰色育种学的理论技术体系及其应用

论述了作物灰色育种学的学科构成和特点,概括了作物灰色育种学的理论技术体系,指出该理论技术体系由五大体系、八大理论、九个原理、一条技术路线和一个计算机决策系统组成.介绍了作物灰色育种学理论技术体系在作物育种中的应用,展望作物灰色育种学的发展前景及发展方向.     

作物模型在我国玉米生产中的研究与应用

作物模型在我国发展与应用日趋完善,已成为农业科研领域重要的研究工具,在区域化模拟、农业预测与风险分析、宏观农业决策制定、未来气候情景模拟、优化栽培措施及气象灾害影响评估研究中发挥重要作用,极大地推动了我国农业生产发展和科研水平的提高。对当前国内作物模型研究中具有代表性的6个生长模型概况和在玉米上应用进展进行综述,为研究者根据研究目的及具体条件选择适宜的作物模型进行应用提供参考,进一步提高作物模型在我国玉米科研与生产中的应用水平。对现有主要模型存在问题及今后需开展的工作进行阐述。     

地域文化在茶室设计中的呈现

地域文化在茶室设计中的呈现,对于提升茶室设计所具有的文化底蕴与人文内涵发挥着重要作用,为此,在茶室设计实践当中,设计工作者需要重视对具有应用价值的地域文化元素进行挖掘与应用。本文对地域文化在茶室设计中的呈现价值、呈现方式呈现原则以及呈现步骤进行了研究与探讨,以期能够充分发挥出地域文化在茶室设计中的应用价值,促使茶室设计作品展现出更强的地域文化色彩。     

计算机网络技术在茶文化传播中的应用

茶文化是我国极其珍贵的非物质文化遗产,其不仅在中国具有无与伦比的影响力,而且在世界上也具有举足轻重的地位。计算机网络技术的出现为茶文化的传播带来了新的路径。为充分发挥计算机网络技术在茶文化传播中的价值优势,从而推动茶文化的传播与发展,笔者以《计算机网络技术在茶文化传播中的应用》为课题,拟从计算机网络技术与茶文化相关含义阐述入手,对新时代背景下传播茶文化的意义和作用进行全方位、深层次的分析,并在此基础上全面而深入的探究计算机网络技术在茶文化传播中的应用策略,给出了具有代表性的个人建议。     

水稻栽培理论与技术兼及作物栽培科学的发展述评（上）

我国作物栽培源远流长,技术经验丰富多彩,但作为一门独立完整的学科,还是本世纪50年代以后的事。它产生的背景,是在农民长期丰富实践的基础上,通过广大栽培学家不断总结和开展科学研究,逐步渗入植物形态、生态、作物生理、生化等现代科学理论,和土壤、肥料与作物营养的科技成果,应用生物统计和电脑模拟等研究方法和手段,从而建立发展起来的、具有自身科学理论及技术体系的现代应用科学。它的主要任务是揭示作物高产规律,研究高产、优质、省工、节本栽培技术,为不断提高作物产量、促进国民经济持续稳定增长服务。近50年来,作物栽…     

马铃薯富硒栽培研究进展

硒元素是人体必需微量元素之一,马铃薯作为粮菜兼用作物,开发富硒生产,具有广阔的市场应用前景。综述了马铃薯富硒栽培的研究概况,包括硒对马铃薯生长发育的影响,在马铃薯植株中的积累分布,硒肥的种类、施用技术及栽培技术等。分析了马铃薯富硒栽培技术存在的问题,并展望了其应用前景,为中国马铃薯的富硒生产发展提供依据。     

基于间套作弱光胁迫下作物源库协调与产量研究进展

光能在作物进行光合作用和籽粒产量形成中起着重要作用。随着我国种植结构和区划的调整,间套作种植模式在一些适宜地区得到广泛应用,增加了农田生产力。然而,间套作种植方式下,由于受高位作物荫蔽影响,低位作物在某一生长阶段常常处于弱光胁迫环境中。弱光胁迫不仅会引起作物生长发育不良,而且会制约作物产量潜力的提升。本文以间套作荫蔽环境下的大豆源库关系为例,综述了弱光胁迫调节作物源库器官生长发育的国内外研究现状;阐述了源库协调与作物产量之间的关系以及现有间套作作物产量研究概况与存在的不足;探讨了未来间套作种植下作物在源库关系与产量研究的发展方向。     

基于模型和3S技术的数字麦作系统的设计与实现

为了充分发挥和利用3S技术、生长模型和管理知识模型的优势,探索适合中国国情的精准农业关键技术集成方法及应用模式,以软件开发方法论为指导,充分结合小麦生长模型、管理知识模型和3S技术,应用ASP.NET和C#开发Web应用程序,建立了基于模型和3S技术的网络化数字麦作系统.该系统以品种、气候、土壤及生产条件等为基本输入,具有麦作区划、栽培方案设计、模拟预测、策略分析、动态调控、生长监测、精确麦作、生产力评价、病虫草害管理、智能学习、系统管理和系统帮助等功能.以江苏省部分县市的气象、土壤、品种和生产资料为基础,对本系统进行了初步测试与应用,表明该系统可为农业生产者、管理人员和科技人员提供麦作数字化和科学化的决策支持.     

玉米虚拟生长研究综述

虚拟植物生长是农业信息技术和计算机图形学领域中主要的研究课题之一。虚拟植物生长就是在计算机上仿真模拟植物在三维空间的生长过程,它在农林业等领域有着广阔的应用前景。介绍了虚拟植物生长模型的分类和生成植物图形的方法,综述了玉米虚拟生长的研究现状。     

The effect of tillage,crop rotation and residue management on maize and wheat growth and development evaluated with an optical sensor

Crop growth and development as well as yield are the result of the efficiency of the chosen agricultural management system within the boundaries of the agro-ecological environment. End-of-season yield results do not permit the evaluation of within-season management interactions with the production environment and do not allow for full understanding of the management practice applied. Crop growth and development were measured during the 2004, 2006 and 2008 crop cycles with an optical handheld NDVI sensor for all plots of the different management treatments of a long-term (since 1991) sustainability trial in the highlands of Mexico. Cropping systems varying in (1) tillage (conventional vs. zero tillage); (2) residue management (retention vs. removal); (3) rotation (monocropping vs. a maize [Zea mays L.]/wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] rotation) were compared. The NDVI-handheld sensor was evaluated as a tool to monitor crop growth and development and was found to be an excellent tool for this purpose. There was a strong relation between NDVI and biomass accumulation of maize and wheat. The measurement with the handheld sensor was non-destructive and fast so that a representative plot area could be measured easily and time-efficiently. Zero tillage induced different crop growth dynamics over time compared to conventional tillage. Zero tillage with residue retention is characterized by a slower initial crop growth, compensated for by an increased growth in the later stages, positively influencing final grain yield. Also crop rotation influenced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after wheat than crops after maize. Zero tillage with residue removal had low NDVI values throughout the growing season. Zero tillage with retention of crop residues results in time efficient use of resources, as opposed to conventional tillage, regardless of residue management, and zero tillage with residue removal. The results indicated that different tillage, rotation and residue management practices influence crop growth and development. It is important to monitor and understand crop growth under different management systems to select the right varieties and adjust timing and practice of input supply (fertilizer, irrigation etc.) in a holistic way in each cropping system.     

枯草芽孢杆菌在农作物生产上的应用研究进展

综述了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在土壤提质改良、促进作物生长发育及产质量的提高、耕作土壤降害与修复等方面的研究成果,并对作物生产上枯草芽孢杆菌与环境相关影响因子间其专业化功能开发研究及其分子生物学水平上的作用机理等进行了展望。     

From Chemical Ecology to Agronomy: Cropping Systems in the Humid Northeast

SUMMARY

Crop production in the northeastern North America poses unique challenges in that soils tend to be cool and wet in the spring, and there is only a brief period each summer when sufficient heat is obtained for the growth of the main crops produced in the area. This paper reviews seven areas of crop production and ecophysiology research in the context of the geo-climatic conditions of the extreme North American humid northeast. The seven areas are: (1) intercropping systems, (2) leafy reduced-stature corn, (3) intensive cereal management, (4) production of C₄ grasses, (5) development of a chronic injection system for physiology research, (6) legume-to-rhizobia signals and inhibition of soybean nodulation, and (7) rhizobia-to-legume signals and crop growth. Progress has been made in each area and there is now a longer-term need to integrate some of these findings at the cropping system level.     

Deficit irrigation management for rice using crop growth simulation model in an optimization framework

Optimization of irrigation water is an important issue in agricultural production for maximizing the return from the limited water availability. The current study proposes a simulation–optimization framework for developing optimal irrigation schedules for rice crop (Oryza sativa) under water deficit conditions. The framework utilizes a rice crop growth simulation model to identify the critical periods of growth that are highly sensitive to the reduction in final crop yield, and a genetic algorithm based optimizer develops the optimal water allocations during the crop growing period. The model ORYZA2000, which is employed as the crop growth simulation model, is calibrated and validated using field experimental data prior to incorporating in the proposed framework. The proposed framework was applied to a real world case study of a command area in southern India, and it was found that significant improvement in total yield can be achieved by the model compared to other water saving irrigation methods. The results of the study were highly encouraging and suggest that by employing a calibrated crop growth model combined with an optimization algorithm can lead to achieve maximum water use efficiency.