猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联疫苗及其应用

我所研制成的猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)和猪流行性腹泻(PED)二联灭活苗及二联活疫苗，是预防由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的仔猎呕吐，水样腹泻及新生仔猪高死亡率(可达100％)的高度传染性肠道病发病的有效措施。用于妊娠母猪的被动免疫以保护仔猪，也用于主动免疫保护不同年龄的猪只。     

隆重推出--"猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联疫苗"新产品

该系列新产品包括猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)和猪流行性腹泻(PED)二联灭活苗及二联活疫苗,是预防由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的仔猪呕吐,水样腹泻及新生仔猪高死亡率(可达100％)的高度传染性肠道病发病的主要手段。两种疫苗主要用于妊娠母猪的被动免疫以保护仔猪,也用于主动免疫保护不同年龄的猪只。     

猪流行性腹泻与猪传染性胃肠炎二联油乳剂灭活疫苗的田间免疫试验

猪流行性腹泻(PED)和猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)是猪常见的两种急性、烈性、病毒性腹泻.PED和TGE在我国流行十分广泛,冬春季节年复一年地在猪群中发生,给养猪业造成重大的经济损失.由于猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)在病原学、流行病学、临床症状及病理变化等方面都十分相似,只有依靠实验室诊断技术才能区别.而在流行季节,猪群中PED和TGE可以单独发生,亦可混合感染,混合感染率可达30%.因而在腹泻症流行的地区需同时免疫接种PED和TGE疫苗才能有效控制病毒性腹泻的发生与流行.为此我们进行了PED和TGE二联油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究,并进行了免疫试验,现将疫苗的田间试验结果报告如下.     

猪流行性腹泻和传染性胃肠炎弱毒二联疫苗免疫抗体应答的研究

用猪流行性腹泻（PED）和传染性胃肠炎（TGE）弱毒二联疫苗（下称二联苗）免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的妊娠母猪，仔猪出生后第7、14、21和28d抽取仔猪血样用微量血清中和试验检测血清抗体。结果，免疫母猪所产仔猪通过哺乳获得了相当高的血清抗体，在出生后第7d时接近母体的中和抗体水平，并随日龄增大而下降。二联苗免疫母猪所生仔猪和相同株的PED、TGE疫苗株免疫母猪所生仔猪的血清抗体变化基本相似。用二联苗免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的10日龄仔猪，并于免疫后以7d的间隔（1月龄内）或半月（1月龄后）间隔采取血样进行血清抗体检测。结果，用二联苗免疫抗体阴性的10日龄仔猪，抗体在免疫后第21d（TGE）或第28d（PED）达到最高值，但抗体下降缓慢，在免疫后第5月，免疫猪血清中仍能检测出抗体。相同弱毒株的PED和TGE疫苗免疫组的结果与之基本相同。提示，PED和TGE弱毒株联合免疫在诱导妊娠母猪和小猪产生抗体以及母猪产后向哺乳仔猪传递抗体方面未见有相互影响的现象。     

应用高免血清防治仔猪流行性腹泻与传染性胃肠炎

猪流行性腹泻(PED)与猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)均是由冠状病毒引起的,高免血清含有高效价的特异性抗体,给幼龄仔猪注射高免血清防治PED和TGE,能起到较好的预防与治疗作用。     

不同免疫程序对猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了研究不同免疫程序对猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫效果的影响,试验选取河南省8个猪场,每个猪场受试猪随机分为2组,采用2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗、2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗、1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗+1次猪腹泻三联活疫苗、2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗等4种免疫程序进行试验,母猪于产仔当天收集初乳样本942份,采用ELISA法检测猪流行性腹泻(PED) IgA抗体。结果显示,2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗+1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗的免疫效果最好,但成本相对较高,其次是2次猪腹泻三联活疫苗和1次猪腹泻二联灭活苗+1次猪腹泻三联活疫苗,最后是2次猪腹泻二联灭活苗。结果表明,猪腹泻三联活疫苗单独或与猪腹泻二联灭活苗组合使用效果优于猪腹泻二联灭活苗。     

免疫接种途径及佐剂对猪传染性胃肠炎、流行性腹泻二联活疫苗免疫效果的影响

猪传染性胃肠炎（TGE）和猪流行性腹泻（PED）是两种严重威胁养猪业的病毒性传染病,其病原猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）和猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）同属于冠状病毒,形态相似,繁殖的靶器官相同,引起猪呕吐、脱水及水样腹泻,对仔猪具有高度致死率[1-3]。     

猪传染性胃肠炎及流行性腹泻比较研究

猪传染性胃肠炎（porcinetransmissiblegastroenteritis,TGE）和猪流行性腹泻（porcineepidemicdiarrhoea,PED）分别是由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）和猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）引起的以猪呕吐、腹泻、脱水为特征的传染病。TGE猪传染性胃肠炎对新生仔猪具有高度致死率,虽然不同年龄的猪对这种病毒均易感,但5周龄以上猪的死亡率则很低。     

抗猪传染性胃肠炎病毒与猪流行性腹泻病毒卵黄抗体制备及其临床应用研究

本研究旨在制备猪传染性胃肠炎病毒和猪流行性腹泻病毒高免卵黄抗体,研究其治疗效果。以猪传染性胃肠炎和猪流行性腹泻二联灭活苗免疫产蛋鸡,琼脂扩散方法检测抗体效价达到1∶64时,收集卵黄,采用氯仿抽提和硫酸铵盐析法纯化卵黄抗体,进行微生物学检测、安全性试验,通过人工感染治疗试验和临床应用,观察其治疗效果。结果人工感染治愈率为100%,临床应用治愈率为88.0%,表明制备的卵黄抗体对猪传染性胃肠炎和流行性腹泻具有显著的治疗效果。     

猪传染性胃肠炎与猪流行性腹泻二联氢氧化铝细胞灭活疫苗的研究

猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)细胞灭活苗的主、被动免疫试验的保护率为93.55％及76.34％,猪流行性腹泻细胞灭活苗的主、被动免疫试验的保护率为88.89％及90.7％。在此基础上,进行了TGE、PED二联氢氧化铝灭活苗的研究。灭活前细胞毒毒价均为10~(7.0)-10~(7.5)TCID_50/0.3ml,主动免疫保护率:TGE100％、PED92％。被动免疫保护率:TCE87.9％、PED82.4％。免疫期6个月。疫苗保存期一年。田间试验保护率为92～96.35％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in