关于甜椒花芽形成和发育的研究

1 目的与材料方法 目前关于甜椒花芽发育形态学研究较少,而且各学者对花芽发育阶段的划分也不尽一致。本试验为了明确甜椒花芽各发育阶段的形态特征,采用扫描电镜观察了甜椒花芽的形成过程和发育阶段,根据花芽形成、发育过程中的形态特征,划分出合理的花芽发育阶段。     

气象条件对柑桔花芽发育的影响

本文定量地建立了红桔和甜橙花芽发育过程若干性状指标的气候生态模型，揭示了气象条件对柑桔花芽发育的影响规律。     

不同光质补光对杨梅花芽发育的影响

【目的】探究不同光质补光处理对杨梅花芽分化和开花进程的影响。【方法】在相同设施条件下，采用色温3329 K的LED白光灯和色温1531 K的LED红光灯对杨梅树进行补光处理，测定树体周围光照度、叶片叶绿素含量、花芽数量和大小，通过形态和解剖观察花芽的萌发及发育状态，以明确不同光质补光处理对杨梅花芽生长的影响。【结果】2种光质补光处理均显著改善树体周围光环境，其中白光处理显著提高树体周围光照度。红光处理下杨梅分化形成的花芽数目最多，同期花芽最大、发育最快，利于提前花期；白光处理也在一定程度上促进花芽生长发育，但花芽数目、花芽纵横径以及花芽发育状态都弱于红光处理；对照组的花芽数量最少，萌发最晚。表明2种不同光质的补光处理均有利于花芽发育，其中较高比例红光的促进效果最为明显。【结论】对设施栽培杨梅树进行补光处理，可显著增加花芽数目，提高花芽纵横径，促进提早开花。其中红光处理促进作用优于白光处理。该研究结果对杨梅设施栽培具有指导作用。     

杭州和泰安甜樱桃不同发育阶段花芽内含物及花芽质量的比较研究

【目的】比较杭州和泰安地区甜樱桃在休眠前、休眠中、花芽萌动前花芽内营养物质含量与内源激素水平差异,对花芽萌动前两地区甜樱桃花芽内含物及其与花芽质量相关的综合分析,从生理水平揭示杭州地区花芽发育质量较低的原因。【方法】以低温需冷量不同的2个甜樱桃品种为试材,比较杭州和泰安地区相同甜樱桃品种在不同发育阶段花芽内含物水平差异,对花芽萌动前甜樱桃花芽内含物进行主成分分析并与花芽形态指标、花器官发育质量进行相关性分析。【结果】两地区甜樱桃在不同发育阶段花芽内含物有较大差异。杭州地区甜樱桃在进入休眠后花芽内淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量先大量增加后下降,还原糖含量基本稳定,泰安地区甜樱桃花芽内可溶性蛋白含量增加。在花芽萌动前,泰安甜樱桃(TS、TB)花芽内可溶性蛋白含量分别为杭州甜樱桃(HS、HB)的1.16、1.13倍,还原糖含量分别是其的2.00、1.59倍。主成分分析表明,在花芽萌动前,泰安地区甜樱桃花芽内含物水平较高。相关性分析表明,花芽萌动前花芽内含物水平与花芽大小及后期花器官发育质量相关。【结论】花芽萌动前,杭州地区甜樱桃花芽内营养物质贮备较不充足,其内含物水平偏低,尤其是可溶性蛋白、还原糖含量较低,使后期花器官发育质量均受到一定影响。     

黄瓜性别决定解剖学研究

解剖研究结果表明：黄瓜性别决定与雌雄蕊输导组织的分化和发育密切相关，如果花芽雌蕊输导组织不分化或不发达，则形成雄花，反之花芽形成雌花。如果雌雄蕊输导组织同步分化发育，则花芽形成二性花。     

露地和日光温室甜樱桃花芽发育特征及胚珠多糖定位观察

通过观察‘早红宝石’从萌动期至谢花期的花芽发育特征及胚珠多糖定位,进一步探讨高温造成甜樱桃胚囊败育原因。结果表明,在同一物候期,露地、温室、破眠剂处理的花芽发育特征及胚珠淀粉粒定位一致;在同一物候期,温室‘早红宝石’胚珠淀粉粒数量多于露地和破眠剂处理的,分布区域也大于后两者;破眠剂处理的花后2 d胚珠淀粉粒数量多于对照,分布区域也增加。分析认为,温度是决定甜樱桃花芽发育进程、胚珠多糖数量及分布的重要因素。高温加速花芽发育,却抑制胚珠多糖水解,难以满足胚珠、胚囊快速发育对碳水化合物的需求,最终胚囊败育。破眠剂可提早花芽发育进程,有效提高胚囊发育质量,其生物学效应类似于某种高温逆境逃避机制。     

关于苹果花芽生理分化时期的研究

作者在过去研究苹果花芽形态分化开始时期的基础上,用去叶疏果和喷GA的办法进行了生理分化时期的研究。结果表明,为了形成花芽而进行的生理变化从枝条停长就开始了,一直持续到形态分化开始之前。这一时期与“花芽孕育的临界时期”(Critical period of flower bud induction)完全符合。这一时期的长短是某一品种完成其花芽形成所必需的。这一要求得不到满足,花芽就不能形成。花器官一旦开始形成就不可逆转。花芽(花器官)的发育与花芽形成是两个完全不同质的发育阶段。花芽一旦形成,在它进一步的发育过程中,以前为形成花芽所“必需”的那个“条件”,就不再是必要的了。花芽形成的时期与树冠外围新梢停长或缓慢生长没有内在的直接联系。     

紫花地丁开放花与闭锁花的发育及可溶性糖与淀粉含量的研究

紫花地丁(Viola philippica)为典型的两型花自花受精植物,具有开放花和闭锁花混合繁育系统。通过对开放花和闭锁花花芽形态发育的比较发现:开放花与闭锁花在花芽发育早期形态相似,4轮花器官原基均正常发生。出现明显差异的时期为4轮花器官原基形成以后,小孢子发育时期为产孢细胞阶段,开放花的5个花瓣与5枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有4个花药室;而闭锁花只有2枚雄蕊继续发育,每个雄蕊有2个花药室,其余雄蕊与所有的花瓣依然为器官原基状态,不再发育。通过对花芽与叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量的检测发现,花器官原基形成之后,开放花与闭锁花形态出现明显差异阶段开始,随着花芽的发育,可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈上升趋势,且开放花花芽中的含量均明显高于对应发育阶段闭锁花花芽;而开放花植株的叶片可溶性糖与淀粉含量均低于闭锁花植株叶片,说明开放花所需要的能量高于闭锁花,推测可溶性糖与淀粉含量的差异与两型花发育有一定的关系。     

石榴花芽形态分化的研究

作者连续５年观察了安徽怀远石榴的花芽形态分化过程，各种花的着生位置，退化花的成因。观察结果表明，石榴的花芽形态分化可分为６个时期，历时约１０个月。退化花子房内空，胚珠发育到珠被时即停止发育。     

果树冻害的预防及冻后管理

1冻害表现 1．1花芽花芽受冻严重时,内部变褐色,外部芽鳞松散,到后期干缩枯萎,一触即落;受冻较轻的花芽,花原基受冻而尚能抽生枝叶,或部分花芽尚能开花结实,但发育迟缓,叶或果实往往畸形。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.