There was no improvement in body weight when 3% fish meal was added to the diet, but with 6% added fish meal an increase in body weight was obtained as compared with chicks fed on diets containing o and 3% fish meal. Calcium phosphate‐supplemented diets gave better results than soft phosphate diets when fed with the o or the 3% fish meal diet. There was no difference in the performance of the chicks fed two inorganic phosphorus sources in the 6% fish meal diet. Maximum performance was obtained with soft phosphate in combination with 6% fish meal. Maximum performance was also obtained with soft phosphate when the phosphorus in fish meal was substituted with an equal amount from calcium phosphate. The level of fish meal in the diet did not effect bone ash of birds fed on calcium phosphate‐supplemented diets when ratios were comparable.
The addition of fish meal to the diet gave no increased advantages that could not be obtained when calcium phosphate supplied a comparable amount of phosphorus. 相似文献
2. Responses in weight gain, bone ash, food intake and food : gain ratio showed no significant differences due to varying dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations.
3. It appears that growing Japanese quail require not more than 5 g calcium and not more than 5 g phosphorus (2 g available phosphorus)/kg diet (398 mg calcium and 398 mg phosphorus or 159 mg available phosphorus MJ ME). 相似文献
2. Maximum growth rate and optimal food conversion were reached with diets containing 4.6 and 4.2 g calcium per kg between 3 to 8 weeks and 8 to 12 weeks respectively.
3. Femur, tibia, tarso‐metatarsus and humerus characteristics were measured. Bone sizes and ash contents were scarcely influenced by calcium supply. Effects, when significant, remained very weak. The best bone characteristics were obtained with 4.0 g available phosphorus and 8.4 g calcium per kg diet between 3 and 8 weeks of age, and 2–6 g available phosphorus and 4.3 g calcium per kg diet between 8 and 12 weeks of age. 相似文献
2.?In a preliminary study, 4 diets were given to chicks from 3 to 15 d of age: D1 (6·5 g P/kg and Ca:P = 1·5) and D2, D3 and D4 (6·0, 5·4 and 5·0 g P/kg, respectively, and Ca:P = 1·2). Growth performance was similar across diets. Tibia ash was similar in chicks given D1 and D2, but was gradually depressed from D2 to D4 (?22%).
3.?In the depletion period, two groups of chicks, with similar performance, but with different mineral status were achieved by feeding them, from 5 to 15 d of age, diets with a similar Ca:P ratio of 1·2, but containing 6·3 or 5·2 g P/kg.
4.?During the subsequent 11 d of the repletion period, chicks from each of the two previous groups were given one of the 4 diets containing 5·7 g P/kg, but differing in their Ca (8·3 and 5·3 g Ca/kg) and microbial phytase (0 or 1000 FTU, Natuphos®) levels in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement.
5.?At the end of the repletion period, the initially depleted chicks could not be differentiated from the non-depleted chicks, indicating the capacity of chicks to compensate for their initial depleted mineral status.
6.?Interaction between dietary Ca and phytase levels was not significant. Phytase improved growth performance and bone characteristics. Reduced dietary Ca enhanced feed intake and growth rate, but depressed bone dry matter and ash weight.
7.?At the end, diets supplemented with phytase maximised bone ash weight when chicks were fed with a Ca:P ratio of 1·5 but elicited the highest growth rate when chicks were fed with a Ca:P ratio of 0·9. 相似文献
2. Treatments did not affect egg numbers, food consumption, conversion efficiency of food to egg, bodyweight gain or mortality.
3. Increasing dietary calcium (Ca) significantly increased plasma Ca and inorganic phosphorus (P), breaking strength at the radius and egg specific gravity and significantly decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase and egg weight.
4. Increasing dietary phosphorus increased plasma P and decreased egg specific gravity significantly.
5. Plasma Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase and radius breaking strength were suitable indices of the Ca status of the hens. 相似文献
2. Graded amounts of supplemental phytase (125, 250, or 500 PU/kg diet) resulted in significant increases in both growth rate and food intake. However, only moderate improvements in food conversion were noted.
3. The enhancement of chick performance was related to an improved utilisation of dietary phosphorus, as confirmed by significantly elevated plasma concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and increased tibia ash percentages in birds receiving phytase‐treated diets. The apparent availability of phosphorus was markedly improved and its concentration in excreta was reduced (experiment 1, P<0.05).
4. It was concluded that an inclusion of phytase into practical broiler diet will allow the reduction or omission of additional dietary inorganic phosphorus. 相似文献
2. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. Plasma calcium and phosphorus concentration along with plasma and digestive ALP were assayed throughout the trial. Trypsin, α-amylase, lipase and total protease activity were assayed at 14 and 28 d of age. Tibia ash, calcium and phosphorus content and breaking strength were measured at 14, 28 and 42 d of age. Phosphorus digestibility was measured at 36 d of age.
3. Body weight and feed intake showed no significant differences between controls and diets containing 12 and 36 g/kg GCB. Tibia ash and tibia length were increased by supplementation of GCB (P ≤ 0.001). Tibia calcium and phosphorus content were increased by GCB inclusion at 14 d of age (P ≤ 0.001). Digestive alkaline phosphatase activity was increased and trypsin activity was reduced by inclusion of GCB (P ≤ 0.001; P ≤ 0.004). α-amylase activity decreased by inclusion of 12 and 24 g/kg GCB, whereas an increase in α-amylase activity was observed by inclusion of 36 g/kg GCB (P ≤ 0.001). Supplementation of diets with GCB increased phosphorus digestibility (P ≤ 0.01) and suppressed ileum growth during the experimental period.
4. Results of the current study showed that phosphorus from gelatin can greatly improve broiler bone characteristics and phosphorus digestibility and complete elimination of inorganic phosphate sources from broiler diets is feasible with inclusion of 36 g/kg high phosphorus gelatin. 相似文献
2. The parameters that were measured were growth performance indices, serum biochemical activity as well as ash and mineral (i.e. Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn) content of tibia, breast muscle and liver.
3. Results indicated that both supplemental B and dietary Ca and aP had marginal effects on performance indices of chickens grown for 42 d.
4. There were positive correlations (linear effect) between B concentrations of serum, bone, breast muscle and liver and the amount of B consumed.
5. Serum T3 and T4 activities increased linearly with higher B supplementation.
6. Increasing supplemental B had significant implications on breast muscle and liver mineral composition. Lowering dietary Ca and aP level increased Cu content in liver and both Fe and Zn retention in breast muscle. Tibia ash content and mineral composition did not respond to dietary modifications with either Ca–aP or B.
7. The results also suggested that dietary contents of Ca and aP do not affect the response to B regarding tissue mineral profile. Dietary combination with B and PHY did not create a synergism with regard to growth performance and bioavailability of the minerals. 相似文献
2. A reduction by 18% in the dietary Ca-P concentration from the recommended levels for the hen strain reduced (P < 0.01) faecal excretion of ash, Ca and P concentrations, and shear force with stress of the tibia in association with decreased feed intake, whereas improved albumen height and Haugh unit values in the egg.
3. Supplemental B significantly decreased the feed consumption, egg weight and final body weight in hens, as well as the albumen height, but had no effect on either the biomechanical characteristics of bones or the mineral profile of the bones and serum. However, there was a significant increase in the egg production rate and a reduction in the damaged and shell-less egg ratio, and in the feed conversion rate in hens fed adequate Ca-P with 150 mg/kg B compared to those of the unsupplemented controls.
4. The amount of B that accumulated in the bones and serum was correlated with the amount of B consumed. B increased the faecal excretion of ash, Ca and B. In general, dietary variables had no effect on mineral composition of serum and tibia.
5. The magnitude of the response to dietary B was much more pronounced in hens fed a diet deficient in Ca-P with 75 mg/kg B; these hens exhibited a production performance and an egg quality comparable to those given adequate Ca-P with no added B.
6. The data presented in this study describing the measured bone properties did not corroborate the hypothesis that B is a trace element playing an important role in mineral metabolism and bone strength through an interaction with Ca, P and Mg. 相似文献
2. Treatment with TA improved growth, increased carcass moisture and tended to decrease carcass fat and ash; protein content was not altered by implantation.
3. Treatment with TA produced a marked improvement in efficiency of conversion of dietary protein to carcass protein.
4. Carcass formation of 70‐ and 77‐d‐old turkeys of both sexes implanted with 20 mg TA at 49 d of age was not markedly different from that of controls in terms of the relative proportions of the major body components nor in relative skeletal proportions.
5. Implantation with TA reduced linear and appositional skeletal growth both relative to soft tissue growth and relative to skeletal growth of control turkeys.
6. The rate of bone remodelling was reduced more than the rate of appositional growth so that bone cortical thickness was increased.
7. The changes in the skeleton effected by TA are consistent with the hypothesis that the drug acts by decreasing the rate of protein turnover, with catabolism being depressed more than anabolism. 相似文献
2. After a return to a normal diet (3% Ca) egg weight, shell weight, ovarian characteristics and oviduct size were of a similar nature in the two groups, though the differences in egg weight, shell weight and shell calcium were significant at the 1 % level.
3. Bone weight and bone ash did not differ significantly between the groups but after a return to normal rations, bone weight and bone ash became higher in the group that had received the 0.05% Ca diet.
4. There were no clinical signs of bone demineralisation during the experiments. 相似文献
2. Hens received an adequate conventional layers’ diet and the lighting pattern was conventional (17 L:7 D). Observations were made early (31 to 40 weeks) and late (62 to 68 weeks of age) in the laying period.
3. Eggs were classified by position in the clutch sequence and significant negative correlations were found between shell weights of early eggs in the sequence and plasma phosphate at the end of the dark period.
4. No significant trends were found in plasma total calcium.
5. No significant differences were found in bone compositions of birds producing consistently more or less than average shell weight during the laying period.
6. The negative correlations between plasma phosphate and shell weight are consistent with the observations of Sauveur and Mongin (1983) and show that impairment of shell deposition is associated with skeletal mobilisation as indicated by increase in plasma phosphate. This is consistent with the observations on bone composition and indicates that selection for shell quality will tend to select birds which are not dependent on excessive skeletal mobilisation during shell formation. 相似文献
2. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and mortality records were collected. Two birds per replicate were killed at 24 d of age to obtain tibia samples.
3. Increasing Ca level significantly reduced the FI and body weight gain (BWG) between hatch and 10 and 24 d, especially with the phytase-supplemented diets. However, phytase supplementation of the diet containing 4 g NPP/kg improved the FI and BWG at d 10 and 24. At d 24, phytase supplementation improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds that consumed diets containing high NPP. The overall FCR was better in birds offered the phytase-supplemented, medium-Ca diet.
4. There was a significant reduction in length, width and breaking strength of the tibia bone in birds fed on a diet with high Ca and low NPP. Phytase supplementation improved the tibia ash content and bone breaking strength of chicks fed on the diet containing 8 and 4 g/kg Ca and NPP, respectively. The Ca content of the tibia bone was low in birds fed on diets with 6 and 4 g/kg Ca and NPP, respectively, but this was counteracted by phytase supplementation.
5. Birds fed on diets with 4 g/kg NPP had the best carcass percentage and parts yield. Phytase supplementation to high-Ca diets significantly reduced the carcass yield of birds.
6. These results confirmed the detrimental effect of high dietary Ca on phytase activity and subsequent growth and bone development of birds, especially when NPP is in short supply. 相似文献
2. Seven experimental treatments in which different amounts of sodium chloride were supplied by the food and/or the drinking water were compared.
3. Increasing salt intake through the drinking water or the food reduced shell thickness and shell calcium, and increased the numbers of damaged eggs. Sodium chloride given in the drinking water was more effective in reducing shell quality and increasing plasma calcium and phosphorus than sodium chloride given in the food. 相似文献
Only the growing ration containing 1.83 per cent magnesium significantly reduced growth, percentage bone ash and food utilisation during the growing phase (9–20 weeks). In the laying phase (20–40 weeks) significantly greater gains in body weight and percentage bone ash were produced by the birds which had received the growing ration containing 1.83 per cent magnesium.
The magnesium content of the growing rations had no effect on rate of lay, egg weight or egg shell thickness.
Hens fed the laying ration containing 1.96 per cent magnesium gained less body weight, laid fewer and lighter eggs and utilised their food less efficiently than those fed other levels of magnesium.
Egg production and food required per dozen eggs were poorer with the ration containing 1.20 per cent magnesium, but were not statistically different from the rations containing 0.48 or 0.70 per cent magnesium.
Eggs with thinner shells were produced by hens fed the 1.96 per cent magnesium ration at 34 weeks of age than were produced by those fed the 0.48 or 0.70 per cent magnesium rations. 相似文献
The results indicate that growing pullets are able to use effectively organic sources of dietary phosphorus for growth and bone formation and can be reared satisfactorily on starter diets containing lower levels of total phosphorus than currently recommended.
Replacing protein of animal origin in pullet starter and growers' diets by soyabean meal and DL‐methionine or by extracted soyabean meal and extracted sunflower seed meal did not result in any adverse effects. 相似文献
2. In the starter period, growth performance and P retention were not affected by experimental diets. The high-NPP diet increased plasma P concentration, increased tibia ash and tibia P contents and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at d 21.
3. No significant interaction was observed between NPP concentrations in the starter and grower periods and phytase. The main effect data indicated that the increase in NPP concentration in the starter diets had no effects on growth performance in the grower period and overall. The high-NPP diet in the early stage of growth reduced plasma P concentration, plasma ALP activity and tibia ash content at d 42. The main effect data also showed that exogenous phytase increased body weight gain in the grower period and overall.
4. It can be concluded that feeding increased NPP diets have no effects on growth performance in the starter period. This feeding strategy results in negative effects on plasma P concentration and bone ash content at d 42. Also, exogenous phytase is effective in improving growth performance, bone characteristics and apparent P retention of growing broilers fed diets that are inadequate in phosphorus. 相似文献
2. One-d-old commercial Arbor Acres broilers were fed with a maize–soya bean basal diet for 42 d, supplemented with oils according to the following 5 treatments: lard (lard group); linseed oil (linseed oil group); palm oil (palm oil group); linseed oil + palm oil (60:40 or 40:60 w/w, LP-1 group and LP-2 group, respectively).
3. No significant differences in weight gain, feed intake and gain/feed ratio were observed between the lard and linseed oil groups. Birds fed on palm oil had significantly greater weight gain and feed intake than those fed on lard or linseed oil. Growth performance in LP-1 and LP-2 was significantly greater than that of single-oil groups.
4. Tibia growth and bone characteristics were not influenced by supplementation with lard, linseed oil, or palm oil alone, but broilers fed on a mixture of fats had significantly greater tibia weight and length compared to broilers fed on linseed oil. Bone mineral density in tibia was significantly increased in LP-1 and LP-2 groups.
5. Supplementation of linseed oil alone or in combination with palm oil enhanced apparent digestibility of calcium, reduced serum calcium and increased tibia calcium concentrations. Moreover, supplementation with linseed oil alone or in combination with palm oil had a positive effect on biomarkers of bone growth.
6. The combination of linseed and palm oils was beneficial for growth performance, tibia growth and biomarkers of bone metabolism. 相似文献
2. All diets were formulated to contain 10.6 MJ ME/kg.
3. Three pens of birds receiving the diet containing 23 g calcium/kg were also offered grit free choice containing 280 g calcium/kg.
4. There were no effects of treatment on food consumption or reproductive performance. 相似文献
Egg yield was not significantly influenced by the diets, except that the production of birds fed on the diet containing 5 per cent calcium without supplementary phosphorus was significantly depressed. Food intake was not adversely affected by the higher levels of ground limestone; in fact, there was a positive regression of food consumption on the percentage of calcium in the diet. Because of the greater food intake and the lower egg production, food consumed per dozen eggs and cost of food per dozen eggs were higher in the groups receiving 5 per cent dietary calcium without phosphorus supplementation, compared with groups which received lower dietary levels of calcium. There were, however, no significant differences between the various groups in income or in the margin of income over costs, per bird or per dozen eggs.
The data on egg grading showed that over the two experiments and at all levels of calcium there was no evidence of any influence of phosphorus on the combined percentage of large and standard eggs. The average percentage for the two diets with the 5 per cent level of calcium was significantly greater than the combined average for all the other diets.
The average percentage of cracked eggs for the groups with diets containing 5 per cent calcium was 9.4 per cent compared with an average of 11.1 per cent for all the other diets, but the difference was not significant.
The results suggest that there is no economic advantage in raising the calcium content of the basal diet used in these experiments beyond the level of 3.14 per cent and that at this level there appears to be no need with this basal diet to supplement the phosphorus content. 相似文献