马尾松种子园及其附近人工林的亲子代群体遗传结构分析

利用同工酶标记对广西覃塘林场马尾松无性系种子园及其附近一人工林的亲子代群体遗传结构进行研究。研究结果表明，不论是种子园还是附近人工林均表现为：亲代群体处于遗传平衡状态，杂合体相对过量，但子代已偏离遗传平衡，杂合体相对不足，亲子代的基因频率变化不大。种子园亲代群体的遗传多样性略高于子代，而附近人工林的亲代群体遗传多样性略低于子代。本文研究的种子园具有较宽的遗传基础，该种子园附近人工林的遗传多样性与种子园接近，但不论是人工林本身还是它的子代其多样性平均水平都较种子园的亲代和子代略低。     

短枝木麻黄种子散布模式及子代群体的遗传多样性分析

[目的 ]利用短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)实生人工林群体及其自由落种长成的天然更新群体,开展短枝木麻黄种子散布规律研究,比较天然更新群体(子代群体)与其母本群体以及30年生实生人工林群体的遗传多样性差异,为人工促进木麻黄天然更新提供理论依据。[方法 ]利用木麻黄11个SSR标记位点的遗传分型数据,通过亲本分析软件Cervus 3.0对天然更新群体植株的母本进行确定,分析短枝木麻黄种子散布的距离和模式,并利用遗传多样性参数对这3个群体的遗传多样性进行比较。[结果 ](1)子代和母本群体共367个个体样本在11个SSR位点共检测出137个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为6～24,平均有效等位基因数为4.95,平均期望杂合度、观测杂合度和多态性信息量分别为0.75、0.77和0.72,所有位点均属于中或高度多态性位点。(2)在80%的置信区间下,利用11个标记位点的分型数据,可为148株子代确定它们的母本,占鉴定子代总数的72.20%;种子的有效散布距离为10～130 m,平均散布距离为71 m,属于短距离传播;天然更新群体的母本主要集中在样地的东北和东部,2个方向的母本对子代的贡献率为75.00%。(3)从3个群体中各选择84株个体的DNA样品进行遗传多样性比较,结果显示:天然更新群体在各个遗传多样性参数上均低于母本群体和实生人工林群体,但其参数表明该群体仍具有较高的遗传多样性。[结论 ]短枝木麻黄种子散布属于短距离传播,天然更新群体可以保持较高的遗传多样性,这为人工促进木麻黄实生林的天然更新提供了理论基础。     

木荷种子园的遗传多样性和交配系统

【目的】研究木荷种子园遗传多样性和交配系统,揭示种子园交配机制对后代遗传多样性的影响以及亲、子代遗传多样性变化规律,为木荷种子园遗传管理提供科学依据。【方法】以浙江省兰溪苗圃木荷种子园自由授粉子代为研究对象,运用13对SSR引物,对种子园内44个亲本及11个无性系的328个子代进行分析。【结果】在亲本群体中检测到等位基因数(N_a)5~9个不等,平均为6.286,有效等位基因数(N_e)为3.097;在子代群体中检测到5~11个等位基因(N_a),平均为7.786,较亲本群体高出1.500个等位基因,子代群体的有效等位基因数(N_e)为3.751,较亲本群体高出0.654个有效等位基因。子代群体包含亲本群体所有的等位基因,此外,还检测到1~5个子代特有等位基因。亲本群体遗传多样性水平适中(H_e=0.632),子代群体遗传多样性(H_e=0.600)比亲本略有降低,观测杂合度(Ho)略高于亲本,说明子代群体中实际观察到的杂合单株占全部单株的比例均较亲本有所增加,但差异不大。子代群体Nei’s基因多样度(h)和Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0.611和1.152,均与亲本群体基本保持一致。子代群体的F值为-0.143,存在杂合子过剩。多位点交配系统分析(MLTR)结果表明:种子园异交率较高,多位点异交率(t_m)为1.000,单位点异交率(t_s)为0.939,亲本的近交现象不显著(t_m-t_s=0.061),只有较少的双亲近交事件发生;但有效花粉供体数目较少(N_(ep)=2.3),单位点和多位点父本相关性的差值r_p(s)-r_p(m)=0.0120,表明只有小部分花粉供体是近亲关系。参试11个家系间异交率不存在明显差异(t_m为0.992~1.073),少数存在近交现象(31号:t_m-t_s=0.107;9号:t_m-t_s=0.117)。11个家系的父本相关性(r_p)和有效花粉供体数目变化较大,分别为0.210~0.762和1.3~4.8,说明各家系的父本相关性程度不一致,其中31号最高,最低的是48号。【结论】木荷种子园异交率高,近交现象不明显;无性系之间基因交流相对充分,遗传多样性丰富,子代能保持亲本所具有的较高的遗传多样性。     

马尾松种子园的遗传多样性与父本分析

林木种批品质的优劣应该从3个方面来理解:第一,播种品质,包括种子饱满度、千粒质量、发芽率等指标;第二,遗传品质,要求长成的个体具有优良的遗传特性,如生长量、木材品质等;第三,由于种批的遗传多样性大小直接关系到造林群体的适应性、抗逆性与稳定性,因此种批的遗传基础宽窄也应该作为种批品质的评价指标.当前,在人工造林中,种子通常来自于天然林或者是种子园,绝大多数是自由授粉的,而这些自由授粉的种子通常可能由固定的几个父本和母本交配产生(Lexer et al.,2000),其遗传多样性将直接影响到人工林的稳定性和适应性.     

杉木人工林干扰和自然条件下的遗传多样性研究

采用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,测定了杉木人工林的遗传多样性及受间伐和天然更新影响产生的变化.结果显示被选用的0.35hm2(230株)的小面积杉木人工林仍具有很高的遗传多样性,观察杂合度为0.357,期望杂合度为0.300.间伐后的林分几乎保留了原先林分全部的遗传多样性,天然实生更新子代保留了原先林分的约91%的遗传多样性.     

马尾松1代育种群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用12个ISSR标记分析马尾松1代育种群体中78个不同产地来源的优良亲本遗传变异,发现基于ISSR标记扩增的多态位点百分率、Nei's基因多样性指数和Shannon信息多样性指数均较高,表明马尾松1代育种亲本的整体遗传多样性水平较高.78个亲本之间遗传距离变化范围为0.115～0.776,平均遗传距离为0.371.亲本之间的ISSR遗传距离与亲本产地的纬向地理距离关系密切,纬度相差较大的亲本间ISSR遗传距离相对较大.利用部分参试亲本进行测交系交配并分析其中的优良杂交组合,发现大部分优良组合父本、母本产地的纬向地理距离较远,同时亲本间ISSR遗传距离也较大.根据本研究结果,应优先选择来自纬度差异较大的不同种源区、同时ISSR遗传距离也较大的优树作为高世代育种亲本,不仅能有效维持高世代育种群体较高的遗传多样性,也利于创制更多强优势杂交组合,提高杂种优势利用程度.     

桉树人工林培育研究进展

指出了桉树人工林生物多样性减少主要是因为遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性的减少。对桉树人工林培育的现状进行了研究与分析,并提出了相应的措施,以期对桉树人工林培育具有一定的现实意义。     

基于SRAP标记的土沉香遗传多样性分析

【目的】在我国野生土沉香被大量被采伐,种质资源越来越少,甚至面临消失的情况下,为了利用与保护野生土沉香提供理论依据,采用SRAP分子标记对其种源遗传多样性进行分析。【方法】基于我国11个土沉香种源群体和越南2个土沉香种源群体的SRAP结果,应用POPGEN32软件对遗传多样性参数进行计算。【结果】各群体Nei's基因多样度指数的变化范围为0.1715~0.5394,Shannon多样性指数的变化范围为0.2491~0.4837,多态位点百分比的变化范围为42.03%~76.81%。运用GenAlex 6.4软件对土沉香13个群体进行分子方差分析(Analysis of molecular variance,AMOVA),结果显示有30%的遗传变异来自土沉香群体间,70%的遗传变异来自土沉香群体内。【结论】13个土沉香种源有中度的遗传多样性和遗传分化,野生土沉香种质资源正日渐稀少,应该加强资源的保护与利用。     

桉树人工林培育研究进展

指出了桉树人工林生物多样性减少主要是因为遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性的减少。对桉树人工林培育的现状进行了研究与分析,并提出了相应的措施,以期对桉树人工林培育具有一定的现实意义。     

基于SSR标记的杜仲群体遗传多样性及遗传结构

通过分析杜仲群体的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构,旨在为杜仲资源的管理、保护和利用提供依据。利用9对基因组SSR引物对42个杜仲群体的868份种质资源进行遗传多样性分析、群体遗传结构分析、分子方差分析和聚类分析,主要结果如下:(1)遗传多样性分析表明,42个杜仲群体的遗传多样性水平均较高;(2)遗传结构分析表明,42个群体宜分为2个类群;(3)分子方差分析和聚类分析表明,杜仲的遗传变异主要在群体内,占93%,群体间的遗传变异仅占7%,群体间遗传分化水平低,相似程度高。本研究认为:杜仲群体的遗传多样性较高;杜仲群体间的遗传分化水平低,相似程度高;杜仲的遗传变异以群体内的变异为主,保护杜仲的遗传多样性时,应保存尽可能多的种群和特异单株。     

Ecological succession of a natural community of Castanopsis sclerophylla on Laoshan Island,China

Castanopsis sclerophylla was surveyed for its root turion capacity on Laoshan Island in Zhejiang Province and dispersion patterns of seedlings,genetic diversity and genetic variation coefficient was studied using a SSR(simple sequence repeat) molecular marker technique to explore the genetic diversity of C.sclerophylla(Lindl.) Schott as a community and evaluate the community's development.The results showed that C.sclerophylla had strong root turion capacity,of which type Re2 was the most frequent,accounting for 32.4 and 82.4 % of the seedlings under the stock plant were from within-community mating;the 6 pairs of SSR primers chosen yielded high resolution with 97.6 % polymorphic sites;the within-community genetic diversity was over 88.9 % with stock plants(0.49)[seedling plants(0.45).Apparently,C.scerophyllan on Laoshan Island,propagating mainly by root turions,has developed high genetic diversity within a short period,keeping the community in a stage of stable growth and moving toward a climax community.The tillers,however,aggravate closing of the community so that it receives less pollen from outside.Within-community mating is thus reaching seriously high levels,which can lead to lower within-community genetic variation,a decline in DNA genetic diversity,and is bad for its development.Therefore,human interference should be taken to expand genetic exchange among communities.     

Effect of forest management on gene pools

The influence of current forest management practices on gene pools is discussed. These forest management methods range from natural regeneration to replacing local species with exotics. Genetic changes caused by drift, alterations in the mating system, and directional selection are considered. A baseline is provided by information on genetic variation and demography of natural populations. While biochemical markers are useful for monitoring broad changes in genetic diversity or levels of inbreeding, changes of adaptive characters are likely to go undetected because of the low correlation in level and pattern of variation between biochemical and adaptive characters.     

A population genetic study in a scattered forest species, wild service tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz], using RAPD markers

Wild service tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz] is a forest tree widespread in Europe, characterized by a scattered distribution. Its hermaphroditic flowers are pollinated by insects, and outcrossing is the prominent mating system, also due to the presence of gametophytic self-incompatibility. Genetic diversity and differentiation of 22 populations from northwestern Italy were investigated by means of variation scored at 53 polymorphic RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) loci. Populations differed in genetic variation, with Shannon diversity index ranging from 0.166 to 0.469. According to Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), most of the genetic variation was found within populations (61.78%) with a significant proportion of variance attributable to genetic differences between regions (23.60%) and between populations (14.62%). Evidence for isolation by distance was found in the set of populations sampled. The effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic variation was also evaluated. The efficacy of RAPD markers in analysing genetic variation, and the contribution of the results in terms of the preservation of biodiversity are discussed.     

Genetic diversity of Pinus densiflora pollen flowing over fragmented populations during a mating season

We attempted to evaluate the genetic diversity of long-distance transported pollen flowing over fragmented Pinus densiflora populations during a mating season. A P.?densiflora clonal seed orchard, which was located in a rural area where many fragmented populations exist, was selected for pollen capture. Immigrant pollen captured by three clones having different flowering times was regarded as the pollen flowing over fragmented populations during a mating season. The genetic diversity (H _e) values of the immigrant pollen captured by the three clones were high (H _e?>?0.894). The correlation of paternity (r _p) values of the seeds having immigrant parent generated from the three clones were calculated to be negative. From these parameters, the pollen cloud is considered to have maintained high genetic diversity during the mating season. The genetic composition of the pollen cloud showed slight variation. The pollen captured by different trees (i.e., clonal ramets of the three clones) was significantly different based on analysis of molecular variance. Especially, the pollen pools captured by trees planted in the western side of the orchard were significantly different from the gene pool of the surrounding populations. Factors affecting this differentiation could be that the donors of the pollen transported to the orchard vary with time, as well as nonuniform dispersal of the pollen. From these results, the pollen flowing over fragmented P.?densiflora populations is considered to have high genetic diversity, compensating to some extent for fragmentation.     

Tolerance of broadleaved tree and shrub seedlings to preemergence herbicides

Isoenzymes were used to study the genetic variation of 121 mature trees of Sorbus torminalis in a natural stand and a subset of 21 high yielding seed trees in the same stand used for a commercial harvest. Eight enzyme systems were studied. The genetic variation of the mature stand was higher than that of other stands reported in the literature. However, this level of genetic variation was not represented to the same extent by the seeds of the commercial harvest. Differences between the bud sample taken from the mature stand and the seed sample taken from the commercial subset were particularly obvious with respect to diversity measures and heterozygosities. The hypothetical gametic multilocus diversity (HGMD) of a bud sample of the mature Sorbus torminalis trees was more than 70% higher (94.1) than the value of the seed harvest sample (55.1). Deviations between the genetic structures of both samples were statistically significant. There is no indication that inbreeding is an essential component of the mating system of Sorbus torminalis. The potential causes for the lack of Sorbus torminalis seedlings and saplings originated from seeds and their consequences for regenerating this species are discussed. This research underscores that sampling a forest tree population for commercial harvest can result in a statistically significant reduction in the genetic diversity of the sampled group relative to the overall population.     

林木群体交配系统研究进展

本文简要回顾了林木群体交配系统研究的历史,重点阐述了利用同工酶作为遗传标记对该问题的研究进展。目前开展交配系统研究的树种已超过52个,大部分研究集中在针叶树种,研究群体由原来的天然群体为主,到后来的天然群体与人工群体并重,转对人工群体的研究日渐加强。研究结果表明:针叶树种群体的异交率大都在90%左右,阔叶树种则相对较低,异交水平会因个体、冠层、群体密度、花量、花期不同而有所不同。根据上述情况,文章对今后的研究作了讨论,建议国内对同一领域开展研究的重点放在林木种子园中。     

甜槠林群落结构及物种多样性特征研究

在分析不同海拔高度甜槠林群落结构及物种重要值特征的基础上,应用物种多样性的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度等指标测定甜槠群落不同海拔梯度物种多样性,分析甜槠林物种多样性梯度变化效应。结果表明,甜槠群落物种多样性梯度变化规律明显;总体上物种多样性高,种类组成复杂,群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层层次明显。     

林木群体遗传资源可持续经营探讨Ⅰ.有关群体遗传变异信息理论分析

森林可持续经营问题逐渐成为人们关注的焦点 ,而林木群体遗传资源的可持续经营则是其中的重要内容。群体遗传变异信息对群体遗传资源可持续经营具有至关重要的指导作用 ,有关的信息涉及到交配系统、起源与形成历史、群体空间分布形成方式、遗传结构变异分布、地理变异、遗传与环境互作等。这些信息可以用分子标记和适应性数量性状变异来检测。依据这些综合信息可以制定出科学的群体遗传资源保护决策、理想的群体维持规模及合理的经营管理     

永泰青云山风景区森林群落物种多样性研究

应用shannon.simpson多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度指数等指标分析青云山风景区国家生态公益林物种多样性。结果表明:青云山风景区群落物种多样性较高,种类组成较复杂;物种多样性虽然与群落结构、生境有关系,但人为干扰对物种多样性影响更大。     

大黑山生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征分析

以大黑山水土保持生态修复工程示范区为研究区域,运用典型植物群落物种组成和群落物种多样性指数方法,对大黑山水土保持生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,生态修复区内天然次生林植物群落形成了乔灌草相结合的稳定的植物群落结构。人工林植物群落按生长型可以划为明显的乔木层和草本层2层群落结构类型;典型植物群落物种多样性指数的排序为:蒙古栎+蒙椴植物群落(Ⅱ)>山杏+黄榆植物群落(Ⅰ)>蒙古栎植物群落(Ⅲ)>油松+山杏混交植物群落(Ⅴ)>油松纯林植物群落(Ⅳ)>油松+沙棘混交植物群落(Ⅵ)>油松疏林植物群落(Ⅶ)。天然次生林植物群落的物种多样性要大于人工林植物群落。天然次生林植物群落由于远离人类活动区,长期以来受人为干扰较小,逐渐形成了相对比较发达的草本层植物群落。