Chemical composition of the underutilized legume Cassia hirsuta L.

Seven accessions of the underutilized legume, Cassia hirsuta L., seeds collected from seven different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu, India, were analyzed for proximate composition, total proteins, protein fractions, mineral profiles and selected antinutritional factors. Crude protein ranged from 15.52 to 20.74%, crude lipid 3.77–7.04%, crude fiber4.68–6.92%, ash 3.98–6.42% and carbohydrates 62.45–70.16%. Energyvalues of the seeds were 1549–1634 kJ/100 g (DM), which are comparable to those of other legumes. Data on seed protein fractions revealed thatglobulins constituted the bulk of the seed protein as in most legumes. Mineralcontents of the seeds showed greater variation. Potassium was the mostabundant mineral (1029–1786 mg/100 g), whereas manganese was low (2.1–2.2 mg/100 g). Antinutritional factors such as total free phenolics,tannins, L-DOPA and lectins were analyzed. The results of the studydemonstrated that the accessions of C. hirsuta seeds collectedfrom Tamil Nadu, India, could be good sources of some important nutrientsfor humans.     

Dyeing properties and colour fastness of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia tora L.</Emphasis> extract

A natural colorant was extracted fromCassia tora L. using buffer solutions (pH: 2–11) as extractants. The dyeing solution (Cassia tora L. extract) extracted using pH 9 buffer solution was found to give the highest K/S values of dyed fabrics. Cotton and silk fabrics were dyed withCassia tora L. extract at 60°C for 60 min with pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordants. It was found thatCassia tora L. extract was polygenetic dyestuffs and its major components were anthraquinones. Studies have been made on the effects of the kind of mordant on dyeing properties and colour fastnesses of cotton and silk fabrics. The K/S of cotton fabrics increased in the order of the dyeing using FeSO₄>CuSO₄>ZnSO₄>MnSO₄≅Al₂(SO₄)₃>NiSO₄>none, however, the K/S of silk fabrics increased in the order of the dyeing using FeSO₄>CuSO₄>ZnSO₄≅Al₂(SO₄)₃>MnSO₄≅NiSO₄>none. It was found that the K/S values of dyed fabrics were largely affected by the colour difference (ΔE) between mordanted fabric and control fabric. However, they were not depended on the content of mordanted metal ion of the fabrics. Mordants FeSO₄ and CuSO₄ for cotton fabric, FeSO₄, CuSO₄, and Al₂(SO₄)₃ for silk fabric were found to give good light fastness (rating 4).     

Essential oil composition of Hypericum perfoliatum L. and Hypericum tomentosum L. growing wild in Tunisia

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian native Hypericum perfoliatum L. (sect. Drosocarpium Spach.) and Hypericum tomentosum (sect. Adenosepalum Spach.) were analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the essential oils of H. perfoliatum with α-pinene (13.1%), allo-aromadendrene (11.4%), germacrene-D (10.6%), n-octane (7.3%), α-selinene (6.5%) and β-selinene (5.5%) as main constituents. Sixty-seven components were identified in the oil of H. tomentosum with menthone (17.0%), n-octane (9.9%), β-caryophyllene (5.3%), α-pinene (5.2%), lauric acid (4.1%) and β-pinene (3.7%) as the most abundant components. Both oils were characterized by the presence of many components which could have numerous applications in food, pharmaceutical and perfume industries.     

Partial chemical composition,free soluble sugars and unavailable carbohydrates in the embryonic axis and seed coat ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. (Canario group)

Four varieties of common bean were examined, but there were no significant differences among them. Crude protein content (46.7% and 49.0%) was the main constituent in embryonic axes. The average values of ash, crude fiber and ether extract were 4.2%, 3.7% and 3.0% respectively. Starch was approximately three times more abundant (7.5%) than cellulose (2.7%). Hemicellulose B values were lower (5.5%) than hemicellulose A (9.2%). The mean value of the pectic substances in embryonic axes was 12.3%. The free ethanol-soluble sugars ranged from 2.9% to 4.9%. Verbascose, stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, and galactose were identified and quantified in embryonic axes. Seed coat flour contained cellulose (30.6%), ether extract (0.4%), ash (2.8%), and protein (5.4%). Free ribose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose were present in seed coats in amounts ranging from 0.009% to 0.031%.     

Variability in essential oil content and composition of Origanum hirtum L., Origanum onites L., Coridothymus capitatus (L.) and Satureja thymbra L. populations from the Greek island Ikaria

Plants belonging to four “oregano” plant species (Origanum hirtum L., Origanum onites L., Coridothymus capitatus L., and Satureja thymbra L.) were collected during flowering from 33 sites located in the eastern part of the Greek island of Ikaria in the Eastern Aegean during April, May and July 2008. C. capitatus and O. hirtum were mostly observed in higher altitudes, whereas O. onites and S. thymbra in lower ones. The spatial distribution of all species was depicted on a GIS map. All four species exhibited essential oil concentrations higher than those reported in earlier literature, namely O. onites 3-4.3%, S. thymbra 4-6.5%, C. capitatus 3.7-5.6% and O. hirtum 5.5-10.0% (v/w). Carvacrol was the main constituent of the essential oils of all species, followed by γ-terpinene, p-cymene and caryophyllene, while thymol was not detected. All constituents varied remarkably among the four species, with carvacrol exhibiting the lowest variation. Carvacrol content varied between 72.3 and 89.2% in O. onites; 46.5 and 58.0% in S. thymbra; 82.9 and 90.9% in C. capitatus; and 84.4 and 93.8% in O. hirtum. By applying hierarchical cluster analysis on the basis of the essential oil constituents two main groups, divided into four subgroups of the taxa were evident. The first group consisted of O. onites and S. thymbra, while the second one of C. capitatus and O. hirtum. The results are discussed in terms of topography and climatic variation.     

甘蓝型油菜优良亲本对杂种后代产量性状的遗传效应分析

采用MINQUE(1)统计方法及AD模型,对11个甘蓝型油菜优良亲本和F1的12个主要产量性状进行遗传分析。结果表明：12个产量性状存在着极显著的加性效应和显性效应,且都存在与环境的互作;千粒重的广义遗传率和狭义遗传率都是最高。产量性状的平均优势表现较好,其中株高、有效分枝部位、一次有效角果数、角果粒数和理论产量表现好。在超亲优势方面,除株高和有效分枝部位为正向优势外,其它产量性状都表现为负向优势。亲本产量性状的遗传效应差异较大,选用合适亲本可明显改善杂种后代的产量性状。     

冰草EST-SSR引物和小麦EST-SSR引物在黑麦属基因组的通用性分析

为研究黑麦属植物的遗传多样性,开发R基因组特有的分子标记并绘制其遗传连锁图谱,选用1 343对冰草EST-SSR引物和786对小麦EST-SSR引物对新疆杂草黑麦和栽培黑麦(共计6份材料)的全基因组进行了PCR扩增,结果显示,有679对冰草EST-SSR引物能够扩出清晰的条带,占引物总数的50.6%;其中有187对引物在6份黑麦材料基因组中扩增产物表现为多态性,占其引物总数的13.9%,平均每对引物扩增条带数为1.1。有364对小麦EST-SSR引物可扩增出清晰的条带,占其引物总数的46.3%;其中有135对引物在6份黑麦材料基因组中扩增产物具有多态性,占其引物总数的17.1%,平均每对引物扩增条带数为2.0。冰草EST-SSR引物在黑麦中的有效扩增效率高于小麦EST-SSR的有效扩增效率,但扩增多态性后者大于前者。两种来源引物扩增强带比率分别为51.8%和32.6%。结果表明小麦和冰草的EST-SSR引物均可用于黑麦基因组分析研究。     

Literature review of an underutilized legume: Canavalia gladiata L.

The literature related to the legume commonly known as sword beans (Canavalia gladiata) that belongs to the genus Canavalia which is considered to be an underutilized legume, is reviewed. The legume seeds are considered to be a cheap source of good protein and calories that are easily available. However, even with this knowledge, the utilization of most legumes is apparently low. Sword beans have favorable agronomic features suitable for cultivation in the tropics and a high average yield comparable to that of soybeans. The agroclimatic conditions suitable for cultivation, morphological features, uses, chemical composition and the antinutritional factors of the plant are discussed.     

Fluorodensitometric estimation of cucurbitacin-C in leaves ofCucumis sativus L.

A quantitative method for the determination of cucurbitacin-C inCucumis sativus L. is presented. Crude chloroform extracts of the leaves were subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC). After treatment with antimony trichloride and heating, the fluorescence of the spots was measured with a flying spot densitometer.     

Effect of growth stage on the content and composition of the essential oil and phenolic fraction of sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.)

The variation in the content and composition of Origanum majorana L. essential oil has been studied. Plant material has been harvested at four phenological stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, budding and full-flowering). Essential oil yield varied from 0.04 to 0.09% reached during the full-flowering stage. Analysis of the essential oils by GC and GC/MS revealed the presence of 38 components represented mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes (64.01–71.4%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (21.73–29.92%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.47–4.05%). The main components were terpinen-4-ol (29.13–32.57%), cis-sabinene hydrate (19.9–29.27%), trans-sabinene hydrate (3.5–11.61%), γ-terpinene (2.11–8.20%), bornyl acetate (1.52–2.94%) and linalool (1.05–1.39%). On the other hand, phenolic contents varied from 2.706 to 6.834 mg/g of dry weight obtained during the later vegetative stage. RP-HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract of O. majorana L. dried aerial parts showed the predominance of phenolic acids during the early vegetative stage whereas flavonoids predominate during the other stages of growth. The main phenolic acids identified were trans-2-hydroxycinnamic, rosmarinic, vanillic, chlorogenic, gallic and cinnamic whereas the main flavonoids were amentoflavone, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, coumarin and rutin. Results obtained showed that later vegetative stage is characterized by the highest contents of bioactive compounds and therefore it could be considered as the best stage for harvesting marjoram plants.     

Oil content and fatty acid composition of promising IndianBrassica campestris L. (Toria) genotypes

Seeds of sixty four genotypes ofBrassica campestris L. (Toria) were analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content varied from 38.9% to 44.6%. Major fatty acids viz. oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids exhibited ranges from 10.1% to 17.3%, 5.9% to 14.5%, 5.2% to 15.0%, 7.7% to 13.7% and 39.6% to 59.9%, respectively. Compared to the standard cultivar ITSA, four genotypes contained 5 to 8% lower content of erucic acid; and six genotypes contained significantly higher content of linoleic acid. Oil was positively correlated with erucic acid. The observed inverse relationship between linoleic and erucic acid contents might be utilized in breeding nutritionally better Toria cultivars with both high linoleic and low erucic acid contents.     

Genetic control of phaseolin protein expression in seeds of common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Phaseolin, the major globulin seed storage protein of common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris L., accounts for up to 50% of the total seed protein. The rapid accumulation of phaseolin in the maturing seeds begins about 14 days after flowering and continues for some 12–14 days longer. However, the amount and rate of phaseolin accumulation, related to variation in onset, length, termination, and rate of synthesis, have been shown to vary between genotypes.Only three phaseolin electrophoretic types, designated T, S, and C after the cultivars Tendergreen, Sanilac, and Contender, respectively, have been identified among over 100 cultivated accessions. The narrow ranges of molecular weights and isoelectric points of the 14 protein polypeptides of phaseolin, as well as the homology observed from peptide mapping, suggest that the phaseolin polypeptides are similar proteins. Based on the results of crosses among cultivars having the three electrophoretic patterns, the genes controlling the polypeptides of each of the phaseolin types appear to be tightly linked, inherited in a block and the alleles are codominant.Substantial variation in phaseolin content, based on estimations using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, has been found among bean lines. Although most segregating populations show continuous distributions and quantitative inheritance, some inbred backcross lines having enhanced phaseolin accumulation appear to carry a few genes with major effects. A single gene that reduces the amount of phaseolin to less than one-half of the normal levels has been identified recently in an accession of wildP. vulgaris.     

分根区灌溉和氮肥处理对星油藤幼苗的影响

探讨分根区灌溉和氮肥对盆栽星油藤幼苗生长的影响。试验设置3个因素,灌水量、灌溉方式和氮肥,共7个处理,测量了幼苗生长、光合和水分利用效率等指标。结果表明：与充分灌溉相比,分根区灌溉的处理,生物量降低5％,节水75％,水分利用率高出60％,表现出极大的节水效益。重度干旱条件下,施氮肥的处理,根冠比增加达30％,但分根区灌溉处理叶面积指数下降38％,光合速率下降9％,生物量下降18％,分根区灌溉在严重干旱条件不适宜施氮肥。总之,在适度干旱条件下,分根区灌溉降低蒸腾,提高水分利用率,是一种有效的节水灌溉技术。     

52份波兰小麦种子性状分析

为了解波兰小麦籽粒及其品质性状,对52份波兰小麦品种籽粒性状进行了测定,并对其品质性状间的相关性进行了分析.结果 表明:(1)供试波兰小麦籽粒千粒重变异系数最高为42.27％,其次为粗蛋白、湿面筋含量,变异系数分别为11.47％和11.74％;较高原448,10号的籽粒千粒重提高46.95％,20号的粗蛋白含量提高10...     

盐胁迫下海马齿叶肉细胞超微结构观察

通过透射电镜,在超显微结构水平上对淡水和海水栽培的海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrumL.)植物叶肉细胞结构进行了比较。结果显示:海水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞质膜明显向内折叠,出现大量大小、形状各异的质膜突起,以及质膜片层;而淡水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞质膜向内折叠不明显,质膜突起少见。相对于淡水栽培,海水栽培的海马齿植物叶肉细胞叶绿体变小、数量增多;形状变短,由肾形、梭形或弓形变成椭圆形或一端膨大的不规则形状;叶绿体基粒片层结构清晰完整,垛叠程度增加,叶绿体没有受到明显伤害;叶绿体中淀粉粒数量增多,体积变大,淀粉粒表面出现皱褶,形状由长椭圆型变成短椭圆形或不规则形状,电子密度变低;叶绿体上脂质体增多且体积变大。线粒体数量增加,但体积变小;形状由圆球状或棒状变成椭圆体状;线粒体内膜向内折叠所形成的嵴清晰,但海水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞线粒体外膜模糊,受到轻微伤害。     

The oil content and fatty acid composition of various genotypes of cauliflower,turnip and radish

Seeds of thirteen genotypes of cauliflower, four of turnip and seven of radish were analysed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Turnip and radish had higher oil content as compared to cauliflower. Oleic, linoleic + eicosenoic and erucic acids were the major fatty acids in the oils of these seeds. Levels of erucic acid were in the order of radish < turnip < cauliflower. Compared to cauliflower and turnip seeds, radish seeds contained higher amounts of palmitic, oleic, and linolenic + eicosenoic acids and lower amounts of linoleic and erucic acids.     

黄淮冬麦区部分小麦品种(系)抗倒伏相关性状分析

半矮秆品种的应用大幅提高了小麦的抗倒伏(简称"抗倒")能力,但当小麦株高降低到一定程度时,势必造成产量降低。为了明确除株高外影响小麦抗倒性的关键性状,采用一组抗倒性较好的品种(系)(石4185、轮选103、轮选163、轮选126、矮抗58、小偃101和周麦18)与另一组抗倒性较差的品种(系)(轮选49、轮选136、中麦875、轮选87和轮选199),对抗倒性相关的13个性状进行分析。结果表明,抗倒性较好的品种(系)一般表现为植株较矮,第1、第2节间较短且较粗,第2节间壁较厚,大、小维管束数目较多,薄壁组织和厚壁组织较厚,茎秆抗折断力较强,而且两组品种(系)间在株高、第2节间长度、小维管束数目、厚壁组织厚度和茎秆抗折断力5个性状上存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。值得注意的是,不同抗倒性品种(系)在抗倒伏相关性状上表现不尽相同。相关和主成分分析进一步明确株高、第2节间长度和茎秆抗折断力是引起两组品种(系)抗倒性差异的关键性状,这3个性状可作为小麦抗倒伏育种的主要选择指标。     

Using chemical and biological treatments to reduce the potential of potato leak caused byPythium aphanidermatum in Tunisia

Summary The effect of fungicides and the antagonistic fungusTrichoderma harzianum (Th) on the potato leak pathogenPythium aphanidermatum (Pa) was investigated in vitro. Rot was reduced by 73% to 89% when tubers inoculated withPa were treated by immersion in solutions (0.5% w/v) of the fungicides Ridomil MZ58. Dithane M45. Manebe 80 and Tachigaren 360. Complete protection was achieved by dusting inoculated tubers with Ridomil MZ58 diluted in kaolin at a final concentration of 0.1% (w/w). The biological treatments of dipping inoculated tubers in a conidial water suspension ofTh at 10⁸ conidia/ml or of dusting with a mixture of a barley culture ofTh and kaolin to a final concentration of 2×10⁹ conidia/g were as effective as the chemical treatments. Control was still effective when inoculated tubers were treated with Ridomil MZ58. Tachigaren 360 or the conidial suspension ofTh after 24h incubation at 25°C.     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatments on weight loss and changes in chemical composition of potato tubers stored at 4°C

Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.     

17种除草剂对小麦田猪殃殃的防除效果

为筛选出对麦田恶性杂草猪殃殃防效较好的药剂,对17种除草剂开展了温室盆栽试验和田间小区试验。温室盆栽试验中,200g·L~(-1)氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油和25%灭草松水剂对猪殃殃有较好的抑制作用,试验剂量下鲜重抑制率均达100.00%。田间小区试验中,对猪殃殃防效最好的是80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂,用药25.00g(a.i)·hm~(-2)后30d对猪殃殃的株数防效为85.08%,药后60d的株数防效和鲜重防效则达100.00%;其次为50g·L~(-1)双氟磺草胺悬浮剂、200g·L~(-1)氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油。