鸡、鸭种蛋同机孵化的失重分析

试验对鸡、鸭种蛋进行同机孵化,即在同一孵化条件下进行试验,测定其在同一孵化条件下的孵化效果;同时对种蛋在孵化过程中的受精蛋和白蛋失重进行了测定。将鸡、鸭种蛋清洗、消毒后装入孵化机进行孵化,采用变温孵化,湿度控制在60%~65%之间,翻蛋1次/2 h,孵化中后期对鸭种蛋进行凉蛋处理,每隔3 d对鸡、鸭种蛋的重量进行测定,同时对孵化结果进行测定。鸡、鸭受精蛋失重率分别为10.84%、11.12%;鸡、鸭平均每天失重为0.60%、0.41%,鸡、鸭种蛋的受精蛋孵化率分别为96.8%、86.0%,健雏率分别为97.3%、96.5%。鸡、鸭种蛋进行同机孵化是可行的,蛋重对失重率有一定影响,鸡、鸭种蛋失重差异显著。     

鸡鸭种蛋同机孵化试验

<正> 一九八七年四月至五月,我们利用本所孵化房进行了多批鸡鸭两种蛋同机孵化的试验,取得了一些经验,现将试验结果报告如下: 一、试验材料 1、种蛋:种鸭蛋为狄高鸭;种鸡蛋为红波罗. 2、自动控温电孵机:为江西省黎川县德胜关孵化机厂制造的金雏牌孵化机。     

鸡蛋、鹅蛋同机孵化试验

皖西白鹅是我国优良水禽之一,一般采用自然孵化,产一窝蛋抱孵一次,影响产蛋量,且自然抱孵种蛋破损率高达10％以上。这种原始落后的繁殖方式,严重地制约养鹅业的发展。为了缩短鹅的抱孵期,提高产蛋量,增加经济效益,探索孵化新途径,我们进行了鸡蛋、鹅蛋同机孵化试验。现将结果报道如下:     

鸡鸭鹅同机孵化

鸡、鸭、鹅三禽在生物学特性上的差异,已为众所周知,而三禽蛋各自的胚胎发育,也是不尽相同。为了满足养禽生产的需要,提高电孵化机的利用率,降低孵化成本,在不降低孵化率的前提下,实行鸡鸭鹅同机孵化,采用一定的技术措施,是可以达到理想效果的。     

鸡、鹅种蛋共机孵化试验研究

<正> 本试验研究是用同一台小型电孵机、种蛋来源(鸡、鹅)相同。孵化机内控制温度在37.6±0.5℃,分批次先后入蛋,鹅蛋孵化中、后期凉蛋、喷水等方法进行两次重演性鸡、鹅种蛋共机孵化试验;并用同一台电孵机对两蛋单独孵化作对照。结果表明:两次共机孵化试验鸡、鹅蛋平均孵化率为80.5％和86.4％。与单机孵化对照组78.6％和87.2％无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验还表明共机孵蛋组与单机孵蛋组未凉蛋、喷水对照孵化率61.04％差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

孵化期间种蛋的失重规律及其与孵化效果的关系

种蛋正常孵化过程中的不同阶段,其重量均有不同程度的减少。为探讨孵化过程中种蛋的失重与孵化效果的关系,我们对孵化生产中纯种来航鸡种蛋的失重情况进行了测定试验。 随机抽取孵化生产中纯种来航鸡种蛋220枚,编号统计后同机孵化,每两天称重一次(精确到0.01克),共称重10次。经入孵后第六天照检,取出无精蛋19枚,在孵化的第6天和18天检查死胚情况。根据全期种蛋的失重大小分三组分别统计分析出雏情况和胚胎死亡情况。 结果表明,从入孵到孵化18天全期平均失重率为11.74%,但受精蛋在每一时期的失重速度并不相同,从开始入孵到第8天种蛋失重率逐步上升,8～12天失重速度逐渐变慢,而后又随孵化天数的增加失重率逐渐增     

闽北白鹅种蛋孵化过程失重规律的观察

各种禽蛋在正常的孵化过程中,都有其最佳的失重范围。在这方面常见有关鸡、家鸭、番鸭蛋的报道,而鹅蛋方面则较少。为了解闽北白鹅种蛋在孵化过程中的失重规律及其与孵化率的关系,进行了实地观察与测定。一、试验材料与方法于1988年3～5月,孵化种蛋51枚,在入孵前逐只蛋进行编号,用感量0.1％药物天平称蛋重,以后每隔5天称重一次,共计称重六次。用兽用体温计同时测试四只母鹅天然孵化的温度,每次测试时间30～40分钟。二、结果 (1)入孵种蛋51枚,受精蛋45枚,受精率88.2％,出壳雏鹅41羽(其中死胎与破损4枚),受精蛋孵化率91.1％。     

建昌鸭种蛋孵化过程失重规律的观察

采用鸡孵建昌鸭种蛋，观察其失重规律。结果，建昌鸭种蛋孵化过程胚蛋失重与孵化日龄呈正相关关系（ｒ＝０．４３），且与胚胎发育阶段形成有规律性的失重。     

贵妃鸡与雉鸡同机恒温孵化效果

贵妃鸡和雉鸡同机恒温孵化死胎率、弱雏率都高于贵妃鸡单独恒温孵化 ;同机孵化贵妃鸡受精蛋孵化率为 :第一批是87.3 %,第二批是 87.5 %,平均为 87.4%;单独孵化贵妃鸡受精蛋孵化率为 :第一批是 91.7%,第二批是 91.2 %,平均为 91.45 %;贵妃鸡和雉鸡同机孵化比贵妃鸡单独孵化平均孵化率低 4.0 5 %(P <0 .0 5 )     

鸭蛋易机移蛋孵化的效果观察

孵化机孵化鸭蛋的方法有几种,一种是一次性整批上蛋,同机变温变湿度孵化,25天后移至出雏机出雏;二是分批上蛋同机恒温恒湿度孵化25天后移至出雏机出雏;三是易机移蛋孵化,这可分批上蛋,15天前在甲机孵化,16～25天由甲机移蛋至乙机孵化,甲机与乙机的施温、控湿、凉蛋次数及喷洒温水次数均有差异,25天后的胚蛋由乙机移至出雏机出雏。有些资料表明,第一种机孵     

Impact of incubator type on the yield of in vitro produced bovine blastocysts.

Because of suboptimal in vitro production of bovine blastocysts a new incubator model (Mini) was tested against the traditional (Heraeus). The difference between their properties seemed only to be the volume of the incubator space. No difference was noted between the CO2 or the temperature, but the data clearly showed a highly significant increase of the blastocyst rates, 6% versus 51% in the Heraeus and the Mini incubator, respectively, calculated as blastocysts per cleaved embryos. It was concluded that the incubator type or model may be a very important part of the in vitro production of bovine embryos, although we were not able to pin point specific causes for this difference.     

Improvement of the Culture Conditions for In Vitro Production of Cattle Embryos in a Portable CO2 Incubator

The effects of different concentrations of growth hormone (GH) on in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and culture (IVC) of bovine oocyte/embryos in CR1aa or CR2aa media using a simple CO₂ incubator were investigated. The IVM/IVF/IVC of oocytes were carried out in the presence of 0, 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml GH in the medium. The proportion of metaphase II oocytes was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 200 ng/ml compared with 0 ng/ml GH in CR1aa medium (59 versus 85%, respectively), but this effect was not observed under CR2aa. Higher concentrations of GH yielded lower rates of unfertilized ova and thus superior cleavage rates (36.5 ± 0.2 and 63.5 ± 2.0% versus 17.5 ± 0.2 and 82.5 ± 1.5% or 40.4 ± 0.6 and 59.6 ± 1.4% versus 16.6 ± 1.2 and 83.4 ± 6.2% for 0 and 200 ng/ml GH in portable or ordinary incubator, respectively) in CR1aa. This dose‐dependent effect was also observed in the percentages of transferable embryos, although not statistically different (17.2 ± 1.7 versus 27.3 ± 1.8% and 16.6 ± 3.1 versus 26.0 ± 1.4%, for 0 versus 200 ng/ml GH in portable and ordinary incubator, respectively). In contrast to the CR1aa, different concentrations of GH in CR2aa medium did not increase either fertilization or cleavage rates. In fact, higher concentrations of GH in this medium negatively affected the rate of transferable embryos. Hence, percentages of transferable embryos obtained in the portable incubator under 0 or 50 ng/ml GH were higher (p < 0.05) compared with those obtained in 100 or 200 ng/ml GH (35.4 ± 5.7 or 40.5 ± 5.4% versus 22.4 ± 2.4 or 15.5 ± 2.1%, respectively). There was however, no significant difference in the rate of transferable embryos in an ordinary incubator employing CR2aa medium, but the trend was more or less similar to that observed in the portable incubator. Despite the fact that relatively fewer oocytes were employed for the culture in the ordinary incubator, overall results observed employing the simple portable CO₂ incubator were within the range of those obtained in an ordinary incubator; implying that the simple portable incubator can effectively be employed for the in vitro production of bovine embryos under field conditions.     

A Long-Term Study of the Environment Within a Tunnel Incubator for Turkey Eggs

A 6-mo study of the temperatures within a tunnel incubator in a commercial turkey hatchery was conducted to determine the extent that the incubation environment varied with the type of egg incubated. The tunnel incubator moves air through the mass of eggs from the oldest to the youngest embryos, and air temperature was found to increase by approximately 1°F as it passed through the eggs. The temperature of the air entering the eggs was maintained at a constant temperature by the incubator, but the temperature of the air leaving the eggs showed considerable day-to-day variation. The main cause of temperature variation within the incubator was the setting of fresh eggs into and the transferring of d-25 eggs out of the incubator. However, the temperature was also found to vary with the predicted total embryo metabolic heat production within the incubator estimated from the age of the embryo, egg mass, and breeder flock fertility. The temperature of air within the egg mass was also measured and shown to correspond more closely to the temperature of the air where it exits the eggs rather than where it enters the eggs or the machine-operating temperature.     

Attempt at in vitro maturation of minke whale (Balaenoptera Bonaerensis) oocytes using a portable CO2 incubator

The present study was conducted to investigate whether a portable CO2 incubator was effective for in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine, porcine and minke whale oocytes, and the effect of maturation media supplemented with different hormones; porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH), estradiol-17beta (E2), or pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG): human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for minke whale immature oocytes was also examined. In vitro maturation rates of bovine and porcine oocytes cultured in the portable CO2 incubator were not significantly different from the standard CO2 incubator. In minke whale IVM culture using the portable incubator, the maximum expansion of cumulus mass was observed by pFSH/E2 and PMSG/hCG at the end of IVM culture. Moreover, the IVM culture period was shortened to 28-30 h from 96-120 h previously reported. The proportion of matured oocytes cultured in the medium supplemented with pFSH/E2 (26.7%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that with PMSG/hCG (6.9%). The present study indicates that a portable CO2 incubator is a useful device for minke whale IVM culture on a research base ship, and the addition of pFSH/E2 into an IVM medium enhanced cumulus expansion and the proportion of minke whale matured oocytes.     

1株野鸭源H6N2亚型AIV对SPF鸭的致病性

本研究选取2周龄SPF鸭（绍兴麻鸭）自天然孔感染1株野鸭源H6N2亚型LPAIV,评价其对幼龄鸭的致病性。结果显示,试验感染鸭临床症状较轻微,病毒在鸭消化道复制能力较呼吸道内更强,且具有水平传播的能力。仅能在盲肠扁桃体和法氏囊2个组织器官中检测到病毒,但可对法氏囊等多个组织器官造成不同程度的损伤。此外感染鸭可产生HI抗体,并在第21天达到高峰。结果表明,该株H6N2亚型LPAIV对幼龄鸭的致病力较低,在AIV病毒传播中幼龄鸭起到了一定作用,为研究H6N2亚型LPAIV的致病机制及AIV发病机理提供了理论数据。     

圈养红腹锦鸡人工孵化技术研究

2005—2008年在陕西省动物研究所试验基地对圈养红腹锦鸡进行人工孵化试验。采用中型孵化机孵化,共孵化412枚受精卵,孵化率为74．76％（67．62％～90．74％）,孵化期为22．90～23．03d。结果表明：采用中型孵化机对红腹锦鸡的规模化孵化是可行的。     

In Vitro Maturation and Development of Porcine Oocytes Cultured in a Straw or Dish Using a Portable Incubator with a CO2 Chamber

We investigated the effects of a portable incubator with a CO₂ chamber on the viability and development of porcine oocytes/embryos for their transportation and examined the operational suitability of a straw or dish as a container for culturing the oocytes or embryos in the portable incubator. In the first experiment, the cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were placed either in a dish or straw; and they were then cultured for 44 h in a standard CO₂ incubator, in the CO₂ chamber in an incubator, or in the CO₂ chamber in a portable incubator. The matured oocytes were fertilized with frozen‐thawed spermatozoa and then cultured in a dish in the standard CO₂ incubator for 8 days. There were no differences in the proportions of oocytes reaching metaphase II stage among the groups. However, the proportions of cleavage and development to blastocysts derived from oocytes matured in a straw were lower than those from oocytes matured in a dish, irrespective of the type of incubator used. In the second experiment, the COCs were matured in a dish in the standard CO₂ incubator, and the matured oocytes were fertilized and then placed either in a dish or straw. These were then cultured for 8 days in the standard CO₂ incubator or portable incubator. Some zygotes cultured in the portable incubator developed to the blastocyst stage. The proportions of cleavage and development to blastocysts were significantly lower for putative zygotes cultured in straw than for those cultured in dish, irrespective of the type of incubator used. Our results indicate that a portable incubator with a CO₂ chamber can maintain the viability and development of oocytes/embryos, but the straw is not a suitable system for in vitro culture of the oocytes/embryos during transportation.     

细粒棘球蚴-原头蚴体外培养成囊模型的建立

建立原头蚴体外成囊发育的技术方法,为包虫病研究提供实验材料。在CO2培养箱中37℃条件下,单相培养体系中体外培养原头蚴,并用显微镜定期观察其大小及形态变化。结果发现:第10天原头蚴开始向囊发育;在第35～40天出现肉眼可见的囊,存活时间达100 d,最大囊可达2 mm,原头蚴成囊率达90%。     

用异源蛋白和蛋壳体外培养鹌鹑胚胎的研究

将50个鹌鹑胚胎在鸡蛋壳中用鸡稀蛋白培养,对种蛋产出体外阶段裸黄状态的鹌鹑胚胎进行培养的方法进行了探讨。1～2.5d、2.5～14d和15～17d胚胎培养温度分别是38.0℃、37.8℃和37.5℃,相对湿度分别是60%、55%和70%,1～14d每小时翻蛋1次,翻蛋角度1～2.5d为90°,2.5～14d为50°,15d后静止落盘。2.5d和15d胚胎存活率以及孵化率分别为92%、78%和28%。结果表明裸黄状态的鹌鹑胚胎不排斥鸡稀蛋白,用鸡稀蛋白培养鹌鹑胚胎可行。     

绵羊催产素在渗透泵中稳定性的研究

试验旨在评价39.1℃恒温下绵羊催产素在渗透泵（ALZET^®）中的稳定性。试验分为3个组,分别为渗透泵组、微量离心管组和对照组。除对照组始终冻存于-80℃以外,另外两组置于39.1℃培养箱中进行孵育,分不同时间点采集样品。所有样品经超高效液相色谱串联四级杆/飞行时间质谱（ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole/flight time mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF MS）方法获得氧化产物提取离子流色谱图,通过比较各产物的峰面积,分析催产素在39.1℃缓释泵中的氧化过程。结果表明,催产素在39.1℃缓释泵及微量离心管中均表现出氧化程度随时间逐渐增加的趋势,两试验组之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。渗透泵组和微量离心管组不同时间点采集样品中催产素原型占对照组原型的百分比分别为83.6%~117.8%和83.2%~116.2%,说明在渗透泵植入绵羊体内试验中需要考虑因催产素氧化引起的含量变化对试验结果的影响。