Comment on "Roadless space of the conterminous United States"

Watts et al. (Reports, 6 May 2007, p. 736) introduced a metric of landscape pattern called roadless volume (RV). However, as with most previous metrics, RV does not explicitly address ecological processes. We demonstrate that RV can produce results inconsistent with the notion of landscape connectivity and contend that more ecologically relevant metrics are available.     

一类具有1-形式S-曲率的Einstein度量

研究了一类Einstein度量.得到这类度量在n维流形上具有1-形式S-曲率的等价条件,同时也给出了这类度量为弱-Berwald度量的充要条件是S-曲率为零.     

表面强化刨切薄板拉伸、弯曲性能

以黑龙江产大青杨刨切薄板为研究对象,用常温水浸泡至饱水状态,不经热软化预处理即进行横纹压缩强化,通过160、180℃高温定型处理1～24 h,分析横纹压缩强化前、后木材的拉伸、弯曲性能的变化,探讨此方法强化木材薄板的可行性和有待改进、完善之处。结果表明:与未压缩强化素材相比,木材的拉伸强度和拉伸弹性模量均有较大幅度提高;弯曲弹性模量随着热处理时间的增加而下降;弯曲强度和断裂应力有所降低;最大应力时应变平均值、断裂应力时应变平均值都随着热处理时间的增加而下降。     

基于底栖动物完整性指数的洞庭湖典型断面的水质评价

2010年在枯水期、平水期、丰水期对洞庭湖的7个典型断面进行了大型底栖无脊椎动物采样,共获得底栖动物40种,其中节肢动物16种、软体动物18种,环节动物6种。根据Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数确定了4个相对清洁的断面和3个污染断面,然后进行23种生物指数的综合评估,结果表明,(甲壳动物+软体动物)分类单元数、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数与Goodnight-Whitley指数3个底栖动物生物指数可以用作辨别洞庭湖典型断面水质的敏感生物指数。通过5、3、1记分法对3种生物指数统一量纲后,获得变化范围为3～15的综合生物指数,运用四分法划分出洞庭湖典型断面水质辨别的生物基准:3～6,差;7～9,一般;10～12,好;13～15,很好。据此对7个断面进行重新记分,获得了洞庭湖典型断面水质的基本分区现状:虞公庙、万子湖、目平湖3个断面的水质良好,而鹿角、坡头、南嘴及东洞庭湖4个断面的水质较差。该水质生物学基准基本适合评价洞庭湖典型断面的水质状况。     

COMPARING PERFORMANCE OF CROP SPECIES MIXTURES AND PURE STANDS

•The literature on intercropping comprises thousands of papers. •Evidence synthesis is needed to develop general conclusions. •Quantitative evidence synthesis requires meaningful comparative performance metrics. •The background, meaning, and limitations of some performance metrics is explained. •Future challenges are identified. Intercropping is the planned cultivation of species mixtures on agricultural land. Intercropping has many attributes that make it attractive for developing a more sustainable agriculture, such as high yield, high resource use efficiency, lower input requirements, natural suppression of pests, pathogens and weeds, and building a soil with more organic carbon and nitrogen. Information is needed which species combinations perform best under different circumstances and which management is suitable to bring out the best from intercropping in a given production situation. The literature is replete with case studies on intercropping from across the globe, but evidence synthesis is needed to make this information accessible. Meta-analysis requires a careful choice of metric that is appropriate for answering the question at hand, and which lends itself for a robust meta-analysis. This paper reviews some metrics that may be used in the quantitative synthesis of literature data on intercropping.     

Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science

A psychological space is established for any set of stimuli by determining metric distances between the stimuli such that the probability that a response learned to any stimulus will generalize to any other is an invariant monotonic function of the distance between them. To a good approximation, this probability of generalization (i) decays exponentially with this distance, and (ii) does so in accordance with one of two metrics, depending on the relation between the dimensions along which the stimuli vary. These empirical regularities are mathematically derivable from universal principles of natural kinds and probabilistic geometry that may, through evolutionary internalization, tend to govern the behaviors of all sentient organisms.     

地带和地形对湿地松人工林材性的影响

比较分析了湿地松人工林材性在不同地带和地形中的表现差异.结果表明:相同地形条件下生长在南亚热带的湿地松人工林木材密度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、硝酸—乙醇纤维素含量、戊聚糖含量和苯醇抽出物含量大于生长在中亚热带的,而木材尺寸稳定性和Klason木素含量小于生长在中亚热带的.相同地带内山谷中的湿地松人工林木材尺寸稳定性和戊聚糖含量大于山脊上的,木材密度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、硝酸—乙醇纤维素含量、Klason木素含量和苯醇抽出物含量均小于山脊上的.差异显著性t检验表明:地带和地形对湿地松人工林木材密度、顺纹抗压强度和抗弯强度影响极显著或显著;地形对湿地松人工林木材差异干缩和抗弯弹性模量影响极显著,地带对湿地松人工林木材差异干缩和抗弯弹性模量影响不显著.研究结果为湿地松人工林培育和木材合理利用提供科学依据.     

Interfacial polygonal nanopatterning of stable microbubbles

Micrometer-sized bubbles are unstable and therefore difficult to make and store for substantial lengths of time. Short-term stabilization is achieved by the addition of amphiphilic molecules, which reduce the driving force for dissolution. When these molecules crystallize on the air/liquid interface, the lifetime of individual bubbles may extend over a few months. We demonstrated low gas-fraction dispersions with mean bubble radii of less than 1 micrometer and stability lasting more than a year. An insoluble, self-assembled surfactant layer covers the surface of the microbubbles, which can result in nanometer-scale hexagonal patterning that we explain with thermodynamic and molecular models. The elastic response of the interface arrests the shrinkage of the bubbles. Our study identifies a route to fabricate highly stable dispersions of microbubbles.     

Geometry and mechanics in the opening of chiral seed pods

We studied the mechanical process of seed pods opening in Bauhinia variegate and found a chirality-creating mechanism, which turns an initially flat pod valve into a helix. We studied con?gurations of strips cut from pod valve tissue and from composite elastic materials that mimic its structure. The experiments reveal various helical con?gurations with sharp morphological transitions between them. Using the mathematical framework of "incompatible elasticity," we modeled the pod as a thin strip with a flat intrinsic metric and a saddle-like intrinsic curvature. Our theoretical analysis quantitatively predicts all observed con?gurations, thus linking the pod's microscopic structure and macroscopic conformation. We suggest that this type of incompatible strip is likely to play a role in the self-assembly of chiral macromolecules and could be used for the engineering of synthetic self-shaping devices.     

白蜡木干缩和湿胀性能的研究

白蜡木是一种坚硬有弹性的木材,可应用于制作家具、工具柄、运动器材等.本研究采用干燥及吸湿的方法对其干缩和湿胀性能进行分析,初步探讨了这种木材在3个方向的尺寸及体积上随着木材含水率的变化而变化的特性,并且将这个特性与其他树种进行比较.结果表明,白蜡树的基本密度是0.73 g.cm-3,其干缩和湿胀性表现为:弦向>径向>纵向,当白蜡树木材的含水率小于FSP时,其干缩和湿胀性能非常明显,而当其含水率大于FSP时,其干缩和湿胀性趋于0.当木材含水率小于FSP时,在相同的含水率下,白蜡树木材比白松有更大的干缩和湿胀性.     

Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past: deterministic versus stochastic explanations

The temporal spacing and the magnitude of major extinctions over the past 250 and 570 million years, based on the use of different metrics of extinction probability, are analyzed by comparing deterministic and stochastic explanations. The best-fitting time series model is a stochastic autoregressive model that displays a pseudoperiodic behavior with a cycle length of 31 million years for the past 250 million years, regardless of the metric of extinction probability. The periodicity lengthens and weakens when the analysis is extended to the entire Phanerozoic. The history of the probability of extinction for the entire Phanerozoic, based on time series analysis, does not support the reported bipartite distribution of Van Valen. Rather, the probability of extinction has decreased uniformly over Phanerozoic time whereas the inertia or stability of the biotic system after the Late Permian crisis has increased.     

连续刚构桥施工质量影响因素敏感性分析

选择混凝土密度、弹性模量、预应力误差、混凝土收缩徐变及温度变化等,分析了各参数对连续刚构桥梁线形和内力的影响程度.根据计算结果,确定了施工监控的主要参数,并提出了施工过程中进行预应力摩阻试验和避免温差影响的监控意见.相关结论可为同类桥梁的设计和施工提供参考.     

局部射影平坦且具有迷向S 曲率的两类重要的芬斯勒度量

研究了两类重要的分别形如F=αekβ/α和F=α+εβ+2kβ2/α-k2β4/3α3的芬斯勒度量,其中k≠0,ε为常数,α=((aij(x)yiyj)～(1/2))为黎曼度量,β=bi(x)yi为流形上的1-形式.得到了它们为局部射影平坦度量且具有迷向S-曲率的充要条件.     

落叶松板材常规干燥过程的动态机械吸附特性

为探索木材常规干燥机械吸附蠕变的动态发展模式,该文在实验室条件下对50 mm厚兴安落叶松板材进行常规干燥,用切片法测定了沿厚度方向的横纹弦向干缩应变、弹性应变、黏弹性应变的一维分布情况与变化趋势,并测定了不同尺寸规格及不同预处理工艺下木材试件的自由干缩变形。根据高聚物流变学理论与木材机械吸附蠕变理论,分析了干燥过程中木材厚度方向不同位置的机械吸附蠕变变形的变化规律及其主要影响因子,概括了木材表层与心层的机械吸附蠕变变形的典型发展模式。结论如下:可以采用线性函数与指数函数来分别描述含水率在低于20%和高于20%阶段的木材自由干缩率曲线,相关性较好;木材干燥机械吸附蠕变现象具有极大变异性,与干燥应力模式及应力发展间存在相互作用;在含水率低于特定温度对应下的纤维饱和点2%～4%时,木材表层的拉伸机械吸附蠕变应变与心层的压缩机械吸附蠕变应变均接近极大值;机械吸附蠕变在一定范围内的增大将有助于干燥应力松弛,机械吸附蠕变数值可作为木材干燥工艺调整的参考因子。      

Rippling instability of a collapsing bubble

When a bubble of air rises to the top of a highly viscous liquid, it forms a dome-shaped protuberance on the free surface. Unlike a soap bubble, it bursts so slowly as to collapse under its own weight simultaneously, and folds into a wavy structure. This rippling effect occurs for both elastic and viscous sheets, and a theory for its onset is formulated. The growth of the corrugation is governed by the competition between gravitational and bending (shearing) forces and is exhibited for a range of densities, stiffnesses (viscosities), and sizes-a result that arises less from dynamics than from geometry, suggesting a wide validity. A quantitative expression for the number of ripples is presented, together with experimental results that support the theoretical predictions.     

干燥条件对木材干缩力的影响1）

研究了不同规格试材在不同干燥条件下木材干缩力的变化规律。结果表明：同一厚度条件下,温度高的试件达到应力平衡所需时间比温度低的试件达到平衡所需时间短,干缩力变化也较温度低的明显,但达到应力平衡时温度高的试件所受的干缩力相对小于温度低的试件。同一温度条件下,薄试件所受干缩力要明显大于厚试件所受干缩力,且干缩力达到最大值所需的时间明显少于厚试件。试件的个体差异性产生的误差对试验也有一定的影响。     

Apoptotic force and tissue dynamics during Drosophila embryogenesis

Understanding cell morphogenesis during metazoan development requires knowledge of how cells and the extracellular matrix produce and respond to forces. We investigated how apoptosis, which remodels tissue by eliminating supernumerary cells, also contributes forces to a tissue (the amnioserosa) that promotes cell-sheet fusion (dorsal closure) in the Drosophila embryo. We showed that expression in the amnioserosa of proteins that suppress or enhance apoptosis slows or speeds dorsal closure, respectively. These changes correlate with the forces produced by the amnioserosa and the rate of seam formation between the cell sheets (zipping), key processes that contribute to closure. This apoptotic force is used by the embryo to drive cell-sheet movements during development, a role not classically attributed to apoptosis.     

云南松人工林正常木与应压木物理力学性质比较

对云南松人工林正常木和应压木的物理力学性质及其差异进行了分析。结果表明:云南松应压木基本密度、气干密度和全干密度分别比正常木大0.060 6 g·cm^-3、0.046 0 g·cm^-3和0.050 4 g·cm^-3,呈极显著差异; 云南松应压木全干和气干顺纹干缩值分别比正常木干缩值大5.65和3.92倍,较易发生干燥缺陷。另外,除气干径向干缩率差异显著(p<0.05)外,应压木与正常木的其他各干缩率差异均显著(p<0.05),较正常木更容易发生翘曲变形和开裂; 应压木和正常木的气干差异干缩差异显著(p<0.05),全干差异干缩差异不显著; 正常木主要力学性质与密度均呈正相关关系,应压木的抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量与气干密度紧密正相关,顺纹抗压强度和气干密度间无显著相关关系。     

落叶松板材常规干燥过程的动态黏弹性特性

为了研究木材常规干燥过程黏弹性应变的发展模式与相对数量级,并为准确区分黏弹性应变与机械吸附应变提供理论依据,该文在实验室条件下对50 mm厚兴安落叶松板材进行常规干燥,使用切片法测定沿厚度方向的横纹弦向干缩应变、弹性应变、黏弹性应变的一维分布情况与变化趋势。基于高聚物与复合材料黏弹性理论,重点定性分析了木材干燥过程中干燥介质温度、蠕变恢复时间、干燥阶段等因子对木材厚度方向不同位置黏弹性应变特性的影响。结果表明:在环境平衡含水率保持在特定水平下,干燥介质温度水平与测定的拉伸弹性应变极值间具有一定正相关性;木材干燥过程中黏弹性应变的发展模式与弹性应变类似,经充分恢复后黏弹性应变的数值略大于弹性应变;木材表层、芯层在干燥过程中具有不同的黏弹性演化模式,干燥温度对木材表芯层黏弹性应变转换有一定影响,这种作用主要是由于不同温度条件下木材含水率梯度所导致的;根据试验测定的木材表层、芯层在3、6、24 h 3个应力释放时间内所达到的黏弹性应变极值,分别给出了干燥过程各阶段落叶松板材表层与芯层黏弹性应变恢复时间的推荐值。      

Insignificant change in Antarctic snowfall since the International Geophysical Year

Antarctic snowfall exhibits substantial variability over a range of time scales, with consequent impacts on global sea level and the mass balance of the ice sheets. To assess how snowfall has affected the thickness of the ice sheets in Antarctica and to provide an extended perspective, we derived a 50-year time series of snowfall accumulation over the continent by combining model simulations and observations primarily from ice cores. There has been no statistically significant change in snowfall since the 1950s, indicating that Antarctic precipitation is not mitigating global sea level rise as expected, despite recent winter warming of the overlying atmosphere.