试管苗气培生根法的研究及其在工厂化育苗中的应用

本文提出毛白杨试管苗不需用培养基仅以饱和湿度空气为介质进行生根的新方法，即：气培生根法，从而命名传统的组培生根程序得以简化。气培生根无需严格灭菌并能在试管之外完成，生根苗适应外环境能力增强，移栽成活率高。气培生根用于工厂化微繁育苗能显著地提高繁殖系数和生产效率，并能使试管苗的成本下降35%以上。庶糖溶液和CO₂对茎段生根有明显地促进作用。     

毛白杨与珠美海棠试管苗低温贮存技术初探

林木试管苗通过0～10℃的自然低温贮存后,具有较高的成活率且抗冷性明显提高。观察和分析不同贮存阶段的试管苗形态和生理指标的变化,结果表明,试管苗随着贮存温度的降低,淀粉呈下降趋势,而可溶性糖相应上升,粗蛋白含量波动起伏略有升高,这是试管苗适应低温和弱光照的生理反应。贮存165 d的分化苗和120 d的生根苗污染损失率均低于10.0%;分化苗的有效苗数显著增加,生根率在95.5%以上,生根苗的移栽成活率为93.5%～98.5%。     

四倍体刺槐离体培养及其不定根发育和叶片解剖观察

 .通过茎段离体培养建立了四倍体刺槐无性系的微体繁殖体系。结果表明:基本培养基为MS或WPM培养基。BA、NAA影响芽的增殖生长,在一定的范围内,BA对芽的增殖影响比NAA大,而NAA对芽的高生长影响比BA大,二者的比例对芽的增殖生长也有影响,芽增殖生长的最适BA和NAA组合应为BA0.5mg·L-1+NAA0.1mg·L-1。四倍体刺槐无性系生根的最适生长调节物质配比为NAA0.25mg·L-1+IBA0.4mg·L-1。对试管苗不定根发育过程及分步炼苗叶片结构的变化进行了解剖观察,发现试管苗嫩梢无潜伏根原基,不定根由诱生根原基发育形成,诱生根原基源于髓射线细胞的分裂和分化,植株叶解剖观察,进一步证明了分步炼苗可提高移栽成活率。     

苦瓜快繁技术研究

研究不同激素组合对苦瓜试管苗继代增殖、生根培养的影响。结果表明:苦瓜无菌苗顶芽或带芽茎段在附加低浓度6-BA(0.2 mg/L)的MS培养基中培养,增殖效果最好,达4.92倍;试管苗在MS+IBA 0.2 mg/L的培养基中生根效果最好,其生根量不仅多,而且比较粗壮。     

虎头兰组培快速繁殖技术的研究

以虎头兰杂交种“黄色热带”为材料,应用组培技术对原球茎的诱导、继代增殖和芽的分化、原球茎的切割方式、试管苗生根及移栽进行了研究,初步建立一套快繁技术体系。结果表明：以MS 6-BA0．5mg／L NAA0．2mg／L利于继代增殖,繁殖系数高达4．5,有50％原球茎直接分化成完整植株,既可保持较高的繁殖系数又可直接获得生根苗用于移栽;适宜生根的培养基为MS NAA1．0mg／L AC0．5％,生根率为95％;第一、二代继代培养添加香蕉匀浆汁天然复合物对虎头兰原球茎增殖有明显作用;采用纵切方式切割原球茎,有利于提高原球茎的增殖;活性炭对试管苗的生根有促进作用;苔藓是虎头兰移栽较好的基质,在适宜的温度和湿度条件下,试管苗移栽成活率可达95％。     

萘乙酸对鄂马铃薯8号试管苗快繁的影响

以鄂马铃薯8号脱毒试管苗为实验材料,研究不同浓度的萘乙酸(NAA,0.01,0.05,0.10,0.20,0.30mg/L)对试管苗的生根、株高、叶片数和扩繁系数等方面的影响。结果表明:在温度20～25℃,光照时间16h/d,光照强度2000～3000lx,相对湿度80%的条件下,NAA浓度为0.05mg/L时,鄂马铃薯8号试管苗的生根最多,株高和扩繁系数最高。认为"MS+白糖30g/L+琼脂5.5g/L+NAA0.05mg/L"为最佳培养基。     

无病毒苹果苗试管微繁技术研究

对经脱毒的优良苹果品种北海道９号、皇家嘎拉和长富２号进行了试管微繁技术的研究。结果表明：适合于３个品种试管苗增殖的培养基为ＭＳ＋６—ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋蔗糖３０ｇ／Ｌ,增殖率为２５～３,≥３ｃｍ的试管苗率约为５０％。通用的生根培养基为１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．１５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋蔗糖２５ｇ／Ｌ－肌醇,平均生根率保持在７５％左右。生根试管苗采用“一步法移栽”,平均成活率在７８％以上。     

酚类物质与牡丹试管苗褐变关系的初步分析

为探究牡丹组培褐变过程中产生主要酚酸的成份及含量,以3个牡丹品种(乌龙捧盛、太平红、凤丹白)试管苗为材料,利用液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)测定了3个品种在增殖过程中未褐化与褐化试管苗体内酚酸的种类和含量。结果表明:3个品种的牡丹试管苗中均含有苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、莽草酸、儿茶酚、芍药苷、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮、绿原酸10种酚酸;没食子酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸在褐化试管苗中的含量均低于未褐化试管苗;芍药苷、没食子酸甲酯、苯甲酸、莽草酸、儿茶酚在褐化试管苗中含量高于未褐化试管苗;3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮在褐化和未褐化试管苗中的含量存在品种间差异,在乌龙捧盛和太平红中,褐化试管苗的含量低于未褐化试管苗,而在凤丹白中褐化试管苗的含量高于未褐化试管苗。因此,没食子酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、芍药苷、没食子酸甲酯、苯甲酸、莽草酸、儿茶酚、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酮9种酚酸与牡丹试管苗褐化密切相关,而绿原酸对牡丹褐变影响较小。本研究对解决牡丹试管苗的褐化问题,提高试管苗质量具有重要的指导意义。     

牛角瓜的组织培养

以牛角瓜的叶片为外植体,进行牛角瓜的组织培养。结果表明,培养基MS 2,4-D 2 mg/L利于愈伤组织的诱导;培养基MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L有利于芽的分化和增殖;生根壮苗的培养基为1/2 MS NAA 0.5 mg/L,其生根率100%;试管苗生根培养30 d后移栽,成活率可达85%以上。     

PP333对草石蚕脱毒试管苗生长与保存的影响

在草石蚕(Stachys Sieboldii Mig.mip)试管苗继代培养阶段以MS为基本培养基,添加PP333浓度为8～10 mg/L能使试管苗明显矮化,茎节粗壮,试管苗的保存时期可延长至4～5个月;生根培养阶段以1/2MS NAA0.5 mg/L添加PPP333浓度为6～10 mg/L,能促进根系发育,改善根系质量,增强幼苗抗逆性,提高移栽成活率.移栽后缓苗期短,生长旺盛.     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

闽北不同土地利用方式径流量动态变化特征

采用定位研究方法和小集水区试验技术方法,通过两年的降雨量数据观测,对闽北地区木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地和对照等不同土地利用方式的小集水区进行坡面径流动态规律研究。研究结果表明:试验小区地表径流的产生主要是受降雨量的影响,而与降雨强度的关系不大,地表径流量与降雨量之间呈现出极显著的非线性二次抛物线关系(P<0.01)。4种不同土地利用方式的月平均径流量一般随月降雨量的增大而增大,并且在同1月份间其平均地表径流量的大小趋势为:对照>封山育林>杉木>木荷,均是在6月份达到最大值,9月份出现最小值。对照比木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地更容易产生地表径流,林地具有较好的涵养水源和保持水土作用。     

2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析

【目的】我国农用化肥消费量大,数据来源不同,统计口径各异,行业内大多引用国家统计局公布的数据,但该数据无法推算出氮肥、磷肥、钾肥分类消费量。我国区域间、季节间、作物间化肥消费情况的报道很少,在调节化肥供需、指导化肥行业健康发展时显得依据不足。调查种植业化肥施用状况可以为指导肥料生产、供应提供重要依据。【方法】以农业部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点为依托,根据我国农业生产习惯和我国政府部门统计习惯,将一年分为三个用肥季,1 5月份为春耕季,6 8月份为夏播季,9 12月份为秋冬种季。在三个季节,每个网点随机调查30个农户的主要种植作物施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、复合(混)肥(包括配合式)量,经两级土壤肥料部门审核后,采用省份、相似种植区域、全国三级逐级加权平均的方法,推算了不同区域、不同季节、不同作物单位面积施肥量;再用作物单位面积施肥量、该作物全国种植总面积、样本中施肥面积占该作物种植面积的比例推算了作物全年、不同季节化肥施用量。同时,分析了主要作物、不同季节化肥施用状况以及供需平衡情况,不同季节、不同区域供肥情况和农民的购肥习惯。【结果】2013年我国种植业化肥施用量5498万吨(折纯下同),其中,氮肥(实物量)3382万吨,磷肥1175万吨,钾肥941万吨。粮食作物化肥总用量为2782万吨,占种植业化肥总用量的50.6%;其次是果树和蔬菜,三类作物占种植业化肥施用总量的82.8%,经济、园艺作物单位面积化肥施用量大于粮食作物。春耕、夏播、秋冬种化肥施用量分别占全年化肥施用量的34.2%、35.6%、30.2%。复混肥料和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,从全年来看,农民施用复混肥料和尿素的样本数分别占总样本数的72.5%和71.6%,春耕、夏播、秋冬种农民购买尿素和复合(混)肥的样本数分别占该阶段样本数的70.9%和62.9%、84.9%和78.1%、56.6%和83.9%。春耕和夏播时期农民多数选用尿素,秋冬种多数选用复混肥料,东北、西北、华中南地区农民多选用尿素,华北、西南、华东地区农民多选用复混肥料。另外,我国氮肥、磷肥供应分别过剩1080万吨、680万吨,钾肥缺口370万吨,供需矛盾突出。氮、磷、钾养分配合式为15-15-15的复混肥样本数占农民选购复混肥总样本数的33.3%,说明复混肥养分结构不尽合理。【结论】建议国家进一步遏制氮肥、磷肥过剩产能,优化产品结构,大力推广科学施肥技术。