夏闲期施肥与覆盖处理对旱地冬小麦产量和土壤水分利用的影响

为给旱地夏闲期管理提供参考依据,采用大田试验,研究了夏闲期施肥与覆盖处理对旱地冬小麦土壤储水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,夏闲期施肥可明显提高播前0~100、100~200 cm土层储水量,增加了冬小麦穗数、籽粒产量和水分利用效率;不论施肥与否,地膜覆盖与纸覆盖均可提高播前底墒,增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,显著提高籽粒产量和水分利用效率,且地膜覆盖处理效果优于纸覆盖;施肥可增进覆盖的保水、增产及高效用水的作用。因此,旱地夏闲期可通过施肥与覆盖技术改善土壤水分状况,为旱地秋播作物高产创造条件。     

黄土区旱地覆盖对小麦养分吸收及水分利用的影响

为寻找适宜黄土区旱地小麦高效栽培的覆盖方式,通过田间试验研究了几个不同覆盖方式对黄土区旱地冬小麦产量、养分吸收以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全年地膜全覆盖方式对提高小麦产量、养分吸收和水分利用效率效果最好,该处理下小麦籽粒产量较不覆盖、夏闲期地膜全覆盖和夏闲期地膜麦草行间覆盖等处理分别增加21.9%、21.2%和20.8%,水分利用效率提高17.54%、13.02%和15.65% ,同时籽粒吸收N、P、K总量较不覆盖增加45.7%、23.5%和21.4%,茎叶吸收N、P、K总量较不覆盖增加56.6%、172.9%和52.1%。夏闲期蓄水以夏闲期地膜麦草行间覆盖的效果最好,分别较不覆盖、夏闲期地膜全覆盖和全年地膜全覆盖等处理增加160.25%、39.3%和16.2%。综合考虑不同覆盖方式对小麦增产、养分吸收以及土壤蓄水保墒效果的影响,全年地膜全覆盖是黄土区旱作小麦较佳的栽培方式。     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响

为探讨西北半干旱雨养条件下秸秆带状覆盖麦田水分利用特征和增产效果,通过田间试验,以露地条播为对照(CK),研究了3种不同覆盖处理[秸秆带状覆盖常规条播(SM1)、秸秆带状覆盖宽幅条播(SM2)和全膜覆土穴播(PM)]对旱地冬小麦田土壤含水量、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播均可显著改善小麦全生育期0~20cm以及开花前20~90cm土壤墒情,但开花后20~90cm以及全生育期90~200cm土壤墒情普遍不如CK。3种覆盖处理均能促进冬小麦对土壤贮水的利用,显著提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆土穴播生育期耗水量分别比CK增加4.6%和7.6%。秸秆带状覆盖在孕穗前0~200cm土壤墒情与全膜覆土穴播无显著差异,孕穗期开始则好于全膜覆土穴播;全膜覆土穴播0~200cm土壤贮水消耗量显著高于秸秆带状覆盖,而开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例则略低于秸秆带状覆盖。3种覆盖处理均显著提高产量和水分利用效率,PM、SM1和SM2较CK分别增产36.8%、29.7%和27.5%,水分利用效率分别提高27.3%、23.9%和22.7%。产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.97*)。覆盖处理中,全膜覆土穴播产量虽最高,但从产量、水分利用效率和经济效益角度综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖优于全膜覆土穴播。因此认为,秸秆带状覆盖是一种更加高产高效、适宜在西北半干旱雨养区推广的覆盖种植方式。     

Effects of Irrigation and Straw Mulching on Microclimate Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in North Chinas

Abstract

In North China, irrigation is required to obtain a high yield from winter wheat; this results in rapid aquifer depletion. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influencing mechanisms of irrigation and straw mulching in preserving the soil moisture. Maize straw (3?5 cm) was mulched immediately after sowing winter wheat, and irrigation water was supplied at 60 mm, controlled by using a flow meter, during the jointing, heading, or milking stages of the crop. The results revealed that irrigation decreased the eddy thermal diffusivity, sensible heat flux, and soil heat flux, but increased the latent heat flux. In contrast, straw mulching enhanced the eddy thermal diffusivity and sensible heat flux, but decreased the latent heat flux. Straw mulching increased the soil temperature at 5 cm depth form January to February, but decreased the soil temperature before January and after February. There were no significant differences in the total evapotranspiration between mulched and non-mulched treatments, however, there was a statistically significant difference in the evapotranspiration among the different growing seasons. Straw mulching reduced the evapotranspiration from the seeding stage to the regrowing stage, and the evapotranspiration with mulching was less than that non-mulching 47.4 mm. Further, straw mulching significantly reduced the number of spikes in the crop. Both irrigation and straw mulching increased the number of kernels, but had no visible effects on the thousand kernel weight. These results indicate that straw mulching may decrease the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat in North China.     

不同降水年型下旱地深翻时间和施肥方式对小麦产量及水肥利用率的影响

为提高旱地小麦自然降水和肥料利用效果以实现稳产高产栽培,通过3个不同降水年型田间试验,研究了晋南旱地麦田休闲期深翻时间和氮、磷施用方式对小麦群体、产量及水肥利用率的影响。结果表明,休闲期降水量及其分布、深翻时间和施肥方式共同影响旱地小麦播前0~200 cm土壤蓄水量、产量、水肥利用效率。休闲期丰水年较平水年和枯水年分别增产75.29%和170.39%,播前0~200 cm土壤贮水量分别多42.77 mm 和116.91 mm,水分利用效率分别高2.94和8.77 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,氮、磷利用效率也较高。8月中上旬深翻蓄水效果较好,可促进小麦植株和籽粒对氮、磷的吸收,增加冬前茎数和穗数,8月中旬深翻较7月中旬深翻增产5.43%~18.15%,播前0~200 cm土壤贮水量增加12.12~18.45 mm,水分利用效率和磷素利用率也较高。与播种前配施氮、磷肥相比,8月中上旬深翻时配施磷肥,播种前施入氮肥,可提高冬前和拔节期茎数、穗数和穗粒数,促进氮、磷积累和转运,从而增产,同时提高收获期0~200 cm土壤贮水量和水分利用率。在当前气候、栽培条件下,晋南丘陵旱地不同降水年型下均以8月中上旬深翻配施磷肥,播种前施入氮肥可提高土壤渗水特性,最大限度纳秋雨蓄墒,增加小麦冬前和拔节期茎数和穗数,提高产量和水肥利用效率。     

旱地周年覆膜条件下冬小麦的光合特性

在周年覆膜条件下,以陇鉴339为材料,研究了周年地膜覆盖后冬小麦的光合速率(P n)变化,以了解周年覆膜对冬小麦光合作用的影响。结果表明,周年覆膜秋播冬小麦较露地冬小麦光合速率、叶片水分利用效率显著提高。冬小麦旗叶P n日变化呈现“单峰型”,覆膜的高峰值较露地增加3.917μm olCO2.m-2.-s 1,提高17.74%,且持续时间延长,整个P n日变化中覆膜较露地平均提高11.62%。各生育阶段覆膜冬小麦的P n始终维持在较高水平上。增施氮肥、提高氮磷比有利于提高冬小麦P n。     

Effect of water saving management practices and nitrogen fertilizer rate on crop yield and water use efficiency in a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system

Deficit irrigation (DI) is a water-saving irrigation strategy in which irrigation water is applied at amounts less than full crop-water requirements. Some researchers have suggested that greater increases in water use efficiency (WUE) could be realized if DI was used in combination with water conservation or rainwater harvesting techniques. The objective of this six-year field study was to determine the effect of DI in combination with straw mulch (SM) or plastic film-mulched ridge and straw-mulched furrows (RF) on grain yield and WUE in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation. Interactive effects between the water-saving management practices and N fertilizer rate were also investigated. Results indicated that maize yields in the RF + DI and SM + DI treatments were as much as 1.6 times those in the DI and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI) treatments. Over the six-year study, total maize yield in the RF + DI treatment was 5580 kg/ha more than in the CFI treatment and 6500 kg/ha more than in the DI treatment. Wheat yields in the RF + DI and SM + DI treatments were similar to the CFI treatment but slightly more than in the DI treatment. At harvest, there was no significant difference in water storage in the 0-200 cm soil profile among the RF + DI, SM + DI, DI, and CFI treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased maize and wheat yield compared to the unfertilized treatment; however, there was no further yield response when the N application rate exceeded 120 kg N/ha. In summary, these results indicated that DI in combination with SM or RF practices increased crop yield and WUE in the winter wheat-summer maize crop rotation. Compared to CFI practices, the SM + DI and RF + DI practices reduced the amount of irrigation water applied over a six-year period by about 350 mm.     

不同渗灌覆膜方式对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响

为探讨小麦节水高产栽培技术,以济麦20和鲁麦21号为材料,在露天不封底瓷管和防雨棚封底瓷管两种栽培条件下,研究不同渗灌覆膜处理对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响.结果表明,渗灌和地膜覆盖均可显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,但提高幅度因品种和渗灌深度不同而异.在露天条件下,较之地表灌溉不覆膜,20 cm渗灌加地膜覆盖处理可使籽粒产量提高13.67%～11.18%、水分利用效率提高14.59%～12.08%;在防雨棚条件下,籽粒产量提高20.16%,水分利用效率提高22.57%,40 cm渗灌籽粒产量略高于20 cm渗灌,但差异不显著.露天栽培条件下不同处理平均水分利用效率高达2.6063 kg·m-3 ·m-2,而防雨棚条件下仅为1.3482 kg·m-3 ·m-2,相对提高93.31%,籽粒产量提高102.90%,生物产量提高77.41%,收获指数提高13.99%,而总耗水量仅增加22.48 mm.试验结果说明深层土壤水对产量和水分利用效率具有重要作用,在不同试验条件下的研究结果具有较大差异.     

Model analysis of a straw mulch system for continuous wheat in an arid climate

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in some dryland regions is severely limited by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.). Conventional fallow management during a wet period has been shown to allow hatching of the cysts during the fallow season and thereby sanitize the soil for the subsequent wheat crop. Recently a straw mulch (SM) management has been introduced into a long-term experiment in the Negev region of Israel. This management ameliorated the nematode damage and allowed continuous wheat production. Only three seasons of successful experimentation exist with the SM system so questions remain about its performance over seasons with differing weather conditions. A simple, mechanistic, wheat model was extended to simulate wheat development and growth when the crop is grown on nematode-infested soils. Incorporating statements describing inhibition of rooting depth as a result of nematode activity resulted in good agreement between simulations and 16 seasons of yield observations on continuous wheat. The effect of SM was simulated simply by decreasing soil evaporation and this resulted in higher levels of soil water and decreased nematode inhibition of rooting. Good agreement was obtained between the three seasons of experimental data and simulations of the SM system, with predicted grain yield within 10% of observations. Over 16 seasons, simulations of the SM system indicated substantial grain yield increases over continuous wheat in all but the highest-yielding season. Simulations in 14 seasons with conventional fallow management revealed that annual yields of SM were equivalent to biennial yields of the fallow system, resulting in a predicted doubling of wheat production for this dryland region of the Negev.     

休闲期覆膜与施氮量对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和籽粒产量的影响

为探寻旱地小麦休闲期覆盖下的适宜施氮量,在旱地小麦休闲期覆盖与不覆盖条件下,分别设置75、150和225kg·hm-2三个施氮量,分析了休闲期覆盖配施氮肥对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,休闲期覆盖显著提高播种至孕穗期0~300cm土壤蓄水量,其中播种期土壤水分增加70~81mm,其蓄水保墒效果可延续至孕穗期,进而提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。休闲期覆盖促进了小麦植株对氮素的吸收和积累,增加了植株花前氮素转运量、花后氮素积累量以及籽粒氮素积累量,提高了氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率。休闲期覆盖配施氮素150kg·hm-2时,蓄水、增产和水分高效利用、氮素积累与转运的效果最好。     

土壤水分与覆盖对夏玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

在防雨棚下的测坑中,采用裂区试验设计,研究土壤高水分(75%田间持水量,下同)、中水分(65%)和低水分(55%)条件下地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和不覆盖对夏玉米生长发育、产量性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在不同土壤水分条件下,地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数均高于不覆盖的处理;在玉米生长前期地膜覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数最高,在玉米生长的中后期秸秆覆盖处理的株高和叶面积指数最高。地膜和秸秆覆盖均具有显著的增产作用,与不覆盖相比,平均分别增产8.89%和22.26%。水分利用效率(WUE)随着土壤水分的降低而增加;在相同的土壤水分条件下,秸秆覆盖处理的WUE最高,地膜覆盖的次之,不覆盖的最低;当土壤水分控制下限为田间持水量的65%时,覆盖处理的节水增产效果最好,其中地膜和秸秆覆盖处理产量比不覆盖处理分别增加12.69%和28.47%,WUE分别提高21.78%和34.65%。     

冬小麦-夏玉米一体化垄作覆盖对作物产量与品质的影响

在冬小麦、夏玉米全生育期非灌溉雨养条件下,2005～2007年两年两点大田试验研究了垄作覆盖、垄作、平作覆盖及平作4种保护性耕作处理对冬小麦、夏玉米产量与品质的影响。结果表明：2006年垄作覆盖显著提高冬小麦、夏玉米产量;与对照平作相比,垄作覆盖冬小麦增产16.6%,夏玉米增产15.4%;平作覆盖与垄作覆盖处理明显提高了小麦子粒的淀粉含量,降低了冬小麦子粒的蛋白质含量,夏玉米子粒中含油量和淀粉含量提高9.03%和2.1%,对蛋白质含量影响不明显。秸秆覆盖或垄作覆盖处理下夏玉米子粒中15种氨基酸含量较对照较低,只有脯氨酸和蛋氨酸含量高于对照处理。因此,黄淮海冬小麦-夏玉米两熟旱农区在相对偏旱年型下,冬小麦种植仍采用平作或覆盖形式,不能采用周年一体化冬小麦-夏玉米垄作覆盖模式。     

双行种植与空行覆盖模式对土壤水热条件及冬小麦产量的影响

为了探讨适宜冬小麦保水保墒增产的秸秆覆盖模式,于2014-2016年通过大田试验,研究了常规种植无玉米秸秆覆盖（CK）、常规条播+行间覆盖玉米秸秆4 500 kg·hm^-2（CPM1）、常规条播+行间覆盖玉米秸秆9 000 kg·hm^-2（CPM2）、双行条播+空行覆盖玉米秸秆4 500 kg·hm^-2（DPM1）、双行条播+空行覆盖玉米秸秆9 000 kg·hm^-2（DPM2）5种种植模式对麦田土壤温度、水分及冬小麦产量性状的影响。结果表明,相同秸秆覆盖量下,DPM的冬小麦产量显著高于CK和CPM;DPM2的增产效果优于DPM1,而CPM2 的减产率大于CPM1;穗数和地上部干物质量是籽粒产量增减的主要协同因素。与CK相比,秸秆覆盖对冬小麦生育期0~20 cm土壤均表现为生育前期增温和后期降温的双重作用;与CPM相比,DPM对冬小麦生长前期土壤增温效果好,后期降温幅度低且延迟降温时间;在同一覆盖模式下,覆盖量越大,前期增温效果越好,后期温度变幅越窄。总体上,秸秆覆盖对生育期均温表现为增加效应。秸秆覆盖使冬小麦整个生育期土壤贮水量增加,其中越冬期增加程度较高,CPM1、CPM2、DPM1、DPM2的土壤贮水量较CK两年平均增加28.7、42.3、25.6和38.3 mm。同一覆盖模式下,覆盖量越大,保水效果越好。生育后期DPM的保水效果优于CPM。因此,在无灌溉或少灌溉条件下,双行种植+空行覆盖模式下覆盖带和种植带结合可对山西晋南地区麦田土壤起到蓄水调温、提高冬小麦有效穗数和产量的作用。     

Interactions between non-flooded mulching cultivation and varying nitrogen inputs in rice–wheat rotations

A 3-year field experiment examined the effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation and traditional flooding and four fertilizer N application rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha⁻¹ for rice and 0, 60,120, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ for wheat) on grain yield, N uptake, residual soil N_min and the net N balance in a rice–wheat rotation on Chengdu flood plain, southwest China. There were significant grain yield responses to N fertilizer. Nitrogen applications of >150 kg ha⁻¹ for rice and >120 kg ha⁻¹ for wheat gave no increase in crop yield but increased crop N uptake and N balance surplus in both water regimes. Average rice grain yield increased by 14% with plastic film mulching and decreased by 16% with wheat straw mulching at lower N inputs compared with traditional flooding. Rice grain yields under SM were comparable to those under PM and TF at higher N inputs. Plastic film mulching of preceding rice did not affect the yield of succeeding wheat but straw mulching had a residual effect on succeeding wheat. As a result, there was 17–18% higher wheat yield under N0 in SM than those in PM and TF. Combined rice and wheat grain yields under plastic mulching was similar to that of flooding and higher than that of straw mulching across N treatments. Soil mineral N (top 60 cm) after the rice harvest ranged from 50 to 65 kg ha⁻¹ and was unaffected by non-flooded mulching cultivation and N rate. After the wheat harvest, soil N_min ranged from 66 to 88 kg N ha⁻¹ and increased with increasing fertilizer N rate. High N inputs led to a positive N balance (160–621 kg ha⁻¹), but low N inputs resulted in a negative balance (−85 to −360 kg ha⁻¹). Across N treatments, the net N balances of SM were highest among the three cultivations systems, resulting from additional applied wheat straw (79 kg ha⁻¹) as mulching materials. There was not clear trend found in net N balance between PM and TF. Results from this study indicate non-flooded mulching cultivation may be utilized as an alternative option for saving water, using efficiently straw and maintaining or improving crop yield in rice–wheat rotation systems. There is the need to evaluate the long-term environmental risks of non-flooded mulching cultivation and improve system productivity (especially with straw mulching) by integrated resource management.     

返青期断根对秸秆覆盖冬小麦产量及叶片光合特性的影响

为了解返青期断根对黄土高原旱地保护性耕作下小麦产量形成及水分利用的调控作用,在陕西长武县开展旱地秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦返青期断根试验,分析了返青期断根对冬小麦籽粒产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、产量构成三要素、拔节期群体数量、生育期耗水量、水分利用效率、花后旗叶光合特性及衰老特性的影响。结果表明,返青期断根对冬小麦地上部生物量、穗数、粒重和生育期耗水量没有显著影响。与CK(不断根)相比,返青期断根后冬小麦拔节期总茎数减少了11.9%,开花期叶面积指数、花后旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和蒸腾速率提高,分蘖成穗率、穗粒数、籽粒产量、收获指数和水分利用效率分别增加了14.1%、10.5%、8.2%、10.4%、17.5%和20.4%。这说明返青期断根可促进秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦分蘖成穗,增加花后旗叶光合作用,改善穗部结实特性,提高籽粒产量和水分高效利用。     

播前贮墒量对黑龙港平原旱作冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响

为明确黑龙港平原正在推广应用的冬小麦贮墒旱作栽培的播前土壤适宜墒情,研究了不同贮墒水平对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验于2014-2015和2015-2016年在河北吴桥进行,通过播前补灌设置5个贮墒水平,即2 m土体含水量分别为田间持水量的75%(W1)、80%(W2)、85%(W3)、90%(W4)、100%(W5)。结果表明,随贮墒量的增加,小麦全生育期耗水量显著增大,以W5处理的耗水量最大;提高贮墒量可促进小麦增产,但在贮墒量达到一定程度后产量变化不再明显,两年平均产量以W4处理最大;在W1、W2和W3处理间小麦水分利用效率差异不显著,而W4和W5处理显著低于前三个处理。在本试验土壤及降雨条件下,把播前2m土壤含水量调整为田间持水量的85%~90%是贮墒旱作最适宜的贮墒水平。     

Winter cereals grown for grain and for the dual purpose of forage plus grain II. Water use and water-use efficiency

Water use of barley (Hordeum distichon L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) grown for the dual purpose of forage plus grain as an alternative to traditional grain monoculture (control) was assessed at Granada, southern Spain, in two experiments during three cropping years.No significant differences in seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water depletion at maturity were found between production targets, irrespective of genotype, sowing date and year. A more efficient use of autumn and winter rainfall explained the higher water use observed in 1989/90 in early sown barley as compared to the normal sowing date.There were differences in water-use efficiency (WUE) between seasons in response to clipping: in 1987/88, clipping increased WUE in both experiments relative to the control, while it either reduced it (genotype experiment) or did not affect it (sowing system experiment) in the two following seasons. The response of WUE to clipping was a consequence of similar, differential responses between years observed in dry matter and grain production.Weather-crop interactions caused variable drought and crop water-use patterns among years, which affected the different responses to clipping observed among years. In 1987/88, the crops experienced a prolonged drought period that started around clipping, and increased in severity until anthesis, when spring rains improved growth conditions for some weeks. Forage removal decreased water use and reduced plant water deficit, therefore allowing for enhanced growth and increased water use around anthesis. Thus, clipped cereals had higher grain numbers, dry matter and grain yield than the control at harvest. However, the water-use partitioning observed in the clipping-anthesis period of 1987/88 did not occur in following two seasons. This was possibly due to higher soil evaporation losses after forage removal for clipped cereals in 1988/89, and higher water availability in the clipping-anthesis period in 1989/90. Thus, clipping, by reducing the photosynthetic surface after forage removal, yielded less biomass and grain, and resulted in lower WUE, relative to the control.Winter forage production was associated to ET in 1987/88 and 1989/90, and to WUE in 1988/89 and 1989/90, during the crop phases prior to clipping. However, the increases in ET did not imply lower water availability for subsequent crop phases, as it was the result of more efficient use of autumn and winter rainfall.     

覆盖对喷灌夏玉米植株生长和产量的影响

在夏玉米生育期间设75%、65%、55%田间持水量3个灌水控制下限,研究地膜覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对喷灌夏玉米生长发育、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖能明显促进植株的生长,地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖量大于7 500 kg/hm2处理的增产效果相当,覆盖增产效果均随着土壤水分的降低而增加。地膜覆盖处理耗水量最小,无覆盖的最大;秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量随着覆盖量的增加呈减少趋势,土壤水分越高的处理,覆盖节水量越多。地膜覆盖处理的水分利用效率(WUE)最高,比不覆盖处理提高50%以上;秸秆覆盖处理的WUE随着覆盖量的增加而增加,当覆盖量达到7 500 kg/hm2时,WUE的增加幅度变小。     

播后镇压和冬前灌溉对土壤条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响

为揭示冬灌和镇压的作用,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12号为材料,研究了冬灌和镇压措施对麦田土壤水热条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响。结果表明,与不冬灌相比,冬灌条件下,冬季和春季土壤含水量提高,土壤温度较稳定。与不镇压相比,镇压处理的冬前和起身期土壤含水量及冬前夜间土壤温度提高。冬灌处理冬小麦在越冬后各时期的总茎数、LAI、干物质积累量有所降低,开花期叶片光合速率显著下降,灌浆后期叶片SPAD值下降也较快,每穗总小穗数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均减少。镇压使小麦开花前干物质积累量减少,但对成熟期干物质积累量影响不显著,因为开花后光合速率提高,叶片SPAD值下降较缓慢,开花后干物质积累较多。镇压处理成熟期的单位面积穗数降低,但由于穗粒数和千粒重提高,镇压与不镇压的产量差异不显著。从本研究结果看,冬灌是一项防冻保苗的有效措施,与播后镇压配合可减缓冬季低温和温度剧烈变化对小麦的不利影响。     

增施有机肥对全膜覆土穴播春小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为探究增施有机肥对全膜覆土穴播春小麦水分利用和产量的影响,于2016-2017年在甘肃陇中半干旱区设置田间定位试验,研究全膜覆土平作穴播(PMS)、全膜覆土平作穴播+有机肥(PMO)和裸地平作穴播(CK)3个处理下春小麦田的土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率。结果表明,在全生育期,PMO处理0～300 cm土壤贮水量分别较PMS和CK处理高1.30%～13.55%和6.95%～15.39%,SPAD值分别高1.61%～4.33%和6.43%～13.95%,单株生物量分别增加4.98%～16.11%和117.13%～200.00%;与CK相比,PMO和PMS处理均能显著提高春小麦的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量和水分利用效率,PMO处理提高的幅度更大;PMO处理的籽粒产量分别较PMS和CK处理提高9.11%和53.74%,水分利用效率分别较PMS和CK处理提高26.50%和59.22%。