长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学及生物学性质的影响

研究长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学和生物学性质的影响结果表明,有机肥和化肥均使土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效磷、速度钾、阳离子交换性提高,增加土壤微生物数量和活性,但有机肥在培肥地力、创造有利于微生物生长繁育的土壤环境方面明显优于化学肥料。     

长期施肥下黑土有机肥替代率变化特征

探索长期施肥下黑土有机肥替代率与土壤肥力提升的关系,可为农田土壤培肥和有机替代提供理论依据。对吉林省公主岭黑土32年的长期肥力试验定位观测数据进行系统分析,基于作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素供需方程探讨高产条件下施用不同量有机肥的黑土有机肥替代率的变化特征。研究表明,作物产量随着有机肥施用年限增加逐渐提高,32年的持续施肥,施用有机肥的作物产量趋同甚至高于NPK化肥处理的作物产量。基于作物氮素吸收量,高产条件下有机肥替代率与施肥年限呈极显著线性正相关(P0.01),高量有机肥处理(M2)的有机肥替代率高于常量有机肥处理(M1);且有机肥施用29年后,高量有机肥处理(M2)的有机肥替代率达到100%,并保持稳定不变。基于土壤氮素供需方程估测的常量和高量有机肥处理(M1和M2)的有机肥替代率与基于作物氮素吸收量得到的有机肥替代率相关系数(R2)达到0.78和0.84(P0.01),相对均方根误差(RMSE)均小于15%(分别为10.4%和14.6%),表明土壤氮素供需方程可以较好地估测土壤有机肥替代率。基于作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素供需方程能够准确反映长期有机培肥下黑土有机肥替代率的变化规律。本研究结果表明,基于作物氮素吸收量和土壤氮素供需方程两种方法验证,高产条件下有机肥替代率是土壤肥力的函数;随着有机肥施肥年限的增加,土壤肥力提升,有机肥替代率逐渐增加。     

长期施肥对小麦体内各形态磷含量的影响

利用长期定位施肥试验,研究了不同施肥处理下小麦体内各种形态磷含量的变化.结果表明:不同施肥处理的小麦籽粒各形态磷含量均明显高于茎秆.籽粒磷脂态磷含量最高,平均为1.19 g˙kg-1,其次为活性有机磷、活性无机磷,未知形态磷含量最少,平均为0.348 g·kg-1. 茎秆中活性无机磷含量最高,为0.142g˙kg-1,活性有机磷含量最低,为0.034 g·kg-1.单施有机肥处理小麦茎秆活性有机磷含量显著低于对照及其他处理.除此之外,施磷处理(PK、NP、NPK、OM和1/20M+1/2NPK)小麦体内其他各形态磷含量均高于不施磷处理(CK、NK).与对照相比,单施有机肥能显著增加小麦籽粒各形态磷、全磷和茎秆活性无机磷、未知形态磷、全磷含量;NP处理茎秆有机磷(活性有机磷、磷脂磷)含量显著高于其他处理.不同施肥处理下,小麦籽粒中各形态磷含量与籽粒全磷含量间均呈显著正相关.     

长期施肥下红壤磷素积累的环境风险分析

以长期(始于1988年)施肥的旱地红壤为材料,研究了土壤磷积累与磷吸附的关系,通过分析土壤磷素吸附特征参数及面向环境的土壤磷素表征值的变化,讨论了长期施肥下旱地红壤磷素积累的环境风险。结果表明:长期施磷可显著增加红壤磷素的累积量,降低土壤对外源磷的固持能力,提高土壤的有效磷及易解吸磷的量。供试的7个试验处理,除NK处理及花生秸秆本田还田处理外,土壤有效磷均高于20mg kg-1,已达到丰磷状态,但只有配施厩肥处理的土壤磷素存在环境风险。因此,应在兼顾土壤磷素的农业效应和环境安全的前提下,建立新的施肥制度,使磷素资源的利用更加合理化。     

减水减肥对设施黑土菜田磷素累积与淋溶的影响

设施黑土菜田由于过量施肥和灌溉导致磷素淋溶损失严重,亟待优化水肥管理模式以减少设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶。本研究依托黑土设施菜田淋溶监测试验,设置常规灌溉量与施肥量(WF)、常规灌溉量+80%常规化肥量(W80%F)、80%常规灌溉量+常规肥处理(80%WF)3个处理,对土壤磷储量、速效磷动态变化、磷素淋失量进行分析,研究了不同水肥处理对黑土设施茄子土壤磷素淋失风险和淋失量的影响。结果表明:经种植1季茄子后, WF、W80%F和80%WF处理0～100 cm土体磷储量分别为9.69 t·hm~(-2)、9.36 t·hm~(-2)和8.84 t·hm~(-2),分别比移栽前增加26.5%、27.5%和7.1%。随着茄子生育期延长, 0～20 cm土层速效磷含量呈先升高后降低的趋势, 80%WF处理速效磷含量较其他两个处理高,变幅为145.17～224.55 mg·kg-1; 20～40 cm土层, WF处理速效磷含量基本保持不变,80%WF处理速效磷含量整体呈上升趋势,W80%F处理速效磷含量先升高后降低再升高,除盛果期外均显著高于另两个处理。WF、W80%F和80%WF磷素淋失量分别为17.84 kg·hm~(-2)、17.47 kg·hm~(-2)和9.02 kg·hm~(-2),其中有机磷淋失量占磷素淋失总量的90%以上。磷素淋失量与磷储量增加量、盛果期0～40 cm土层速效磷含量、拉秧期0～20 cm土层速效磷含量之间均存在显著的相关性(P0.05),可通过磷储量增加量来预测生育期内磷素淋失量。与常规水肥处理相比,减少化肥施用量对磷素淋失量和淋失风险无明显影响,但减少灌溉量能显著减少磷素淋失量,降低磷素淋失风险。研究结果可为设施黑土菜田磷素淋溶阻控提供技术支撑,为新阻控技术的研发提供理论指导。     

长期施用化肥对我国南方水田表土有机碳含量的影响

利用meta分析研究水田土地利用方式下化肥对土壤有机碳含量的影响。结果显示:长期施用化肥处理的表层水稻土土壤有机碳含量较不施肥处理显著提高1.00±0.23 g kg-1,是不施肥处理的1.06倍±1.01倍。分析认为施肥处理下,较高的根系生物量导致较高的碳输入水平,另外相对充足的养分供应提高土壤固碳效率,这是施肥处理下土壤具有较高有机碳含量的两个原因。但不同轮作制度下,化肥对有机碳含量提升作用有差异:稻-稻-旱轮作制下化肥的作用不显著,而稻-旱轮作与稻-稻轮作制度下化肥对有机碳含量的提升作用显著。方差分析发现相同施肥措施下,稻-稻-旱轮作体系下土壤有机碳含量在三种轮作制度中最高,而稻-旱轮作与稻-稻轮作没有显著差异。尽管施用化肥能增加土壤有机碳含量,但评价施用化肥对温室效应的影响还需要综合考虑化肥生产、运输与施用过程中的温室气体排放三要素。     

长期施肥对农田土壤真菌的影响

不合理施肥所引发的土壤环境问题逐渐成为制约我国农业可持续发展的重要因素之一,而土壤真菌作为一类重要的土壤微生物,研究施肥措施对真菌群落的影响对促进农业生产具有重要意义。本研究以有20年历史的长期定位试验田为研究对象,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析技术,对长期定位施肥农田生态系统中不同施肥方式对土壤真菌群落的影响以及时间变化规律进行了系统研究。长期施肥定位试验包括EM堆肥(EM)、传统堆肥(OF)、化肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)处理。主要研究结果如下:在0~20 cm土层,施肥处理对土壤真菌多样性有显著影响,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为2.64~3.53,Simpson集中性指数为0.03~0.08;EM和OF处理的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数均显著高于CF和CK;在3月、6月和10月,EM和OF处理与CF和CK处理相比,有较高的真菌多样性;Simpson集中性指数最高的是3月的CK处理,最低的是10月的EM和OF处理。冗余分析结果表明,土壤pH、有机质、总氮、有效磷和有效钾等对真菌影响显著。因此,长期施用有机肥与化肥相比可以提高土壤真菌多样性,改变其群落结构;与化肥处理相比,施用EM堆肥,不仅可以保持土壤可持续利用性,同时改善0~20 cm土层土壤真菌的生存环境;3种施肥处理对土壤真菌群落结构影响程度由强到弱:EMOFCF。     

The effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids and inorganic phosphorus concentration on the determination of soil phosphorus by the molybdenum blue reaction

Low-molecular-weight organic acids play an important role in the mobilization of soil phosphorus (P). The molybdate blue colorimetric method, based on the formation of P molybdenum blue compound, is commonly used for analysis of phosphate in soil and environmental samples. However, some organic acids can act as a ligand to bond with molybdenum acid, which subsequently interfere with the colorimetric reaction. The recoveries of P were inhibited by the addition of oxalic (>2 mM) and citric acids (>3 mM) both in standard P solutions and soil extracts, but formic and maleic acids did not interfere with the P determination. The inhibition of oxalic and citric acids on P recovery remained even at higher level of P (up to 100 μg P 100 ml⁻¹) though such interferences decreased by increasing P concentration. Comparison between oxalic and citric acids revealed the more pronounced interference by the addition of oxalic acid. The results suggested that the interference of organic acids with P determination is related to the types of organic acids and the ratio of organic acid ligands to P anions in the solutions. Thus, analysis of P using the molybdate blue colorimetric method should be undertaken cautiously in the presence of relative strong ligands like oxalic and citric acids.     

Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers

We determined the size, activity, and affinity of the microbial community for glucose in soils from long-term experimental grassland plots. The plots had been treated annually with either farmyard manure, inorganic NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure+inorganic NPK fertilizers, (NH₄)₂SO₄ only, or no experimental amendment sine 1897. The largest biomass and activity differences were between the (NH₄)₂SO₄-treated soil, which was very acid, and the rest, which were nearer neutral. In the (NH₄)₂SO₄-treated soil, the biomass C to organic C ratio was small, but overall the community had high respiratory activity per unit of biomass (qCO₂) and high overall affinity for glucose (low K _m). The effects of the manure treatment were a greater biomass C and a lower overall glucose affinity than in the control plot. In the presence farmyard manure, NPK led to smaller biomass and a lower biomass to organic C ratio while having no significant effect on either glucose K _m or qCO₂. In the absence of farmyard manure, NPK led to significantly greater glucose affinity but had no significant effect on the biomass, the biomass C to organic C ratio or qCO₂.     

长期不同供磷水平下南方黄泥田生产力及磷组分特征

红壤性水稻土磷素易受铁、铝等固定而有效性低,过量施用磷肥则产生磷素淋失风险,研究不同供磷水平下黄泥田生产力、磷库平衡及磷组分特征,可为磷素高效管理提供依据。本研究基于福建黄泥田连续30年的供磷定位试验,研究连续30年3个供磷水平下[不施磷肥(CK)、30 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)(P1)、60 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)(P2)]水稻(1987—2004年为双季稻,2005年始种植单季稻)产量演变规律,并于试验的第31年分析土壤有效磷、全磷、无机磷库与有机磷库组分变化。结果表明,连续30年施用磷肥,与CK相比,早稻、晚稻与单季稻历年平均产量P1处理分别提高64.9%、37.0%与19.9%, P2处理分别提高67.0%、41.2%与20.4%,差异均显著。不同稻作制度下黄泥田磷肥的增产效果为早稻晚稻单季稻。与P1处理相比,P2处理第31年土壤有效磷含量提高190.5%,全磷含量提高32.4%,差异均显著;Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量与无机磷含量均显著提高,Al-P、Fe-P占无机磷比重分别提高2.12个百分点与4.40个百分点,但O-P比重降低9.45个百分点,差异均显著。施磷肥总体提高了活性有机磷(LOP)与中等活性有机磷(MLOP)含量,降低了高稳定性有机磷(HSOP)含量,P2处理表现尤为明显;增施磷肥, LOP与MLOP占有机磷比重增加, HSOP比重降低。籽粒或秸秆产量与Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、MLOP、LOP含量呈显著正相关。综上,黄泥田连续30年施磷肥增产效果明显, P1与P2处理的产量无显著差异,但P1处理呈现磷表观亏缺。增施磷肥提高了无机磷Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P比重,有机磷组分呈现由活性较低的形态向活性较高的形态转化趋势。每茬60 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)可维持磷素养分表观平衡并保持适宜的有效磷水平。     

Mechanisms of soil N dynamics following long-term application of organic fertilizers to subtropical rain-fed purple soil in China

In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing incubation experiment and an in situ monitoring study were combined to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer regimes on the mechanisms of soil N dynamics from a long-term repeated N application experiment. The field study was initiated in 2003 under a wheat-maize rotation system in the subtropical rain-fed purple soil region of China. The experiment included six fertilization treatments applied on an equivalent N basis (280 kg N ha⁻¹), except for the residue only treatment which received 112 kg N ha⁻¹: (1) UC, unfertilized control; (2) NPK, mineral fertilizer NPK; (3) OM, pig manure; (4) OM-NPK, pig manure (40% of applied N) with mineral NPK (60% of applied N); (5) RSD, crop straw; (6) RSD-NPK, crop straw (40% of applied N) with mineral NPK (60% of applied N). The results showed that long-term repeated applications of mineral or organic N fertilizer significantly stimulated soil gross N mineralization rates, which was associated with enhanced soil C and N contents following the application of N fertilizer. The crop N offtake and yield were positively correlated with gross mineralization. Gross autotrophic nitrification rates were enhanced by approximately 2.5-fold in the NPK, OM, OM-NPK, and RSD-NPK treatments, and to a lesser extent by RSD application, compared to the UC. A significant positive relationship between gross nitrification rates and cumulative N loss via interflow and runoff indicated that the mechanisms responsible for increasing N loss following long-term applications of N fertilizer were governed by the nitrification dynamics. Organic fertilizers stimulated gross ammonium (NH₄⁺) immobilization rates and caused a strong competition with nitrifiers for NH₄⁺, thus preventing a build-up of nitrate (NO₃⁻). Overall, in this study, we found that partial or complete substitution of NPK fertilizers with organic fertilizers can reduce N losses and maintain high crop production, except for the treatment involving application of RSD alone. Therefore, based on the N transformation dynamics observed in this study, organic fertilizers in combination with mineral fertilizer applications (i.e. OM, OM-NPK, and RSD-NPK treatments) are recommended for crop production in the subtropical rain-fed purple soils in China.     

长期施肥对红壤磷素持续供应能力的影响

以长期施肥(始于1988年)的旱地红壤为研究材料,通过对历史数据的统计与分析,讨论了红壤全磷累积量与有效供磷量之间的相互关系,同时,通过有效磷的连续提取实验研究了红壤的持续供磷能力。研究结果表明:在长期施肥的过程中约有76.9%～86.8%的磷素积累在旱地红壤中,有效磷水平是红壤磷素肥力高低的直观表现,随着土壤全磷累积量的增大而增加;土壤磷素的纯盈余量又决定着全磷与有效磷的供应水平。由连续提取实验结果可以初步推测,如果现在减少或停止施用磷肥,红壤现有的供磷水平至少可以满足3～4季作物的磷素需求。因此,应在兼顾土壤磷素的农业效应和环境安全的前提下,建立新的施肥制度,使磷素资源的利用更加合理化。     

长期不同施肥条件下黑土水稳性团聚体中磷的分布及其有效性

利用中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥条件下[对照(CK)、施用化学氮磷肥(NP)、化学氮磷肥配施有机肥(NP+OM)]农田黑土不同粒径水稳性团聚体中磷的分布及其有效性。结果表明,施肥增加了黑土各粒级水稳性团聚体中全磷含量,其中,NP处理比对照(CK)全磷含量增加28.9%~37.8%,NP+OM处理比NP处理增加44.0%~63.9%。施肥增加了黑土各粒级水稳性团聚体中有效磷含量,NP处理比CK处理有效磷含量增加146%~183%,NP+OM处理有效磷含量是NP处理的3.4~5.3倍。各处理水稳性团聚体全磷和有效磷均表现为较均匀地分布在0.053mm的各粒级水稳性团聚体中,而0.053mm粒级水稳性团聚体内全磷和有效磷均显著降低。施磷可显著增加土壤磷的有效率,且以化肥配施有机肥处理表现更为明显。NP处理不同粒径水稳性团聚体中磷的有效率是CK处理的1.94~2.32倍,NP+OM处理是NP处理的2.13~2.83倍。     

Content of organic carbon and total nitrogen inStagnic Albeluvisols depending on fertilization

Abstract

The content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N_tot) was studied in a long-term field experiment with a three-field crop rotation (potato – spring wheat – spring barley) set up on arable sandy loam Stagnic Albeluvisol at Eerika, Tartu, Estonia. The studied factors were: (A) organic fertilizers with three treatments: (i) without organic fertilizer, (ii) farmyard manure (60 t ha^?1) used in every third year, and (iii) different organic (alternative) fertilizers (beet leaves + straw; pure beet leaves; slurry + straw; cereal straw) and (B) mineral nitrogen fertilizer with the rates: N-0; N-40; N-80; N-120 and N-160 kg ha^?1. The study years were 1993, 1996 and 1999. The average content of SOC (1.03%) was significantly influenced by the use of organic fertilizers. Only N_tot (mean value 0.110%) was influenced also by fertilization with mineral nitrogen. The C/N ratio (mean value 9.5) reflected changes in the content of SOC and N_tot     

Effects of long-term phosphorus fertilization and winter cover cropping on soil phosphorus transformations in less weathered soil

Information concerning sources and sinks of available P in soil is needed to improve soil P management and protect water quality. This study, conducted from 1989 to 1998 on a Sultan silt loam soil (Aquantic Xerochrept), determined the annual P removal rate by corn (Zea mays L.) and P transformation as affected by P rate and winter cover cropping. Treatments included two P rates (0 and 44 kg P ha^–1) applied to corn at planting each year. All cover crops received 19.6 kg P ha^–1 at seeding each fall. Also included was a control without any cover crop and with no P addition. Corn yield and P uptake were affected by P fertilizer additions, but not by cover crops. A fairly constant amount of P was supplied from indigenous soil P when no external P was added. When the amount of P added exceeded that removed by corn, the excess P was converted mainly to NaOH-extractable inorganic P (NaOH-P_i). When the amount of P applied was below that removed by corn, indigenous soil NaOH-P_i acted as a source of available P for the plant. With no reduction of organic P (P_o) extractable by NaOH or NaHCO₃, the contribution from P_o to the available P pool appeared limited. The role of NaOH-P_i in P availability in the soil was substantiated by its significant correlation with labile NH₄Cl-extractable P (NH₄Cl-P; r² =0.60, P <0.001) or NaHCO₃-P_i (r² =0.81, P <0.001) pools. The NaOH-P_i for the soil reflected the changes in soil P resulting from past fertilizer P input and P removal by the crops.Scientific Paper Number 0005-34     

Soil biological quality of grassland fertilized with adjusted cattle manure slurries in comparison with organic and inorganic fertilizers

We studied the effect of five fertilizers (including two adjusted manure slurries) and an untreated control on soil biota and explored the effect on the ecosystem services they provided. Our results suggest that the available N (NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) in the soil plays a central role in the effect of fertilizers on nematodes and microorganisms. Microorganisms are affected directly through nutrient availability and indirectly through grass root mass. Nematodes are affected indirectly through microbial biomass and grass root mass. A lower amount of available N in the treatment with inorganic fertilizer was linked to a higher root mass and a higher abundance and proportion of herbivorous nematodes. A higher amount of available N in the organic fertilizer treatments resulted in a twofold higher bacterial activity (measured as bacterial growth rate, viz. thymidine incorporation), a higher proportion of bacterivorous nematodes, a 30% higher potential N mineralization (aerobic incubation), and 25–50% more potentially mineralizable N (anaerobic incubation). Compared to inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilization increased the C total, the N total, the activity of decomposers, and the supply of nutrients via the soil food web. Within the group of organic fertilizers, there was no significant difference in C total, abundances of soil biota, and the potential N mineralization rate. There were no indications that farmyard manure or the adjusted manure slurries provided the ecosystem service “supply of nutrients” better than normal manure slurry. Normal manure slurry provided the highest bacterial activity and the highest amount of mineralizable N and it was the only fertilizer resulting in a positive trend in grass yield over the years 2000–2005. The number of earthworm burrows was higher in the treatments with organic fertilizers compared to the one with the inorganic fertilizer, which suggests that organic fertilizers stimulate the ecosystem service of water regulation more than inorganic fertilizer. The trend towards higher epigeic earthworm numbers with application of farmyard manure and one of the adjusted manure slurries, combined with the negative relation between epigeic earthworms and bulk density and a significantly lower penetration resistance in the same fertilizer types, is preliminary evidence that these two organic fertilizer types contribute more to the service of soil structure maintenance than inorganic fertilizer.     

黄土旱塬黑垆土长期肥料试验土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征

依托甘肃平凉定位试验(1979年—),分析长期不同施肥下土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征,为黄土旱塬雨养农田合理施用磷肥提供参考。试验包括6个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配合(NP)、秸秆还田加氮和隔年施磷(SNP)、单施农家肥(M)和农家肥加氮磷(MNP),种植制度为4年冬小麦-2年春玉米的一年1熟轮作制。结果表明,试验进行38年后,长期无磷投入(CK、N)处理耕层土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量及磷活化系数比试验开始时下降,而施磷处理(NP、SNP、M和MNP)土壤全磷分别增加22.8%、14.0%、38.6%和56.1%,Olsen-P相应提高99.1%、48.4%、206.4%和375.6%,磷活化系数分别是开始时的1.7倍、1.3倍、2.2倍和3.1倍。随试验年限延长,CK处理耕层土壤全磷基本不变;N和SNP耕层土壤全磷呈下降趋势,每年下降速率为1.9 mg·kg~(-1)和2.6 mg·kg~(-1);NP、M和MNP处理呈增加趋势,每年增加速率分别为1.2 mg·kg~(-1)、1.9 mg·kg~(-1)和2.8 mg·kg~(-1)。CK和N处理Olsen-P呈下降趋势,年下降速率分别为0.03 mg·kg~(-1)和0.09 mg·kg~(-1);NP、SNP、M和MNP处理土壤Olsen-P呈增加趋势,年增量分别为0.29 mg·kg~(-1)、0.24 mg·kg~(-1)、0.46 mg·kg~(-1)和0.89 mg·kg~(-1)。作物产量与耕层土壤Olsen-P含量呈极显著正相关(小麦R~2=0.116 9,n=132;玉米R~2=0.332 4,n=54)。施磷处理(NP、SNP、M和MNP)玉米的磷肥回收率、利用率和农学效率大于小麦,而生理效率小麦大于玉米;各处理磷肥效率4个指标的大小顺序均为SNPNPMNPM,玉米磷肥效率的4个指标都随试验年限延长而提高。M较MNP处理P投入减少了14.2%,小麦、玉米磷素效率降低14.3%~69.5%、0.8%~75.5%。总之,有机无机结合是黄土旱塬区培肥地力、提高作物产量和资源利用效率的施肥措施。     

Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions

Soil aggregation is of great importance in agriculture due to its positive effect on soil physical properties, plant growth and the environment. A long-term (1996-2008) field experiment was performed to investigate the role of mycorrhizal inoculation and organic fertilizers on some of soil properties of Mediterranean soils (Typic Xerofluvent, Menzilat clay-loam soil). We applied a rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as a second crop during the periods of 1996 and 2008. The study consisted of five experimental treatments; control, mineral fertilizer (300-60-150 kg N-P-K ha⁻¹), manure at 25 t ha⁻¹, compost at 25 t ha⁻¹ and mycorrhiza-inoculated compost at 10 t ha⁻¹ with three replicates. The highest organic matter content both at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm soil depths were obtained with manure application, whereas mineral fertilizer application had no effect on organic matter accumulation. Manure, compost and mycorrhizal inoculation + compost application had 69%, 32% and 24% higher organic matter contents at 0-30 cm depth as compared to the control application. Organic applications had varying and important effects on aggregation indexes of soils. The greatest mean weight diameters (MWD) at 15-30 cm depth were obtained with manure, mycorrhiza-inoculated compost and compost applications, respectively. The decline in organic matter content of soils in control plots lead disintegration of aggregates demonstrated on significantly lower MWD values. The compost application resulted in occurring the lowest bulk densities at 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths, whereas the highest bulk density values were obtained with mineral fertilizer application. Measurements obtained in 2008 indicated that manure and compost applications did not cause any further increase in MWD at manure and compost receiving plots indicated reaching a steady state. However, compost with mycorrhizae application continued to significant increase (P < 0.05) in MWD values of soils. Organic applications significantly lowered the soil bulk density and penetration resistance. The lowest penetration resistance (PR) at 0-50 cm soil depth was obtained with mycorrhizal inoculated compost, and the highest PR was with control and mineral fertilizer applications. The results clearly revealed that mycorrhiza application along with organic fertilizers resulted in decreased bulk density and penetration resistance associated with an increase in organic matter and greater aggregate stability, indicated an improvement in soil structure.     

长期定位施肥对潮土有机氮组分和有机碳的影响

利用河南封丘潮土的13年长期施肥试验,采用Bremner法研究了潮土耕层有机氮组成的变化,分析了长期施肥对土壤有机氮组份和有机碳含量的影响。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施显著提高了土壤全氮、酸解有机氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、非酸解有机氮和有机碳的含量。有机氮主要由酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮组成,其次为酸解未知态氮和非酸解有机氮,氨基糖态氮含量最小。施有机肥尤其利于氨基酸态氮和非酸解有机氮的形成。施肥处理的酸解有机氮占全氮的比例减小,主要是由氨基酸态氮、酸解铵态氮占全氮的比例减小所致。与1989年试验开始时的土壤初始值相比,施有机肥能提高土壤全氮含量和有机质含量。在供应等氮磷钾的情况下,有机无机配施增加了土壤供氮能力、有机质含量和作物产量,是维持土壤肥力和保护环境最优的施肥方式。     

长期施磷对山原红壤磷库组成及有效性的影响

通过33年施肥试验研究了不同施磷处理对山原红壤中磷素形态转化及含量的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥增加了红壤中全磷和速效磷的含量;施磷处理下土壤表层无机磷、有机磷显著积累。不同施肥处理下土壤无机磷组分均以Fe-P为主,占总量的50%左右;相关分析表明无机磷组分中的Fe-P、Al-P与速效磷分别呈极显著正相关(r=0.908)、显著正相关(r=0.706),表明Fe-P、Al-P为山原红壤的有效磷源。对于土壤有机磷而言,所有施肥处理的土壤中稳性有机磷比例最高,其次为中等活性有机磷,再次为高稳性有机磷,活性有机磷最低,前二者占有机磷总量的90%左右。有机磷组分与速效磷的相关性分析结果表明,中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷分别与土壤速效磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.861)、显著正相关(r=0.840)。说明中等活性有机磷和中稳性有机磷是土壤速效磷的主要来源。增施磷肥尤其是氮、磷、钾肥与农家肥配施后,可促进其他形态有机磷向有利于作物吸收的中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷转变。