上海建设世博会水产供应基地

世博会水产供应基地主要从近年来上海市建立的标准化水产养殖场中遴选，需具备全部实现标准化生产、质量安全可追溯的特点。标准化水产养殖场由中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所设计。2008年上海共安排标准化水产养殖场建设项目43个，建设面积近2万亩。目前已建成的15个、8000余亩标准化水产养殖场取得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。     

标准化水产养殖场用地设计——基于上海市的调查

近年来,上海市陆基水产养殖业逐步走出分散养殖为主格局朝规模化养殖发展,同时向提供优质水产品和优美休闲环境的都市多功能渔业转变。本文根据上海市陆基水产养殖场用地调查情况,针对当前农业结构调整项目中标准化水产养殖场用地标准不足问题,综述了陆基水产养殖场用地结构和类型,比照节约集约用地原则分析提出了三种养殖场类型标准化改造用地指南,最后对落实其使用与管理做出了思考和建议。     

上海市标准化水产养殖场建设成效渐显

<正>本刊讯开展标准化水产养殖场建设是上海市在全国率先提出并组织实施的一项渔业基础设施建设项目,也是一项重要的支渔惠渔政策。项目实施以来,受到广大养殖渔民的普遍欢迎。截至2013年底,上海市共批复标准化水产养殖场建设项目308个(调整取消15个项目),面积达16.78万亩,总投资达16.92亿元,其中市财政补贴资金8.57亿元,区县财政补贴资金1.92亿元,项目建设单位自筹资金6.29亿元。目前已有217个项目完工,完工率达74.1%,171个项目通过了验收,验收率达58.4%。改造后的标准化水产养殖场     

河蟹健康养殖试验示范技术

“河蟹健康养殖试验示范”是由江苏省水产局（现省海洋与渔业局）１９９９年下达，江苏省水产技术推广牵头承担的省水产科技项目。该项目是针对近几年河蟹颤抖病的暴发而提出。项目区采用多种健康养殖技术与生态防病技术，结合疫病测报，有效控制了河蟹疾病特别是颤抖病的发生，经济效益显著，达到了试验预期效果，现将项目区实施情况总结如下。１ 基本情况１．１ 试验塘口 该项目共建４个示范区，分别设在金坛指前镇水产养殖场、扬州市宝应大洼子绿优水产养殖场、通州南兴乡水产养殖场、泗洪半城镇水产养殖场。示范区实施面积计 ２ ２３亩…     

上海市建成149个标准化水产养殖场 面积近7万亩

<正>上海目前已批复建设了149个标准化水产养殖场,建设面积近7万亩,总投资6.32亿元。这些标准化水产养殖场建成以后,大大提升了水产养殖业的规模化、生态化程度,极大地改善了水产养殖的基础设施条件,为水产品质量安全提供了保障。     

标准化水产养殖场人工湿地水质净化效果的研究

为研究标准化水产养殖场的养殖生产对水环境的影响以及养殖场人工湿地对养殖废水的水质净化效果,以上海市松江区8个已建成的标准化水产养殖场为调查研究对象,对其养殖生产水源水与养殖池塘水、人工湿地进水口水与排水口水以及人工湿地排放水与养殖水源水的水质指标进行了检测和对比分析。研究结果:养殖水体经人工湿地处理后,pH值控制在7.50~8.26,亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、活性磷酸盐的平均去除率分别为11.91%、4.51%、14.74%、21.09%。研究结果表明,标准化水产养殖场所配置的人工湿地对养殖废水具有一定的水质净化效果,标准化水产养殖场的养殖生产对水环境的影响不大,但人工湿地还需从结构设计和合理使用等方面加以改进和完善,以进一步提高其功能和效果。     

水产养殖场GAP休系的建立和运行

在水产养殖场实施良好水产养殖规范(Good-Aquacudture Practices,以下简称GAP)管理,可使水产品质量从产生、形成到实现都受到连续、稳定、有效的控制.推动有条件的养殖场在其现有的水产养殖生产系统的基础上开展GAP管理的研究与示范,对我省水产养殖企业生产规范化和标准化,保证食品安全和促进农业的可持续发展具有重要意义.下文简述在中等规模已取得无公害产地和产品认证的养殖场开展GAP管理体系的组织和运行的方法.     

澳洲淡水龙虾池塘标准化养殖出效益

正近年来,澳洲淡水龙虾养殖逐渐升温,为探索澳洲淡水龙虾池塘标准化养殖,笔者于2017年在庐江县同大镇惠阳水产养殖场40亩标准化池塘开展了澳洲淡水龙虾引进并示范养殖,取得了较好经济效益。现将养殖结果报告如下。一、材料与方法1.养殖池塘改造2016年底,利用冬季干塘对养殖场40亩老鱼     

低温条件下轮虫的敞池增殖和利用项目通过鉴定

“低温条件下轮虫的敞池增殖和利用”研究是1993年农业部水产司的重点科研项目,由大连水产学院主持,北京小汤山水产养殖场,吉林舒兰河水库和黑龙江绥化渔场协作承担。今年年初北京市水产局受农业部渔业局委托,由北京小汤山水产养殖场对该项目主持,并于一月十五日通过专家鉴定。     

种草养鱼技术的效益评价

近年来江苏省金湖县大力推广种草养鱼技术,每年种草面积约为300～350公顷,取得了显著的效益。本文以该县1991年在淮胜乡水产养殖场进行的“种草养鱼试验”项目的数据为试验值,并以该场1991年全场生产实绩为对照值,对种草养鱼技术进行了效益评价。     

Nitrogen budget and fluxes in Colossoma macropomum ponds

This study quantified the accumulation of nitrogen (N) in the water column, sediments, fish and seepage water during a production cycle of Colossoma macropomum. By combining estimates of the deposition rates of uneaten feed, faeces and dead phytoplankton with measurements of N accumulation in the sediment, the rate of decomposition of organic matter in the sediment was estimated. The first‐order rate constant for organic matter decomposition was 0.237±0.019 day^?1. Total N recovery during the first weeks of the experiment was about 65%. Later, the N recovery was close to 100%. The cumulative recovery at the end of the experiment was almost 100%, meaning that the N budget in the system studied can be fully explained without consideration of N volatilization, due to either denitrification or ammonia volatilization. In the beginning of the growth cycle, the major flux of N was sedimentation. Intensive microbial degradation process occurred about 3–4 weeks later, leading to a release of inorganic N and an approach towards a steady state as to the accumulation of organic N. Feed was irregularly applied during the experiment but fish growth was constant, showing that the fish utilized detrital or planktonic feed during periods of low feeding. Nitrogen accumulated in the pond during periods of excessive feeding and was utilized by the fish during periods of low feeding. This cycling should be further studied and may be an important pond management technique.     

三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食和碳收支

20 0 2年 6～ 9月 ,在自然水温 (2 4 0、2 4 9和 2 6 3℃ )和投喂鹰爪虾虾仁的条件下测定了 3个体重组 (0 73± 0 15 g、1 5 5± 35 g和 3 75± 0 5 2g)三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食和碳收支。结果表明 ,温度和体重对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食量均有明显影响 ,其中体重的影响更为显著。以湿重和干重(比能值 )计算得到三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的特定生长率 (SGR)和生态转换效率 (Eg)分别为 2 5± 1 33～3 0± 0 95和 19 4± 4 8～ 5 9 4± 2 2 9,2 8± 0 73～ 4 3± 2 2 8和 10 1± 2 3～ 2 9 1± 12 4。在三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的C收支模式中 ,代谢C所占的比例最大 ,占总摄食C的 5 0 %以上 ,其次是生长C ,约占总摄食C的 2 8% ,蜕壳和排粪消耗的C的比例较小 ,一般少于 5 %。三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的个体大小和水温是影响C收支的重要因素 ,其中温度是主要因子。随个体的增大和试验水温的升高 ,三疣梭子蟹生长C占总摄食C的比例减少 ,代谢C的比例增加 ,蜕壳C和排粪C所占的波动较小。     

双壳贝类能量学及其研究进展

对贝类能量收支方程C＝P＋R＋U＋F中各组分的意义和测定方法及其研究的状况进行了较为全面的阐述。     

温度对凸壳肌蛤能量收支的影响

凸壳肌蛤(Arcuatula senhousei)是虾蟹等养殖品种的优质饵料生物,也是极具养殖潜力的贝类品种。为了深入了解其生理代谢,利用室内静水法对不同温度(7℃、15℃、23℃、31℃)凸壳肌蛤的摄食率、排粪率、耗氧率、排氨率等生理指标进行了研究,并建立了能量收支方程。结果显示,23℃时的滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率、同化效率均显著高于其他温度梯度(P0.05),分别达到了1.09 L/(g·h)、24.46 mg/(g·h)、3.50 mg/(g·h)和62.93%;7℃时的滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率、排粪率、排氨率均低于其他温度梯度,分别为0.24 L/(g·h)、6.04 mg/(g·h)、1.02 mg/(g·h)、4.20 mg/(g·h)、2.33μmol/(g·h)。且滤水率、摄食率、耗氧率、同化效率随着温度升高都呈先升高后下降的趋势,在23℃时均达到最高值。不同温度下的能量收支方程为:100C=58.12F+46.74R+2.54U–7.40P(7℃);100C=44.28F+29.14R+1.85U+24.73P(15℃);100C=17.18F+41.81R+6.64U+34.37P(23℃);100C=53.35F+28.26R+14.66U+3.73P(31℃)。能量收支研究表明,生长能(P)、呼吸能(R)、排泄能(U)和粪便能(F)占摄食能(C)的比例分别为–7.4%~34.37%、28.26%~46.74%、1.85%~14.66%、17.18%~58.12%,23℃时生长能占摄食能的比例显著高于其他温度梯度(P0.05),达到了34.37%;7℃时最低,为–7.40%。研究结果为深入了解凸壳肌蛤的生理能量学提供了数据支撑。     

海水酸化胁迫对紫贻贝能量分配的影响

2016年5～6月在山东桑沟湾楮岛海区,采用野外围隔和现场流水相结合的方法,以紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)为研究对象,以pH为8.0作为对照组,探讨了酸化胁迫(p H=7.7)对其能量分配的影响。结果显示,短期(10d)海水酸化胁迫下,紫贻贝的滤水率、同化效率、氧氮比显著下降(P0.05),排氨率极显著增加(P0.01),耗氧率无显著差异(P0.05);中期(30d)海水酸化胁迫下,紫贻贝的滤水率和氧氮比显著下降(P0.05),而同化效率、耗氧率、排氨率显著升高(P0.05)。能量收支的结果显示,短期(10 d)酸化胁迫下,紫贻贝的摄食能和吸收能显著降低(P0.05),呼吸能无显著差异(P0.05),排泄能显著增加(P0.05),生长余力极显著降低(P0.01);中期(30d)海水酸化胁迫下,摄食能降低(P0.05),吸收能、呼吸能、排泄能、生长余力显著升高(P0.05)。氧氮比的结果显示,在海水酸化胁迫下,氧氮比的波动范围为14.28～20.46,贝类体内的供能物质由脂肪和碳水化合物逐渐向蛋白质过渡。研究结果为揭示紫贻贝应对海水酸化胁迫的生理响应提供了基础数据。     

温度对不同家系凡纳滨对虾个体能量收支的影响

摄食代谢及能量收支是反映凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长状况的重要指标,也是速生经济性状的重要选育指标。本文研究了温度(20、25、30和35℃)对凡纳滨对虾3个家系(N310004、N310010和N310011)的生长和能量收支的影响。实验周期为40 d,每隔10 d测定一次摄食率、耗氧率、排氨率和排粪率等生理指标,并分析了不同时期[S1 (0～10 d)、S2 (11～20 d)、S3(21～30 d)和S4 (31～40 d)]凡纳滨对虾家系的个体能量收支情况。结果显示,30℃时,家系N310004生长最快,总特定生长率为(9.79±0.22)%/d,S1和S4时期的特定生长率均显著高于其他2个家系(P<0.05)。温度和规格对家系的摄食和代谢有显著的影响。在实验温度范围内,各家系的摄食率和代谢率均随着温度的升高而增大。在同一温度下,除S1时期外,家系N310004的摄食率均显著高于其他2个家系。在S1和S2时期,N310011家系的耗氧率较大,在S3和S4时期,N310010家系的耗氧率显著高于N310011和N310004家系。在S1、S2和...     

Nutrient budget of a marine fish pond in Eilat,Israel

Monthly budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus for a marine fish pond in Eilat were determined for the period September 1983 to June 1984. The ponds are operated as a semi-open system, 41% of the pond water being replaced each day by water from a nearby seawater well. Only 29% of the phosphorus and 36% of the nitrogen are incorporated into harvestable fish flesh (Sparus aurata or Mugil sp.). The remainder reaches the pond as uneaten food, fish faeces or excreted matter, and it is then available to support high levels of phytoplankton and heterotrophic activity. The total input of nutrients supplied to the ponds showed a seasonal trend, with the lowest amount being supplied at the beginning of the sampling period (October) (5.2 moles N/day, 0.25 moles P/day), and increasing in June to 10.6 moles N/day, 0.57 moles P/day. All the increase was due to the amount of food fed. A large proportion (70–80%) of the excess nutrients was exported from the system as dissolved or particulate matter in the overflow. Because of this the water quality of the ponds has remained at levels which have enabled 6.5–12 tons fish/ha to be cultured without regular drying of the ponds. Oysters have been grown on the plankton carried out with the overflow. The ponds have a surplus of nutrient inflow in October/November (1.9 moles N/day, 0.06 moles P/day), a small deficit of N (0.4 moles/day), and surplus of P (0.01 moles/day) in spring, and a large surplus again in May and June of 1.3 moles N/day, 0.11 moles P/day. In all, 60–120% of the nutrient inputs are directly accounted for.     

循环水养殖罗非鱼氮收支及对水质影响的初步研究

为提供实际生产理论依据,改良系统水处理工艺,开展循环水养殖系统中吉富罗非鱼氮收支和对水质情况的初步研究。起始养殖密度8 kg/m3,投饲率2%,系统循环量1 m3/h,总水量0.8 m3。试验期间溶解氧大于6 mg/L,pH 7.0～7.2,水温23～25℃。每周监测水质2～3次,监测指标包括氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮,每2周检测1次水中总氮。用凯氏定氮法测定实验前后饲料、试验鱼体、粪便、悬浮颗粒的氮含量。结果显示,摄食氮有50.00±1.50%转化为生长氮,32.61±1.38%转化为排泄氮,17.39±4.0%转化为粪氮;58%的粪氮为悬浮颗粒物,42%为可沉淀颗粒物。     

A nutrient budget of some intensive marine shrimp ponds in Thailand

Abstract. A mass balance was constructed for nutrient flow through intensive marine shrimp ponds in which budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for a series of ponds in southern Thailand over two or three culture cycles. Ninety-five per cent of the nitrogen and 71% of the phosphorus applied to the ponds was in the form of feed and fertilizers. Of the feed input (at a food conversion ratio of 2) only 24% of the nitrogen and 13% of the phosphorus was incorporated into the shrimp harvested, whilst the remainder was retained in the pond and ultimately exported to the surrounding environment. The effluent water contained 35% of the nitrogen and 10% of the phosphorus discharged. Of the N and P exported in this effluent, 63–67% occurred during routine water exchange and the remainder during drainage on harvest. A major portion of the nitrogen (31%) and most of the phosphorus (84%) was retained in the sediments, emphasizing the importance of the correct removal and disposal of sediments between crops. Pond age (between two and six production cycles) did not markedly affect nutrient flows, whilst increasing stocking density increased the quantity of nutrients, but not their relative proportions.
The results derived from the nutrient budget provide data which may help define effective management techniques for reducing potentially harmful nutrient levels within intensive shrimp ponds, and for reducing the discharge of nutrients to the local environment. The data may also assist in determining the carrying capacity of an area for shrimp farming, and the potential impact of its development on the environment.     

Energy budget adjustment of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during breeding period

Reproductive success is unpredictable for many cultured echinoderms. And cost of reproduction plays an important role in animal life‐history. Therefore, understanding cost of reproduction contributes to improving breeding techniques during broodstock rearing in aquaculture. In this study, energetic costs during breeding were explored in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, an important aquaculture species in China, Japan and South Korea. The food intake, digestive functions and energy budget patterns were estimated at different breeding stages. Unexpectedly, in the growing gonad phase of the sea cucumber lifecycle, animals showed a decline in feed consumption (from 4.49 to 2.6 g ind^?1 day^?1), ingestion rate (from 0.4 to 0.13 g g^?1 day^?1) and apparent digestive rate (from 14.73% to 10.92%), resulting in a reduced energy input. In addition, the increased energy investment in reproduction (from 1.76% to 15.61%) resulted in a decrease in energy allocated to soma growth (from 17.1% to 5.64%) and self‐maintenance (from 47.82% to 34.67%). These results suggest that reproduction impairs energy acquisition ability in breeding A. japonicus. And broodstock can adapt energy shortage by internal adjustment of energy allocation strategy.