春小麦碳同位素分辨率与相关生理性状的遗传相关分析

用17份春小麦品种作为试验材料,在宁夏灌区银川测定碳同位素分辨率(△)、水分利用效率 (WUE)、灰分、比叶重、光合气体交换参数,并在方差分析显著的基础上,进行遗传、表型和环境相关分析和简单相关分析.结果表明:各性状在品种间存在显著或极显著差异 .△Gm与Sm、WUE、maL、 Ci、Gs、Ci/Ca均呈极显著正遗传相关,与开花期Pn及灌浆期Tl呈显著负遗传相关;△S m与WUE、maL、开花期气体交换参数(Ci、Gs、Ci/Ca)的遗传相关性达到极显著正相关水平,与Tl、开花期Pn的遗传相关达到极显著负相关水平,并且它们之间的遗传相关主要受遗传基因的控制,环境条件对其相关性影响较小,maL与△的显著的遗传相关,作为△的替代指标有较大的潜力,认为在灌区适合种植和培育高秆型、高碳同位素分辨率型和低温型小麦.     

不同夏玉米品种水分利用效率对氮肥与降水量的响应

以郑单958与农大108为材料,在3种类型氮肥、3个施氮水平条件下,连续两年(2004~2005)研究了华北平原夏玉米水分利用效率(WUE)对氮肥与降水量的响应。结果表明,(1)在施N 0~180 kg/hm2范围内,夏玉米WUE随施氮量增大而增大,且不同氮肥类型间有一定差异;(2)WUE具有明显的基因型差异,在施氮与不施氮条件下均表现郑单958>农大108;(3)WUE与产量呈极显著正相关,与灌浆期穗位叶光合速率、气孔导度与蒸腾速率呈较明显的正相关关系;(4)WUE存在明显的年际间差异,两品种均表现2005年明显大于2004年,这主要由降水量差异所致。夏玉米生育前期及全生育期降水量的减少使夏玉米产量与耗水量均降低,但产量的降幅小于耗水量的降幅,从而使WUE得到提高。可见在本试验条件下,选择合适的品种进行适度干旱或限量灌溉栽培,再配以施氮量180 kg/hm2,可明显提高夏玉米水分利用效率。     

宁夏盐池县生态系统水分利用效率时空特征及其影响因素

水分利用效率(WUE)是衡量植物光合固碳和水分消耗之间权衡关系的重要指标。研究区域植被WUE的时空变化特征对区域生态恢复、水资源的合理利用与开发等方面至关重要。本研究基于MODIS的GPP和ET数据评估2000—2019年盐池县植被WUE的时空变化特征及其主要的影响因子。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年盐池县的ET和GPP分别以7.61 mm·a^-1和7.23 g C·m^-2·a^-1的速率显著增加,空间上呈西北高东南低的分布特征,具有较强的空间异质性。(2)近20 a,盐池县植被WUE变化范围在0.80～1.11 g C·kg^-1·H₂O之间,多年均值为0.91 g C·kg^-1·H₂O,年际变化不显著;从空间上来看,全县WUE存在较强的异质性,高值主要分布在东北部,低值位于西南部。(3)近20 a,宁夏盐池县WUE在空间上有54.70%的区域呈上升趋势,主要分布在东北部;45.30%的区域以下降趋势为主。未来,盐池县61.48%...     

中亚哈萨克斯坦西部过去～30000年以来有机碳同位素变化及其意义

选取位于中亚干旱区哈萨克斯坦中西部的VA剖面作为研究对象,在AMS14C测年基础上,分析了该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来的有机碳同位素组成变化。结果表明:该剖面记录的过去～30000年以来有机质碳同位素值(δ13Corg)变化于-26.19‰--22.12‰之间,均值为-23.77‰,植被主要为C3植物,C4植物仅仅在末次冰盛期出现且其相对丰度极低。因此VA剖面土壤有机碳同位素组成变化主要反映的是C3植物对气候环境因子的响应,进一步对影响该地区植物碳同位素因素的分析发现,降水是控制该地区C3植物碳同位素变化的主要因素,即:降水增多导致C3植物碳同位素值偏负,可以用来指示研究区古降水变化趋势,CO2浓度以及温度仅仅在末次冰盛期对C3和C4植物相对丰度有一定的影响。     

稳定碳同位素技术在土壤有机碳研究中的应用进展

土壤碳周转是大气圈、生物圈与岩石圈之间碳迁移转化的重要过程,其微小变化将影响大气CO2浓度,改变植物地上与地下部分碳的动态与分配.目前稳定碳同位素技术广泛应用于不同时间尺度与空间尺度碳素生物地球化学循环研究,但缺乏针对稳定碳同位素技术应用于土壤有机碳研究的概述.本文在对当前利用稳定碳同位素技术研究土壤碳起源、动态变化以...     

氮肥类型对夏玉米及后作冬小麦产量与水、氮利用的影响

研究了华北平原夏玉米季施用不同类型氮肥对当季与后作冬小麦及周年产量与水、氮利用的影响,结果表明:(1)随施氮量增大,夏玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率(WUE)增大,氮肥利用率(NUE)降低。夏玉米WUE与NUE受到氮肥类型的影响,WUE以复合肥处理较大,NUE以包膜尿素和复合肥较高,且存在较明显的基因型差异,WUE以郑单958较大,NUE以农大108较大;(2)夏玉米季施氮使冬小麦氮生理效率降低,氮肥效率增大,并显著影响冬小麦产量和WUE,但因夏玉米季品种、氮肥类型与施氮量不同而表现有差异。夏玉米季氮肥后效明显,但氮肥类型间差异显著,一般以尿素处理及包膜尿素与复合肥高N处理较大;(3)夏玉米—冬小麦轮作制度下,两季总产量、总氮素累积量、总耗水量及水、氮利用效率明显受到夏玉米季氮肥类型与施氮量的影响,且受到夏玉米基因型的影响。     

末次冰期晚期黄土高原西部万象洞高分辨率石笋δ~(13)C记录时频分析

运用小波分析与传统谱分析技术相结合的手段,对典型季风系统交互作用的青藏高原与黄土高原过渡带-甘肃陇南万象洞WX40D石笋616个碳同位素时间序列进行了周期谱演化分析。结果表明:在23-28.3kaB.P期间,石笋碳同位素记录的小波变换系数波谱在频率域尺度其主要的变化周期为120年,200年,并隐约表现出300年和600年的周期;小波变换实部时频分析图显示清晰的能量集中中心有10个,分别为1(23613,197)、2(24000,220)、3(24298,300)、4(25354,222)、5(25565,95)、6(26239,606)、7(26792,115)、8(27085,116)、9(27388,136)、10(27853,177),表明石笋碳同位素记录的古植被演化在该时间段具有明显的5次转变。小波实部过程线分析表明万象洞石笋在末次冰期晚期存在多尺度的变化特征,大尺度的周期变化嵌套小尺度的周期变化。     

中国夏季区域干旱特征比较研究

利用全国515站(1957～2000年)气象资料,修正计算帕默尔干旱指数,研究中国夏季区域干旱演变特征及其与东亚夏季风的关系.结果表明:除内蒙古高原区、华北北部及长白山脉区、黄土高原区、云贵高原区、东北平原区等5区域夏季干旱指数呈下降趋势外,南岭区、长江中下游区、黄淮区域、塔里木盆地区、天山北部区域、河西走廊及其沙漠戈壁区、青藏高原区等广大区域夏季干旱指数均呈上升趋势.中国夏季干旱指数大多存在5～8 a的短周期年际周期变化,12～13 a、15～16 a的长周期年际周期变化存在于部分区域,个别区域还存在20～25 a长周期年际周期变化.西北和青藏高原夏季干旱指数与东亚夏季风指数呈负相关,中东部地区夏季干旱指数与东亚夏季风指数呈正相关.     

太白山石生苔藓碳同位素分布特征及其环境指示意义

关于植物δ~(13)C值对海拔变化的响应特征及其机理的研究存在不同的认识,且很难找到一种出现在各个海拔高度的植物来减少种间出现的碳同位素分馏的差异。苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,且随海拔梯度分布范围较广,因此,是一类良好的指示植物。通过对太白山南北坡不同海拔高度石生苔藓碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C)以及各环境因子和石生苔藓碳同位素随海拔关系的分析,结果显示:太白山南北坡石生苔藓δ~(13)C与海拔呈显著线性相关(南坡R2=0.45,P0.01;北坡R2=0.31,P0.01)。海拔每升高1 000 m,南北坡石生苔藓δ~(13)C值分别增加2.0‰和1.1‰。同时,大气CO_2浓度及其碳同位素组成、大气压、降水量、生物量等各因子对石生苔藓碳同位素组成记录的海拔效应影响较小,温度很可能是导致太白山石生苔藓δ~(13)C海拔效应的主要因素。     

2000-2012年陕西省复种指数时空分布及潜力分析

利用MODIS数据,经过去云和Savitzky-Golay平滑处理,根据农作物生长曲线变化特征剔除干扰峰,结合陕西省土地利用数据、统计数据和气象数据,运用地统计趋势分析、年际变化分析和标准差的方法,获取陕西省2000-2012年复种指数时空分布及潜力分布.结果表明:陕西省复种指数地域差异显著,由北向南先增后减,呈现一定的纬度特征.复种指数年际变化也存在地域差异,与地貌类型和农业现代化水平密切相关.陕西省平均复种指数为160.32％,平均复种潜力为184.29％,陕南地区可挖掘潜力最大,其次是陕北地区和关中地区.研究结果可为陕西省农业政策制定及粮食估产提供依据.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.