Physikalische Eigenschaften von drei Bodentypen unter Acker und Grünland

Physical conditions of three soil types under arable land and pasture To evaluate the effect of the use of agricultural heavy machinery on soil structure, physical properties of three soil types (Typic Chromudert, Aquic Hapludalf, and Typic Hapludalf) managed as cropland and permanent grassland were studied under the climatic conditions of Upper Bavaria (FRG). Bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and aggregate stability were adversely affected by heavy machinery down to soil depths of at least 50 cm. Only in some cases the bulk density of aggregates was significantly increased by heavy machinery, showing that heavy machinery causes soil compaction due to a rearrangement of small soil aggregates in comparison to permanent grassland.     

Hydraulische Eigenschaften von Basaltsaproliten

Hydraulic characteristics of Basalt saprolites Frequent erosion leads to shallow soils in which underlying saprolites become root space. Until now only few data are available on the water balance and the hydraulic properties of saprolites, therefore saprolites in Basalt and in comparison a ferrallitic soil sediment were investigated in undisturbed samples (steel cylinders, large coated monoliths). Pore size distribution and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were measured and calculated. Clefting causes a high saturated hydraulic conductivity. Already in the range of pF 1.8 the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases considerably. Despite of large total pore volumes and considerable volumes of moderately adherent water (pF 2.5–4.2) the supply to plants is restricted, depending on the degree of rooting. The drainage of saprolites may often be underestimated, the contribution in water supply to plants is often overrated.     

Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften von Sickerwasser aus Stallmiststapeln

Composition and properties of leachates from farmyard manure heaps Besides some rheological characteristics, the N_total, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^? -N, P, K⁺, dry matter and ash content, as well as chemical oxygen demand and conductivity of farmyard manure leachates were examined. The K⁺ concentration was highest with an average of 5921 mg l^?1, followed by N_total (1139 mg l^?1, 66% of it as NH₄⁺-N and 4% NO₃^?-N) and P (334 mg l^?1). All parameters were highest in leachates of fresh manure and lowest at the end of a 6 months storage period. During the storage, the P concentration in leachates showed a decrease of 67.7%, followed by a decrease in N_t (-57.3%) and K⁺ (-24.0%). In leachates from a manure with an relatively high initial N_t content of 0.51% and a low C:N ratio of 16.8 the N_t concentration was 0.5–1 times higher than that of a manure with 0.44% N_t and a C:N ratio of 19.9. The viscosity and the thixotropy of leachates were both relatively high at the beginning of the manure's storage period, which led to a strongly developed blocking of porous systems. These properties that contribute to explain the high retention rate of nutrients in the top soil layer at manure storage sites, decreased with an increase in storage time.     

Eigenschaften von Böden unterschiedlicher Nutzung im Stadtgebiet von Rostock

Qualitative properties of soils in the urban area of Rostock different in use With the purpose of mapping urban soils in Rostock, Northern Germany. extensive investigations determining the presence, the genesis and the properties of natural and man-influenced soils were realized. In the following article selected chemical and physical properties of soils different in use situated on garden-, park-, graveyard-sites and living areas were shown and discussed. The positive influence on the pH-value in living areas of the city centre, deep enrichment of humus under garden use and the tendencies to soil acidification in sandy soils of park sites were emphasized.     

Oberflächenstrukturen und Eigenschaften von Permafrostböden im nordsibirischen Lena-Delta

Patterned ground and properties of permafrost soils of the Northsiberian Lena Delta The land surface of the Lena Delta is covered by polygon structures with scattered pingos and dunes. There exist so-called aerated, swampy and open polygons (open water surface) with Gelic Gleysols and Gelic Histosols (gelundic phase). The soils show only minor signs of cryoturbation and weathering. They contain high amounts of silt and slightly decomposed organic matter down to soil depths far beyond the permafrost table during summer. The soil surface is rising due to accumulation of organic matter and periodic flooding. This leads to a continuous rise of the permafrost table and subsequently to a permafrost freeze storage of plant material. The soils are therefore effective carbon sinks. On top of an investigated pingo a Gleyi-gelic Cambisol developed due to windexposed position, good drainage and higher soil temperatures connnected with a deeper permafrost table. This soil did not show any signs of cryoturbation. It has a relatively low content of organic matter due to a higher mineralization. As a consequence of frost effected sorting and wind erosion the soil material near to the surface is rich in sand and has a reduced silt content.     

Bodenmechanische Eigenschaften als Kriterium für die Klassifizierung von Andepts aus Südchile

Mechanical soil properties as criteria for the classification of Andepts The shear strenght in the upper layer of seven different Andepts from southern Chile was examined. The samples were taken from sites of a middle slope position, in one of the Andepts from five positions of catena. The intention was to determine the variation of shear strenght properties, within and between the soil series. Moreover, some physical and chemical properties of the soils were determined. The evaluation includes multiple regressions, principal component analyses (PCA) and cluster analyses, in order to check the interrelation of soil properties for grouping the samples. The variables of the first two components between the series which show the greatest variability of the soil properties are consistency characteristics and shear strenght parameters. The PCA permit conclusion that the shear strenght parameters are useful criteria for grouping the analysed Andepts. However, they contribute only moderately to the total variation between the samples of the studied catena. The groups of soil samples formed by the series from the same topographic position are closely related to their distance from the Andes and their particle size distribution. The groups formed by the samples from the catena, show the humidity of the site as a common influence factor.     

Chemische Eigenschaften von Waldböden im Nordwestdeutschen Pleistocän und deren Gruppierungen nach Pufferbereichen

Chemical properties of forest soils in the pleistocene of Northwest Germany and their classification based on soil buffering systems In order to characterize the chemical characteristics of forest soils of Hamburg, 800 soil samples and 400 root samples from 172 sites were used to obtain suitable soil chemical and ecochemical parameters. A strong and deep reaching soil acidification was observed on all sites with exception of those on till. The sulfate concentration in the equilibrium soil solution allows the conclusion that deposition of acid plays a significant role in this acidification. Classification of sites based on edaphic factors did not provide useful information on the chemical status of soils. However, grouping of soil horizons using pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl₂ lead to a stratification according to the soil buffering systems. Distinction between the exchanger and the aluminium buffer ranges was, however, not quite satisfactory.     

Auswirkungen der Gamma-Bestrahlung und Pasteurisierung von Klärschlamm auf seine mikrobiellen Eigenschaften und die Mineralisierung im Boden

Effect of γ-irradiation and pasteurization of sewage sludge to the microbiological properties and the mineralization in soil Hygienic aspects of sewage sludge application in agricultural practice are of increasing importance. Because parasites are extremely sensitive to γ-irradiation a dose of 300 krad is equivalent to pasteurization. The total bacteria count of the sewage sludge is reduced by this dosage by 90 to 99%. Enzymic activity is reduced after radiation at a rate of about 39%. Especially amylase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase are extremely sensitive to irradiation. Mineralization studies of sewage sludge with different pretreatments in different soil types indicated no significant differences.     

Zur Darstellung von Schichtwechseln in periglazialen Decklagen des Bayerischen Waldes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mittellage und ihrer Eigenschaften

On the presentation of layering in periglacial slope deposits Methods are discussed that appear suitable for more precisely subdividing periglacial slope deposits and their material composition beyond the level of field observation. The study area is the Bavarian Forest region and its surroundings in eastern Bavaria. As a first step significant information concerning layer changes and material characteristics is derived from grain-size distribution. For methodological reasons a further mathematical abstraction in the sense of layering coefficients is not feasible, however. Heavy mineral spectra allow the distinction of layers with eolian influence from loess-free layers and point out material relationships. In addition they characterize the degree of weathering of both the periglacial deposits and the underlying bedrock. The Laacher See tephra as a means of dating is unfortunately absent in the study area. Principal and trace elements of the fine soil fraction are sensitive indicators of material change. The study of pedogenic oxides of various fractions reveal that the substrate of the periglacial slope deposits is composed of material modified by soil-forming processes prior to sedimentation. This is especially true for the middle layer, the analysis and origin of which stand at the center of this contribution. X-ray diffraction analysis of the clay fraction helps differentiate pedogenic transformations and sedimentary characteristics. It equally supplies evidence of considerable eolian influx of clay and silt in the main and the middle layer. The diagnostic characteristics of the individual layers are presented; peculiarities of the middle layer as well as divergencies from the criteria found in the literature are dicussed.     

Entwicklung,Eigenschaften und Klassifikation von Dünenböden der Ostfriesischen Inseln – am Beispiel Spiekeroogs

Pedogenesis, properties, and classification of dune soils of the East Frisian Islands (southern North Sea coast of Germany)—exemplified by the island Spiekeroog The aim of this study was a detailed pedological investigation and exact classification of dune soils of the East Frisian Islands. The following soil‐forming processes were identified on a laboratory‐data basis: humus accumulation and dislocation, carbonate loss, acidification, modification of exchangeable cations, and base‐saturation decrease. A slight iron oxide accumulation was visible in the field, but not confirmed by laboratory data. Applying the qualitatively and quantitatively defined horizons from the German classification, these soils cannot be classified as Regosols, Braunerden, and Podsols but they fit perfectly in the Arenosols as defined in the WRB.     

Adsorption von Wasser, Äthylenglycolmonoethyläther sowie Stickstoff und ihre Beziehung zu Eigenschaften deutscher und israelischer Bodenproben

Adsorption of Water, Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether as well as Nitrogen and its Relation to Properties of German and Israeli Soil Samples To determine the specific surface area, samples taken from 140 soil horizons were selected and the significant physical and chemical properties were investigated. The specific surface area of the samples was determined by adsorption of H₂O, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) and N₂. A comparison of the three methods shows that the specific surface area determined by the adsorption of H₂O and EGME does not differ significantly. However, the specific surface determined by N₂-adsorption differs markedly from the results obtained using the polar substances. As a dependent variable the specific surface area is mainly influenced by the clay content and clay mineral type. Further, the organic substance content as well as the iron- and manganoxide content have a more significant influence on the specific surface area the lower the clay content is, or the content of three layer minerals. As an independent variable, the specific surface area determined by adsorption of EGME, proved to be the characteristic soil factor which reflects the effective cation exchange capacity as well as the hygroscopicity with the highest degree of accuracy.     

Erfassung von Humusprofilmerkmalen mit Hilfe von Anschliffen

Evaluation of humus profile parameters with the aid of polished blocks On polished blocks, humus profile parameters can be isolated optically and estimated quantitativly by stereological methods. The parameters are, above all, shoot residues, roots and root residues, droppings of enchytraeids and earth-worms, lobular pore edges, pores. By the estimation of those parameters, investigations of polished blocks can contribute to problems of ecology of humus profiles and sites as well as problems of humus systematics.