菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗生长的影响

利用木麻黄能形成内生和外生菌根菌和菌根菌能促进共生植物生长,提高植物抗性的特性,在木麻黄无性系水培苗上接种14个外生和内生菌根菌菌株,观察菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗高的生长影响.结果表明14个外生和内生菌根菌都极显著地促进了木麻黄无性系小苗苗高的生长,最大的比对照苗高增加了68.5%,最小的也比对照增加了14.7%,各菌株对木麻黄无性系苗高的促进作用大小依次为ECTM(Pt)＞4602＞AM(混)＞ E439＞0207＞0201＞0005＞0204＞E4726＞9004＞9480＞9705＞AM91＞AM3004＞CK.     

基根菌对木麻黄无性系苗生长的影响

利用木麻黄能形成内生和外生菌根菌和菌根菌能促进共生植物生长 ,提高植物抗性的特性 ,在木麻黄无性系水培苗上接种14个外生和内生菌根菌菌株 ,观察菌根菌对木麻黄无性系苗高的生长影响。结果表明14个外生和内生菌根菌都极显著地促进了木麻黄无性系小苗苗高的生长 ,最大的比对照苗高增加了68.5% ,最小的也比对照增加了14.7 % ,各菌株对木麻黄无性系苗高的促进作用大小依次为ECTM(Pt)>4602>AM(混)>E439>0207>0201>0005>0204>E4726>9004>9480>9705>AM91>AM3004>CK。     

滨海木麻黄菌根菌的筛选及其接种效应

利用3个内生菌根菌和10个外生菌根菌接种滨海木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量、总生物量和保存率.结果表明:接种两种菌根菌后能显著地促进滨海木麻黄苗期的生长;滨海木麻黄对供试的内生菌根菌和外生菌根菌的菌根依赖性都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;接种菌根菌后滨海木麻黄苗的保存率比对照显著提高;苏格兰球囊霉90068、地表球囊霉9004、苏格兰球囊霉90036、黄硬皮马勃0207、松茸和彩色豆马勃9705在促进滨海木麻黄苗期生长和提高保存率上都有较好的效果,可在滨海木麻黄苗期接种应用.     

山地木麻黄菌根菌的筛选和接种效应的研究

利用3个内生菌根菌(AMF)和6个外生菌根菌(ECMF)接种山地木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、根长、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量和总生物量,并在干旱胁迫下测定小苗的保存率.结果表明:接种内、外生菌根菌后都能极显著地促进山地木麻黄苗期的生长;山地木麻黄对供试的AMF和ECMF菌根都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;山地木麻黄接种菌根菌后对地上部分(苗高、地径和地上干质量)生长的促进作用比地下部分(根长和地下干质量)要大;在供试的9个菌根菌种和菌株中,AMF比ECMF更能提高山地木麻黄的抗旱力;筛选出菌根效应较好的菌根菌有:苏格兰球囊霉90068、苏格兰球囊霉90036、地表球囊霉9004、黄硬皮马勃0207、蜡蘑E439,可在山地木麻黄苗期接种应用.     

巨尾桉瓶内菌根化组培苗的造林效应

1993～ 1994年 ,在广东省开平市国营镇海林场建立了 2个巨尾桉组培苗瓶内接种外生菌根菌的野外造林试验。 2个试验中 ,共采用 17个外生菌根菌菌株。造林后定期观测了 12或 2 4个月树高、地径和胸径等生长指标。试验结果表明 :除试验 2造林初期的树高外 ,其他所有生长指标在菌根菌处理间均有极显著差异或显著差异 ,菌根菌间对巨尾桉生长有不同的影响 ;从多重比较和接种效果分析看 ,菌株E4 0 70、H4 5 0 9、E4 2 4 0、H6 177、H4 339、E4 72 6、C930 1、C92 13和C92 0 3,在造林后 6个月开始可明显地促进巨尾桉树木生长 ,说明组培苗瓶内菌根化技术是完全可行的 ,有关菌株对巨尾桉幼树生长具有促进作用     

油松林木菌根化造林试验效果分析

通过采用3年生油松苗,接种牛肝菌和血红铆丁菇外生菌根菌进行育苗和造林试验,结果表明:油松3a幼苗外生菌根的浸染率达到61%,油松造林外生菌根菌浸染率达到57%。山地造林外生菌根菌的浸染率明显小于圃地育苗接种苗浸染率。造林成活率比对照提高8.9%,苗高生长量提高11.5%,地径生长量提高17.3%。     

VA菌根菌对白藤幼苗生长效应研究初报

Glomus mosseae和G.epigaeus两种内生菌根菌可与白藤幼苗根部形成菌根共生体。接种7个月的藤苗高生长比对照增加23.36—27.63%;叶面积增加47.55—77.36%;叶片数量增加17.4%以上,幼苗根部含磷量提高6—40%。     

尾叶桉混合菌根合成及其接种效应研究(英文)

尾叶桉是我国南方重要的速生造林树种之一．同其它桉属树种一样,尾叶桉不仅可以形成外生菌根或内生菌根,而且可以同时与这两种类型的菌根真菌形成混合菌根．试验采用优良内生菌根菌苏格兰球囊霉（ Ｇｌｏｍ ｕｓ ｃａｌｅｄｏｎｉｕ ｍ） 和外生菌根菌彩色豆马勃（ Ｐｉｓｏｌｉｔｈｕｓ ｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉｕｓ） 对尾叶按进行接种．根系显微观察结果表明,接种菌株均能感染根系并合成相应类型的菌根,在混合菌根合成过程中,两种真菌间存在一定的竞争作用．试验苗根系菌根感染率与苗木５ 个月时的生物量呈正相关（ ｒ２ ＝０７９ , Ｐ ＝ ００５ ） ．与未接种对照苗相比,３ 种接种处理苗生长量和生物量均有显著增加,差异极显著（ Ｐ ＝ ００１） ．接种菌根菌还有利于促进苗木根系对基质营养元素的吸收,其中混合接种方式效果更佳．研究证实了尾叶桉苗期菌根依赖性较大,其中对混合菌根的依赖性最大．     

外生菌根真菌促进油松人工幼林生长试验

应用从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中的优良菌种,对油松人工林进行菌剂混合接种试验。结果表明:采用外生菌根真菌对油松林接菌,能使土壤微生物种群数量发生变化;接菌后的土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌总数比对照有明显的增加,其中真菌增加558.7%。接菌后的油松菌根侵染率为75%,对照为20%;采用外生菌根真菌对油松林接菌,能够提高其抗病力,增强抗旱性,促进林木的生长。对连续2年接种菌剂的油松幼林调查表明,施用菌剂的油松与对照相比,其地径、树高均有显著增加,树高增长46.1%,地径增长41.3%。所以说外生菌根真菌作为一项生物接种技术,对提高油松林的抗病力,增强抗旱性,促进林木的生长具有重要的作用。     

黎蒴接种菌根菌研究

在清远地区对华南乡土阔叶树种黧蒴接种5个外生菌根(ECM)真菌,造林5个月后观测ECM菌根菌对该树种生长和保存率的影响。结果表明接种ECM菌对藜蒴树高生长和保存率都有不同程度的提高,其中以彩色豆马勃对黎蒴的促生性最好,红菇和正红菇两个ECM菌对藜蒴苗高生长和保存率也有显著或极显著的促进作用,但接种效果不如彩色豆马勃。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.