家禽饮水及其质量控制——家禽饮水的优化措施

不久前，在北京程开的罗斯亚洲会议上，笔者有幸聆听了美国阿肯色大学家禽科技合作推广中心的苏姗博士（Dr．Susan Watkins）有关家禽饮水质量优化的演讲。苏姗博士从长期致力的家禽饮水线相关研究结果中得出结论：饮水质量，至关重要，并指出，优化水质，将获得最佳投资回报。笔者非常赞同苏姗博士的意见，在此将其讲演主要内容与业界同行们分享。     

家禽饮水质量的影响因素

随着家禽饲养业的不断发展,更多的因素会对饲养质量产生影响,其中饮水的质量通常就会以直接或者是间接的方式对家禽的生产能力造成不同程度的影响。家禽的饮水中含有矿物质、细菌或者某些成分,家禽饮用之后也许会表现出异常的生理反应,家禽内脏功能不能正常的运作。如果水源中含有过量的矿物质,生产中也会比较容易将家禽场内的饮水系统堵塞,造成家禽的饮水状况异常。现主要针对生产中对家禽饮水质量造成影响的因素加以分析,以期降低不必要的经济损失。     

家禽饮水免疫存在的问题及对策

家禽饮水免疫具有省时、省力、应激小的优点,倍受规模化禽场主的青睐,但在目前鸡场饮水免疫过程中存在诸多问题,直接影响饮水免疫的效果,笔者结合多年临床实践经验总结了家禽饮水免疫存在的问题,并提出相应对策,以期指导生产实践.     

Achieving optimal water pressure in the poultry house

进入鸡舍的饮水压力一般为20～ 40 psi(1.4～2.8 Bar),但这一水压对鸡舍内饮水系统来说实在是太高了.这么高的水压不仅会损坏饮水系统,导致饮水器渗漏或喷水,更甚者会使家禽无法启动饮水器的触发栓(图1). 鉴于此,所有封闭式饮水系统均应安装水压调节器.水压调节器可以使家禽生产者将饮水系统的水压降至能保障鸡群饮水时所需的水平,同时还不会使饮水系统过多进水而弄湿垫料. 目前有许多水压调节指南可供家禽生产者参照,以便将饮水系统的水压调至既适合饮水系统本身要求又附合家禽饮水需求的最佳水平.     

影响家禽饮水质量的主要因素

饮水质量可直接或间接影响家禽的生产性能。饮水中矿物质、细菌或有毒成份的含量较高,会严重影响家禽体内正常的生理过程,从而引发内脏功能紊乱。矿物质含量高也会阻塞饮水系统,使家禽无法得到饮水。而且还会导致饮水器漏水、使垫料潮湿,从而引发疾病。以下为影响家禽饮水质量的主要因素:     

家禽饮水免疫技术要点

饮水免疫接种是养禽生产上常用的一种主动免疫方法,适用于饲养家禽数量较大的群体免疫,具有简便快捷、省时省力、免惊扰的特点,但是易受水质、水温、水量、停水时间等多种因素的影响,往往造成个体免疫剂量不一,免疫抗体参差不齐,达不到应有的免疫效果.因此在进行家禽饮水免疫时应注意其技术要点,严格按操作规程执行,确保家禽饮水免疫质量.     

家禽饮水投药的科学方法

家禽饮水投药即是将药物溶解于饮水中直接给家禽投喂。在家禽养殖生产中,由于饮水投药具有省力、省时、快速、方便,给家禽投药的应激反应小,因而受到广大养禽场户的青睐。而在家禽养殖生产实践中,由于一部分养禽场户不规范地操作使用饮水投药方法,以致不能达到预期的防治家禽疾,     

清洁饮水对家禽健康至关重要

正清洁的饮水对家禽健康至关重要,在家禽生产中发挥着关键作用。水是最重要的营养物质,受污染的水会对动物健康和经济效益构成严重威胁。虽然家禽生产者对饲料质量要求严格,但饮水的质量往往得不到应有的重视。经常清洁和监测饮水系统是保持优质饮水的必要条件。当饮水中添加抗生素、维生素和酸等产品时,这一点变得更为重要。1水质水质可分为两类,即微生物质量和化学质量。然而,这两个特征彼此密不可分。水的微生物质量由生物体决定。     

选择理想的饮水系统消毒剂

如果家禽饮水系统很脏(包括从水井到禽舍的管道、调整阀以及饮水系统的管线),而且管线内部已经生成了生物膜,那么我们将很难对饮水系统进行有效的消毒和清洁.即使有最好的日常饮水系统清洁方案,也不能完全消毒和清洁饮水系统,有时还会出现一些问题,不能有效的保护家禽.     

鸡群投药要点

鸡群投药要点赵公舜（美国ＡＡ公司助理副总裁、家禽保健部主任、兽医学博士因为鸡群中个体数目大，个体投药只在不得已的特殊情况下才应用，所以对鸡群的投药方法通常是将药物混在饲料或加入饮水中。我们常听说，为治疗某病，应在饲料中混入某药多少或该药在饮水中应含百...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …