大冶市农田土壤中镉的空间分布特征及污染评价

矿山开采和冶炼是造成土壤重金属Cd污染的主要原因,了解典型区域土壤中Cd的空间分布特征及其污染现状,可为区域土壤污染防治与安全利用提供重要信息。本研究针对湖北省大冶市所有农田采集92个表层土壤样品和3个土壤剖面,利用GIS方法对土壤重金属Cd空间分布特征及污染状况进行了研究。结果表明大冶市土壤中Cd的含量范围为0.6 ~ 4.6 mg/kg,平均值为1.41 mg/kg,Cd迁移深度可达 40 cm。区域内土壤Cd污染范围较广,空间变异较大,还地桥镇、罗桥街办、陈贵镇等地农田土壤Cd含量较高。地积累指数评价结果显示大冶市大部分农田土壤为轻度、中度污染程度,在合理调整种植结构等方式下仍可保障农田安全利用。     

废旧汽车拆解区土壤重金属分布及Pb、Zn生物有效性分析

为了解废旧汽车拆解区土壤重金属污染问题,采集某废旧汽车拆解厂汽车拆解区垂向0~1000 cm深度的土壤样品,对重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg和As元素含量进行检测和污染评价,并对土壤中重金属Pb和Zn的不同形态进行分析研究。研究发现:废旧汽车拆解区表层土壤存在一定程度的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、As污染,其中,Pb、Zn、Cu含量严重超标,呈现Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr、Zn、As多种元素复合污染的特性。同时,拆解区土壤中重金属含量随土壤深度显著下降,但是,Pb和As的污染超标深度可达150 cm。拆解区土壤中可离子交换态的Pb含量最低,土壤pH值对各种形态重金属Pb的控制作用不显著,随着土壤垂向深度的增加,可氧化态和弱酸提取态Pb的比例迅速降低,残渣态Pb的质量分数逐渐提高,Pb的生物有效性下降。土壤pH对可Zn的生物有效性具有显著相关性,弱酸性土壤中以生物有效性高的形态Zn存在,中性土壤中以可还原态和可氧化态Zn为主。     

工业型城乡交错区农业土壤Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的空间分布及影响因素研究

在江苏省无锡市工业型城乡交错区，选择8km2区域，采集119个土壤样品，对土壤Cu、Zn、Pb,Cd及其有效态含量的空间分布和影响因素进行探讨。结果表明：该区土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量和变异系数都明显增加，土壤有效态重金属含量与相应的全量重金属含量具有显著相关性。土壤Cu、Zn、Cd空间变异主要受到工业影响，但由于该区工业类型的多样性和工厂分布的分散性，Cu、Zn、、Cd空间分布模式并不相同。本区土壤Pb的分布与工厂分布的相关性不大，但随与城市距离增加而降低。公路和土地利用与土壤重金属含量的关系表现不明显。该区工业污染对土壤重金属空间变异的影响可能掩盖了公路和土地利用等的影响，建议在城乡交错区合理安排工业布局以控制土壤受重金属污染的范围。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅳ.废旧电子产品拆解场地周边农田土壤酸化和重金属污染特征

对长江三角洲某典型废旧电子产品拆解场地周边基本农田保护区水稻土进行了采样及土壤基本理化性质和重金属污染特征研究。结果表明,该地区水稻土pH变化范围为3.8～4.4,平均为4.1,较我国第二次土壤普查的该区表层水稻土pH6.0降低了2个单位,存在着严重的酸化现象。农田土壤中Cu、Cd全量平均值分别达到土壤环境质量二级标准值的8.6倍和31.0倍,综合污染指数为32.3,已达严重污染程度。土壤pH降低提高重金属的活性,Cu、Cd的0.1molL-1HCl提取率分别达到了72.0%和50.8%。在水稻籽粒中,Cd的含量已达到国家粮食卫生标准的2倍多,对该农田保护区农产品安全构成风险,需要采取措施对其进行控制和修复。     

右江河谷地区土壤重金属Cd、Pb含量的空间分布特征

按照10 km×3 km的网格,用5点取样法在广西百色右江河谷地区地表浅层采集71个土壤样品,测定重金属元素Cd和Pb的含量,分析土壤样品Cd和Pb含量间、Cd和Pb含量与样品采集地高程之间的相关性,并用Surfer16软件做出它们的空间分布图,研究了土壤Cd和Pb含量在该地区的空间分布规律。结果表明:右江河谷地区地表浅层土壤Cd和Pb平均含量分别为0.55、49.4 mg kg^-1,和百色地区全区土壤Cd和Pb含量平均值相比,表现出明显的富集趋势;Cd和Pb含量的变异系数分别为45%和52%,属于高度变异范围;Cd和Pb两元素含量之间的相关系数为0.760(n=69),达极显著水平,Pb含量与样品采集地高程之间也有一定的相关性,显示出相对高的地形对Pb的空间分布具有阻隔作用;土壤Cd和Pb含量的空间分布具有较强的相似性,河谷地区东部铝土矿区附近含量最高,西部的百色城区次之,说明当地的矿山开采和城市居民活动对土壤Cd、Pb元素空间分布均有影响;河谷北缘土壤Cd和Pb含量略高于河谷南缘,可能是风的搬运作用结果;两元素比较,土壤Cd含量受河谷内工业企业的影响大于土壤P...     

重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb复合污染对土壤生物活性的影响

通过野外土样采集及室内培养试验(25℃),研究了云南东川铜矿区土壤酶和微生物特征,以及模拟重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,矿区土壤(距矿口0~800 m)重金属污染严重,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu全量和有效含量是对照土壤(距矿口10 000 m)的3.7~141.0倍和2.2~773.2倍;距矿口越近,土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及土壤pH亦越低,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳和氮受到的抑制程度也显著增强。与对照土壤相比,距矿口0~800 m的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性分别降低25.5%~47.3%、22.6%~74.2%、30.9%~83.1%、16.7%~69.1%和34.6%~92.3%;细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别较对照下降30.5%~80.1%、8.1%~49.9%和3.3%~8.3%。土壤酶中的酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,土壤微生物中的细菌对重金属污染较为敏感。恒温(25℃)培养试验中,低量的Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染刺激了土壤酶活性和细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮的数量,但高量的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染使土壤酶活性、细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮均显著下降。重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb之间存在着一定的协同或拮抗作用,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb之间在微生物生物量碳和氮上表现出明显的协同效应,Pb与Cd、Zn、Cu对细菌数量的复合效应机制为拮抗效应,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb对真菌数量和放线菌数量的复合效应机制表现为协同效应和拮抗效应并存。     

鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属Cd、Hg空间特征及潜在风险影响因素探析

为了解鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属的空间特征,探析其潜在生态风险及影响风险状况的因子,采用地统计学、潜在生态风险指数法、Person相关分析及地理探测器方法,分析研究区农田土壤重金属镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)的空间分异特征、潜在生态风险评价及风险状况影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属Cd、Hg均为中等程度的变异,空间分布差异较为明显。丰城大部分地区Cd含量均在江西省土壤元素背景值与我国农田土壤污染风险筛选值之间。Hg含量由南向北逐渐升高并超过江西省土壤元素背景值,但未达到全国风险管控值水平。Cd的潜在生态风险水平以轻微级别为主,Hg则以中等级别为主。在综合潜在生态风险方面,大部分地区被划分为低风险区,而中度风险区分布较为分散。重金属Cd、Hg综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)与土壤pH值、全磷、海拔、坡度以及距河流或道路的距离具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。影响综合潜在生态风险指数的第一个显著因子为全磷≤0.4 g·kg^-1,其次为pH值5.5～6.0。本研究对鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属污染的监测与治理、维护生态环境安全及人类健康具有重要的现实意义。     

云南省呈贡县蔬菜地表层土壤Pb Cu和Zn的小尺度空间分布特征

应用地统计学对云南省呈贡县蔬菜生产基地2个典型区域（湖滨区和平坝区）3种微量元素（Pb、Cu和Zn）含量和土壤理化参数（CEC、〈0.01 mm粘粒和有机质含量）进行了空间结构分析。结果表明：（1）Pb、Cu和Zn含量在湖滨区低于平坝区, 湖滨区Pb含量的变异系数较大, 达到88.7%;（2）Pb、Cu和Zn含量在不同方向上呈带状各向异性,方向都为WS-NE和SE-NW;（3）Pb、Cu和Zn含量表现出强烈的空间变异,空间相关度介于25%和75%之间。在湖滨区Pb的变异强度高,Cu和Zn在平坝区的变异强度大于湖滨区;（4）CEC在湖滨区受到随机因素引起的变异强度大于平坝区,而粘粒含量和有机质含量的空间相关度均介于25%和75%之间。Pb、Cu和Zn含量与CEC之间呈显著的负相关性;（5）5个相邻的温室大棚湖滨区Pb含量高度变异,Cu和Zn的变异系数小。平坝区各指标的变异系数接近。呈贡县蔬菜生产基地表层土壤Pb、Cu和Zn含量在小于1 km^2的尺度上表现出明显的空间变异性,空间变异与土壤结构、灌溉、耕作活动、管理水平、施肥水平、大棚蔬菜生产年限、地下水位、农田道路网络和城市排污沟渠的分布等有关。     

Cu Cd Pb Zn对酸性耕作土壤3种酶活性的影响

采用添加外源重金属和室内培养的方法,研究了Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对1个酸性耕作土壤中脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响。Cu添加浓度为50、100、200、400、600mg·kg^-1,Cd添加浓度为1、5、10、15、20mg·kg^-1,Pb添加浓度为100、300、500、800、1200mg·kg^-1,Zn添加浓度为50、100、200、400、800mg·kg^-1。结果表明,Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对脲酶以抑制作用为主,4种重金属对酶毒性大小依次为Cu〉Cd〉Zn≥Pb,但在培养末期抑制作用都趋于减弱。Ph、Cu、Cd、Zn在前17d的培养中使蛋白酶酶活性急剧降低,以后蛋白酶活性维持在此较低水平上。短时间内（3d）Zn对过氧化物酶具有强烈的抑制作用,但总体看来4种重金属对过氧化物酶活性的影响均较小。上述结果表明,脲酶对农田土壤Cu污染具有指示作用,蛋白酶对农田土壤4种重金属污染都具有指示作用,过氧化物酶仅对土壤Zn的短期污染具有指示作用。     

重金属Cu Pb Zn Cr Cd在土壤中的形态分布和转化

采用室外小区隔离实验方法，研究了外源可溶性重金属进入水稻土土壤（乌栅土）后的形态分布及其形态随时间的转化。结果表明，外源可溶性重金属进入土壤后迅速向各个形态转化，可溶态重金属的浓度进入土壤后迅速下降；交换态和碳酸盐态重金属浓度先微弱上升，然后迅速下降，铁锰氧化态重金属浓度先上升，在烤田期达到最大值，然后迅速下降，成熟期时又微弱上升，有机态重金属浓度不断上升，残渣态重金属变化不大。     

The determination of Zn,Cd, Pb and Cu in soil extracts by anodic stripping voltammetry

This work describes simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soil extract by d. c. anodic stripping voltammetry at the hanging mercury drop electrode. Soil samples were taken from six different areas characterized by different degrees of heavy metal pollution. The metals were extracted from the soil samples using 0.5 M HCI. The base electrolyte for ASV was 0.2 M acetic buffer at pH 5.0. These results are compared with those obtained by using atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The accuracy and precision of the presented method are satisfactory (relative standard deviation is 3.5 to 11%). Iron, Al and Ti contained in the extract in the concentration of 1120, 5400, and 480 µg g^?1, respectively, do not present measurement difficulties.[/p]     

Binding of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in soil organic matter with different vegetational background

The influence of vegetational background on binding of selected heavy metals in humus was examined. For this purpose samples of terrestrial humus from surface soil layers with different vegetational background, such as spruce, pine and oak forests, and different types of mires were studied with respect to differences in binding of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. The metal binding capacity was examined at different pH using batch extractions. The results indicated that vegetational background influences the binding of metals in organic soil significantly. Drying and storage of the soil samples appeared not to affect the metal binding capacity of the soils. Neither did heating of the samples at 100 °C or incubation at constant temperature and moisture affect the binding significantly, indicating that any fungi or soil microorganisms present did not appreciably affect the metal binding in these soils.     

Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils

We developed a semiempirical equation from metal complextion theory which relates the metal activity of soil solutions to the soil's pH, organic matter content (OM) and total metal content (MT). The equation has the general form: where pM is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the metal activity, and a, b and c are constants. The equation successfully predicted free Cu²⁺ activity in soils with a wide range of properties, including soils previously treated with sewage sludge. The significant correlation of pCu to these measured soil properties in long-contaminated soils suggests that copper activity is controlled by adsorption on organic matter under steady state conditions. An attempt was made from separate published data to correlate total soluble Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in soils to soil pH, organic matter content and total metal content. For Cu, the total Cu content of the soil was most highly correlated with total soluble Cu. Similarly, total soluble Zn and Cd were correlated with total metal content, but were more strongly related to soil pH than was soluble Cu. Smaller metal solubility in response to higher soil pH was most marked for Zn and Cd, metals that tend not to complex strongly with soluble organics. The organic matter content was often, but not always, a statistically significant variable in predicting metal solubility from soil properties. The solubility of Pb was less satisfactorily predicted from measured soil properties than solubility of the other metals. It seems that for Cu at least, solid organic matter limits free metal activity, whilst dissolved organic matter promotes metal solubility, in soils well-aged with respect to the metal pollutant. Although total metal content alone is not generally a good predictor of metal solubility or activity, it assumes great importance when comparing metal solubility in soils having similar pH and organic matter content.     

土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染生态效应的研究

本文着重研究了土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染对春小麦、水稻产生的生态效应。研究结果表明，土壤中隔、铅、铜、锌复合污染浓度达到一定程度时，会抑制作物生长，降低产量，并在作物体内累积。随着复合污染浓度的增加，作物生长量下降，而累积量上升，皆呈直线相关。复合污染中各元素的生态效应与他们单因子时不同，这是由于各元素间存在着多种作用机制。     

The flux of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in mining polluted soils

The monitoring of heavy metal deposition onto soils surrounding old Pb-Zn mines in two locations in the UK has shown that relatively large amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn and, in one case, Cu are entering the soil annually. Small particles of ore minerals in windblown mine tailings were found to be contributing up to 1.46 g m^?2 yr^?1 of Pb, 1.41 g m^?2 yr^?1 of Zn and 0.027 g m^?2 yr^?1 of Cd. However, when these inputs from bulk deposition are compared with the concentrations of the same metals within the soil profiles it is apparent that relatively little long-term accumulation is occurring. Metals are being lost from the soil profiles, probably through leaching. A calculated relative retention parameter gave values that ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 for Cd, 0.11 to 0.19 for Zn, 0.32 to 0.63 for Cu and over 1 for Pb. These relative retention values were found to follow the order of electronegativity of the elements concerned: Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. Distribution coefficient (Kd) values quantifying the adsorptive capacity of the mine soils for Cd and Pb showed marked differences for the two metals (12 to 69 cm³ g^?1 for Cd and 14 to 126 cm³ g^?1 for Pb) and may, in part, account for the two to one hundred-fold variation in the relative retention parameter for the different metals within these soils.     

长春市城区土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd及Cr化学形态特征

为弄清长春市城市土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr及Cd的化学形态分布特征,系统采集了26件城市表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品,采用连续提取法对重金属各化学形态含量进行了测定。结果表明:Pb、Zn、Cu及Cr主要以残渣态存在,其次是铁锰氧化物结合态、腐殖酸结合态和强有机结合态占有次要地位,离子交换态和水溶态所占比例均较低;Cd则主要以碳酸盐结合态存在,同时,水溶态和离子交换态所占比例较高。残渣态Pb和Zn在城区表层土壤中所占比例较近郊土壤中略有下降,但幅度不大,除Cu外,其余各元素易迁移、高生物有效性的水溶态在城区表层土壤中所占比例略有上升。Pearson相关分析结果表明,各元素残渣态与全量均呈极显著正相关,其它各活性态与全量间的相关程度与重金属种类有关。土壤pH值和Fe、Mn含量对重金属的化学形态的影响也与重金属种类有关,而且,同一重金属的不同存在形态受土壤pH值和Fe、Mn含量的影响程度也不同。     

Chemical speciation and bioavailability of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in Western Balkan soils

Abstract

Three thermal power plants in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia of the Western Balkan region were expected to be metal polluting sources, and this study was performed to investigate the bioavailability and chemical speciation of trace metals in soils and soil water extracts, respectively. Surface (0–15 cm) soil samples along with maize and grass samples were collected at a gradient from the pollution source. The chemical speciation of metals was conducted using the Windereme Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM)/Model VI for water, whereas the Diffusion Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) technique was used to estimate plant availability. The chemical speciation indicated that more than 99% of all four metals in soil water extracts were complexed to fulvic acid. This is connected to relatively high soil pH (> 6.5) and high contents of soil organic matter in these soils. The accumulation of trace metals by DGT was not correlated to plant uptake. This is connected to the very low partitioning of free ions in solution, but also to the low variation in metal solubility and metal concentration in plant tissue between sites. In spite of active thermal power plants located in the areas, hardly any differences in concentration of soil metals between sites were seen and the partition of metals in soil waters was insignificant. The latter indicates that these soils have a large metal-retaining capacity. The only significant soil chemical variable affecting the variation in metal solubility was the soil pH. In a time with large infrastructure and industrial expansion in these areas, this investigation indicates the importance of protecting these high-quality soils from industrial use and degradation. High industrial activity has so far had insignificant effect on soil quality with respect to bioavailability of trace metals in these soils.     

Impact of shallowly deposited ore-bearing dolomites on local soil pollution aureoles of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in an old mining area

Purpose

The study area, located in Upper Silesian Industrial Region, was rich in significant amounts of ores that were classified of Mississippi Valley type. Being these ores especially rich in Pb and Zn, an intense development of mining and ore extraction industry was verified in this area. The goal of this study was to investigate how local pollution aureoles of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn were influenced by the presence of shallowly deposited ore-bearing dolomites.

Materials and methods

Very extensive sampling campaign was carried out, and over 1,000 samples were collected in the area of about 150?km². Local aureoles of investigated metals were calculated for two soil layers. The first one covered the part of soil core from the soil surface to the depth of 20?cm and the second one from the depth of 40?cm to the depth of 60?cm. All spatial distributions of particular metals in soil were calculated by means of ordinary kriging using free softwares QGIS and SAGA.

Results and discussion

Maximum concentrations of Pb and Zn in soil in study area were very high, reaching over 24,000 and 77,000?mg/kg, respectively. Maximum concentrations of As and Cd were also very high, reaching about 1,000?mg/kg. Those maximum values were observed in the direct vicinity of the Boles?aw mine and its mine dumps. Almost all local aureoles were located within the range of ore-bearing dolomites. It was especially visible for Pb and Zn, minerals very common in ore deposits. Otherwise, local aureoles of As and Cd were more related with the vicinity of mines and other pollution sources, being more associated to the anthropogenic pollution than to the presence of ore-bearing dolomites.

Conclusions

The aureoles of Pb and Zn, and in moderate degree of As, were associated with a mineral composition of ores. Differently, the location, the shape, and spatial pattern of Cd aureoles suggest that they were mostly influenced by anthropogenic pollution. Anthropogenic factors were dominating over the lithogenic ones and masking the influence of the shallowly deposited ores.     

Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn Accumulation in Macrophytes Growing in Tropical Wetlands

The concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulated by regional macrophytes were investigated in three tropical wetlands in Colombia. The studied wetlands presented different degrees of metal contamination. Cu and Zn presented the highest concentrations in sediment. Metal accumulation by plants differed among species, sites, and tissues. Metals accumulated in macrophytes were mostly accumulated in root tissues, suggesting an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance. An exception was Hg, which was accumulated mainly in leaves. The ranges of mean metal concentrations were 0.035?C0.953 mg g^?1 Hg, 6.5?C250.3 mg g^?1 Cu, 0.059?C0.245 mg g^?1 Pb, 0.004?C0.066 mg g^?1 Cd, and 31.8?363.1 mg g^?1 Zn in roots and 0.033?C0.888 mg g^?1 Hg, 2.2?C70.7 mg g^?1 Cu, 0.005?C0.086 mg g^?1 Pb, 0.001?C0.03 mg g^?1 Cd, and 12.6?C140.4 mg g^?1 Zn in leaves. The scarce correlations registered between metal concentration in sediment and plant tissues indicate that metal concentrations in plants depend on several factors rather than on sediment concentration only. However, when Cu and Zn sediment concentrations increased, these metal concentrations in tissues also increased in Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia helminthorriza, and Polygonum punctatum. These species could be proposed as Cu and Zn phytoremediators. Even though macrophytes are important metal accumulators in wetlands, sediment is the main metal compartment due to the fact that its total mass is greater than the corresponding plant biomass in a given area.     

洞庭湖区典型蔬菜土壤镉、铜、锌、铅含量状况及评价

采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法对湖南洞庭湖区典型蔬菜土壤Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb含量状况进行了评价。结果表明,与湖南省潮土土壤背景值相比,土壤Cd,Cu和Zn含量明显富集,Pb含量总体不高。与国家土壤质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)相比,洞庭湖区蔬菜土壤以Cd污染为主,其次是Zn和Cu。Pb含量没有超标,其中湘阴县、沅江市、资阳区和赫山区蔬菜土壤环境质量为轻度污染,华容县处于警戒水平,需要修复治理或者改变土地利用方式。君山区和南县蔬菜土壤为清洁水平,适宜发展无公害蔬菜。污染风险高的区域土壤Cd,Cu和Zn之间存在极显著或显著正相关关系,但相关性弱。