Oxygen isotopes in refractory stratospheric dust particles: proof of extraterrestrial origin

The oxygen and magnesium isotopic compositions of five individual particles that were collected from the stratosphere and that bear refractory minerals were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Four of the particles exhibit excesses of oxygen-16 similar to those observed in anhydrous mineral phases of carbonaceous chondrites and thus are extraterrestrial. The oxygen and magnesium isotopic abundances of one corundum-rich particle are consistent with a terrestrial origin. Magnesium in the four extraterrestrial particles is isotopically normal. It is unlikely that these particles are derived from carbonaceous chondrites and thus such particles probably represent a new type of collected extraterrestrial material.     

Extraparticulate chain interaction between different electron transport particles

Interaction or cross-linking between the respiratory chains of the electron transport particles of bacterial origin occurs with a mixture of active and inactive particles. Interaction between bacterial particles and liver sub-mitochondrial particles also occurs. Irradiation of the bacterial particles at 360 nanometers resulted in the destruction of quinone and consequent loss of ability of reduced nicotinamide adenine, dinucleotides to reduce cytochromes b, c(1), c, and a plus a(3). A mixture of both irradiated and untreated particles in the presence of the reduced dinucleotide resulted in the reduction of cytochromes c and a plus a(3), in an amount equivalent to the total concentration of these cytochromes in both types of particles. In contrast, the amount of cytochrome b reduced was equivalent to half the particle concentration or to that observed with the active particles alone. The rate of reduction of cytochromes c and a plus a(3) with the mixture of particles was similar to that with the active particles alone. The interaction or cross-linking between the particulate respiratory chains of bacteria or of bacterial and mammalian systems occurs after cytochrome b and before or at cytochrome c.     

土壤环境中粘粒的分散-凝聚行为及其影响因素

本文研究了一般无机离子,重金属离子,表面活性剂和高分子化合物对土壤粘粒分散凝聚行为的影响,以期为土壤环境的保护与管理提供理论依据。结果表明i:)一般无机离子可通过对粘粒表面扩散双电层的压缩作用导致粘粒凝聚,且离子价数越高压缩作用越强i;i)重金属离子在粘粒上的专性吸附,导致其对扩散双电层的压缩作用更强i;ii)阳离子表面活性剂在较低浓度时可形成粒间疏水性表面胶束使粘粒凝聚,而在较高浓度时可形成粒内亲水性表面胶束使粘粒分散i;v)阳离子型高分子化合物在较低浓度时对粘粒的架桥作用可使粘粒凝聚,而在较高浓度时的静电斥力可使粘粒分散;v)随着pH的升高,粘粒由于表面负电荷的增加而趋于分散。以上说明:双电层的压缩、专性吸附、粒间疏水性表面胶束和架桥作用等均可使土壤粘粒凝聚,降低其稳定性。     

影响刨花对流干燥的因素分析

该文通过对刨花干燥过程中影响因素的研究,以期为刨花干燥工艺的优化设计和过程控制提供理论依据.研究表明,随着气流温度的升高,刨花平均干燥速率增大,单位能耗也相应增加;随着气流速度的提高,刨花平均干燥速率增大,单位能耗逐渐降低;随着刨花初含水率的升高,刨花平均干燥速率加大,单位能耗增加;随着装载量的增大,刨花平均干燥速率大幅减小,单位能耗基本不变,总能耗急剧增加;转筒的运动影响了刨花的干燥,其自转可提高平均干燥速率.实际生产中应根据产量和生产成本,选择合适的干燥条件进行生产.     

Light scattering by irregular randomly oriented particles

A method for calculating light scattering by irregular randomly oriented particles yields results that are in good agreement with experimental data. The method is based on the assumption that surface waves are present in scattering by spherical particles, but they are absent in scattering by irregular particles.     

Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon

The fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei in pristine Amazonian rainforest air consist mostly of secondary organic aerosol. Their origin is enigmatic, however, because new particle formation in the atmosphere is not observed. Here, we show that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt-rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest. These particles act as seeds for the condensation of low- or semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric gas phase or multiphase oxidation of isoprene and terpenes. Our findings suggest that the primary emission of biogenic salt particles directly influences the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and affects the microphysics of cloud formation and precipitation over the rainforest.     

不同穗型水稻籽粒灌浆差异的研究

对三种不同穗型水稻灌浆期进行研究，了解各类型水稻的灌浆特点，从中分析比较各类型水稻灌浆期强弱势粒间的差异。结果表明：穗数型品种的强弱势粒到达最大灌浆速率的时间差值最小，较为同步，生长上表现灌浆快；穗重型品种的强弱势粒到达最大灌浆速率的时间差值最大，而且弱势粒灌浆启动较慢，生长上表现灌浆慢；中穗型介于两者之间。原因在于各类型品种强势粒灌浆时间较一致；而各类型品种弱势粒间灌浆时间差异较大，导致不同穗型水稻品种灌浆不一致。     

The role of surface chemistry in filter feeding by zooplankton

Surface chemistry of both particles and animals is important in filter feeding at low Reynolds number. Daphnia magna, fed mixtures of three sizes of polystyrene particles, retained particles that were smaller than the mesh size of the animals (1.0 micrometer) at greater efficiencies than predicted by a sieving model. Retention efficiency of the smallest particles (0.5 micrometer) was increased when negative surface charge on the particles was neutralized, and retention was decreased when a nonionic surfactant was, added to reduce wettability.     

Three-dimensional structure of Hayabusa samples: origin and evolution of Itokawa regolith

Regolith particles on the asteroid Itokawa were recovered by the Hayabusa mission. Their three-dimensional (3D) structure and other properties, revealed by x-ray microtomography, provide information on regolith formation. Modal abundances of minerals, bulk density (3.4 grams per cubic centimeter), and the 3D textures indicate that the particles represent a mixture of equilibrated and less-equilibrated LL chondrite materials. Evidence for melting was not seen on any of the particles. Some particles have rounded edges. Overall, the particles' size and shape are different from those seen in particles from the lunar regolith. These features suggest that meteoroid impacts on the asteroid surface primarily form much of the regolith particle, and that seismic-induced grain motion in the smooth terrain abrades them over time.     

海涂围垦区不同土地利用类型土壤颗粒分形特征

土壤颗粒分形特征是表征植被与土壤环境相互作用的重要因子。本研究以江苏沿海条子泥垦区长期撂荒地和水稻田两种土地利用类型为研究样地,探讨了土壤颗粒分形维数及其与土壤粒径分布、土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：海涂围垦区土壤颗粒分形维数在2.16～2.21之间,不同土地利用类型间分形维数存在显著差异,表现为荒地土壤大于稻田土壤,农业垦殖降低了海涂垦区土壤颗粒分形维数。土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤黏粒、细粉砂粒和粗粉砂粒的颗粒含量呈极显著正相关,与极细砂粒、细砂粒和中砂粒的颗粒含量呈极显著负相关。粒径0.05 mm是影响海涂围垦区土壤颗粒分形维数变化的临界粒径。荒地土壤电导率和可溶盐阳离子含量均高于水稻田土壤,水稻种植有利于降低围垦区土壤盐分含量。土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机质含量和粒径>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量均呈显著正相关关系。土壤颗粒分形维数可以较好地反映土壤理化性质特征及变化过程,可以作为评价海涂围垦区盐渍土发育和演变规律的定量指标之一。     

Streptomycin resistance mutation in Escherichia coli: altered ribosomal protein

Reconstitution of 30S ribosomal particles was performed with 16S ribosomal RNA, "core" proteins, and "split" proteins from 30S particles derived from streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli cells in various combinations. Analysis of streptomycin sensitivity of the reconstituted particles has shown that the alteration induced by the resistance mutation resides in the core proteins, and not in the RNA or in the split proteins of the 30S particles.     

磁场中电解质内胶态粒子的电荷分布

为了探求磁处理技术防垢的机理，应用电学与统计力学的理论和数学分析的方法。对电解质内胶态粒子周围的电荷分布进行了研究，计算了磁场对这种电荷分布的影响，给出了在温度较高及稀溶液情况下磁场对胶态粒子周围电荷分布影响的公式。认为电解质内的胶态粒子周围带有一层离子电荷，其厚度取决于温度与离子的浓度。当离子浓度离子大时，离子层变薄，促使胶粒之间发生凝聚；当温度增高时，离子层变厚，阻碍胶粒之间发生凝聚。当电解质     

Sodium humate solution studied with small-angle x-ray scattering

Small-angle x-ray scattering analyses of sodium humate solutions indicate either that particles of two or more different sizes exist in solution or that all of the particles are the same size but consist of a dense core and a less dense outer shell. Fractionation on a molecular sieve chromatographic column suggests that the first possibility is the more likely of the two. The radius of gyration and molecular weight of the larger particles are respectively 110 A and 1 x 10(6) and those of the smaller particles 38 A and 2.1 x 10(5). These particles are ellipsoidal.     

Phagocytosis of inhaled plutonium oxide-239pu particles by pulmonary macrophages

Pulmonary macrophages and plutonium particles were removed by washing the lungs of rats that had inhaled plutonium oxide-(239)Pu. A significant amount of plutonium was found in multiple washings of the same lung. The removal of toxic particles by washing is of potential therapeutic value. Particles were phagocytized by macrophages during the first 3 hours and retained within these cells for up to 25 days. Nearly all particles in washings were found in macrophages after the second day. The percent of macrophages with engulfed particles increased with increasing amounts of plutonium deposited in the lungs. The ability of pulmonary macrophages to rapidly phagocytize and retain plutonium particles deposited in the lungs has been shown.     

Planets and Comets: Role of Crystal Growth in Their Formation

The application of crystal growth theory to the formation of smoke particles from the primordial solar nebula indicates that solid particles with filamentary structures would form. Such particles would facilitate successive aggregation into planets, comets, and asteroids. The difficulties associated with the aggregation of spherical smoke particles would thus be avoided.     

城市环境中毛白杨和油松叶片表面颗粒污染物的观察

本文旨在观察北京地区不同环境中毛白杨和油松叶片表面颗粒污染物状况。选择毛白杨和油松分别代表阔叶乔木和针叶常绿树种。在2014年6、10月分别采集样品,利用环境扫描电镜和X-射线能谱仪对2个采样点2种树种叶表滞留的颗粒物进行了粒径与数量统计及来源解析。结果表明:PM2.5是毛白杨和油松叶表总颗粒物的主要成分,颗粒物主要滞留在毛白杨叶片的上表面和油松针叶的平面;在单位叶面积上,油松叶表面的颗粒物较毛白杨多;西直门样地叶表的PM2.5数量多于奥林匹克森林公园,10月份叶表滞留的颗粒物数量多于6月份。西直门样品除硅铝酸盐颗粒外还包括烟尘集合体和飞灰颗粒,且含有较多的S元素;与奥林匹克森林公园相比,PM2.5污染较重的西直门地区样品气孔较小、密度较大。      

表面活性剂在土壤粒子上的吸附及影响因素综述

综述了表面活性剂在土壤粒子上吸附及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。研究表明,表面活性剂可通过静电引力、离子交换和氢键等方式吸附在土壤粒子上。表面活性剂的类型与结构组成、土壤的理化特性以及环境条件对其在土壤粒子上的吸附具有非常重要的影响。混合表面活性剂比单一表面活性剂的吸附机理更为复杂。最后,指出目前研究中存在的不足,提出应加强开展混合表面活性剂和特殊表面活性剂在土壤粒子上吸附研究的建议。     

生态核不育大麦花粉的扫描电镜观察

对生态核不育大麦不育株和可育株的成熟花粉以及对照品种８９０９和鄂啤２号的成熟花粉进行了扫描电镜观察，发现生态核不育大麦不育株和可育株均含有空秕状和圆形、饱满两类花粉；两对照品种的花粉为圆形、饱满类型。生态核不育大麦可育株的圆形花粉与对照品种花粉一样，其萌发孔有明显突出的孔盖；而生态核不育大麦不育株的圆形花粉则无孔盖。因此，可认为萌发孔孔盖的有无是生态核不育大麦可育与不育花粉的典型鉴别特征。     

ELECTRON SHADOW MICROGRAPHY OF THE TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS PROTEIN

Two improvements are described in the use of shadow electron micrography for the observation of particles of macromolecular dimensions. One involves the substitution of gold for chromium as shadowing metal. The thinner gold film that can be employed gives a truer representation of the shape of particles so small that shape and size are significantly altered by the thickness of the shadowing metal deposited on them. The other consists in metal-shadowing small particles deposited on a very smooth surface such as that of polished glass and the handling of this metal film as a replica of the glass surface and the particles resting on it. This technique permits the photography of particles whose direct observation is disturbed by the fine structure that is brought out by shadowing a collodion substrate. Application of these methods to the electron micrography of the tobacco mosaic virus protein shows that its fibrils are rods about 125A both in height and breadth. Though the rods appear segmented, these segments have not been found to have a length that is constant or a small integral multiple of an underlying unit.     

北京市16种树木吸附大气颗粒物的差异及颗粒物研究

为选择吸附颗粒物能力强的绿化树种修复大气颗粒物污染,以北京市西直门交通枢纽的16种常见绿化树种为材料,利用扫描电镜观察叶片表面的微观形貌和颗粒物的形态,并用ImageJ软件对颗粒物的粒径分布进行统计。研究发现,16种树叶表面形貌差异较大,阔叶树种叶片上表面形态比较复杂,有沟槽、褶皱、绒毛和蜡质等,下表面主要有气孔、腺毛、绒毛等,形态相对较单一。针叶树种叶表面形态相对简单,有少量褶皱,但是叶表面分泌大量油脂。叶片表面附着的大部分颗粒物表面粗糙且形态不规则,粒径小于2.5 μm的颗粒物在3种粒径中占比最大。通过扫描电镜X射线能谱仪对颗粒物的元素进行分析发现,组成颗粒物的元素主要有C、N、O、Si、Ca、Fe,及少量的Na、Mg、Pb、Ni、Cd和Pd等元素。从颗粒物来源分析,主要含有C、N、O、Na、Mg、Si和Ca等元素的颗粒物,可能主要来自自然界,而Pb、Fe、Ni、Cd和Pd等元素含量较高的颗粒物可能主要来自人类活动的产物。叶表面颗粒物附着密度结果表明,圆柏和油松较其他树种叶片颗粒附着密度大,其余较大的树种依次是栾树、国槐和榆叶梅等。研究结果为揭示树木吸收大气颗粒物的机制及合理选择园林绿化树种提供了重要的理论科学依据。