Genetic control and age‐related changes of juvenile growth characters in Picea abies

In full‐sib families of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) the dynamics of juvenile growth and the inheritance of the most important growth characters were analysed in six growth periods in climate chambers followed by two additional growing seasons in a nursery. The full‐sib families were of French and North Swedish origin including both within and between provenance crosses. All growth rhythm characters changed over time. For instance, number of days to budbreak increased, whereas days to budset decreased, as growth periods advanced. Concurrent with the changes in growth rhythm, free growth decreased with increasing age. Half of the total variation for different growth rhythm characters within a growth period could in most cases be explained by provenance effects. Early selection is, therefore, meaningful to reduce damage by frost and mortality. Furthermore, the actual distances between family means decreased substantially with increasing age, and the actual length of the shoot elongation period decreased from 31 days during the second growth period to 16 days during the sixth. We suggest therefore that selection together with some treatment in the nursery that alters the growth rhythm of the seedlings are the best ways to increase frost resistance. Tree height was influenced by a set of complex gene actions that changed over time. Provenance effects were important during the first two growth periods. Subsequently, non‐accumulative within provenance family variance took over. If this pattern holds true in general, juvenile selection for height growth in Norway spruce cannot be made as early as that for growth rhythm.     

Autumn frost hardiness in Norway spruce plus tree progeny and trees of the local and transferred provenances in central Sweden

Reforestation with provenances from locations remote from the planting site (transferred provenances) or the progeny of trees of local provenances selected for superior form and vigor (plus trees) offer alternative means to increase yield over that obtained by the use of seed from unselected trees of the local provenance. Under Swedish conditions, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of certain transferred provenances generally has an advantage in productivity relative to the local provenance comparable to that of progeny of plus trees. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which productivity gains achieved by provenance transfer or the use of plus tree progeny are associated with reductions in autumn frost hardiness, relative to that of trees of the local provenance. In a field trial with 19-year-old trees in central Sweden, bud hardiness was tested on four occasions during the autumn of 2002. Trees of the local provenance were compared with trees of a south Swedish provenance originating 3 degrees of latitude to the south, a Belarusian provenance and the progeny of plus trees of local origin. The Belarusian provenance was the least hardy and the local provenance the most hardy, with plus tree progeny and the south Swedish provenance being intermediate in hardiness. Both the Belarusian provenance and the plus tree progeny were significantly taller than trees of the other populations. Within provenances, tree height was negatively correlated with autumn frost hardiness. Among the plus tree progeny, however, no such correlation between tree height and autumn frost hardiness was found. It is concluded that although the gain in productivity achieved by provenance transfer from Belarus was comparable to that achieved by using the progeny of plus trees of the local provenance, the use of trees of the Belarus provenance involved an increased risk of autumn frost damage because of later hardening.     

美国东部黑核桃不同家系幼树年生长节律研究

通过对引进的3个家系美国东部黑核桃4-5年生幼树的年生长节律及物候分析比较,结果表明:(1)黑核桃春季萌动、抽梢生长较晚,生长期仅为80 d左右,高、径生长集中在5-7月;(2)为使新梢充分木质化,预防2次生长带来的早、晚霜危害,树木停止高生长后,及时有效控水;(3)同一种源不同家系间,高、径生长存在差异,引进种子苗木时,应考虑引进经过区域试验种源的优良家系。     

Genetic variation in seasonal growth patterns in radiata pine in Galicia (northern Spain)

Shoot elongation patterns in 2 and 3-year-old Pinus radiata seedlings were monitored twice a month during 2003 and once a month during 2004 in three progeny tests in northern Spain. Fifty-eight half-sib families were studied. Several annual growth parameters were measured in each seedling: initiation, termination and duration of height growth and number of new buds formed each year. Total height, internode length and frost resistance were also measured in each seedling. The variation in these traits among families and sites was studied, as well as the effects of environmental parameters (temperature and rainfall) on growth phenology patterns. The extent to which bud phenology is genetically controlled and related to growth traits was examined. Families differed significantly in total summer shoot growth and number of summer flushes (lammas growth). The number of cycles produced per year ranged from one to four. Monocyclic families grew throughout the year, whereas polycyclic families grew episodically, depending on rainfall.     

福建永安光皮桦种源家系试验初报

应用采自南方5省区光皮桦(Betula luminiferaH.Winkl.)天然林的12个种源176个家系种子在福建永安进行了苗期测定,并在3个不同海拔高度开展造林试验,调查其1年生幼林的树高、地径,据此对优良种源、家系进行了初步选择。结果表明:光皮桦苗期高生长在种源家系间差异显著;1年生幼林各种源、家系、海拔间树高和地径差异均极显著,种源和海拔的交互作用对树高影响极显著,而对地径影响不显著;种源遗传力高于家系,树高遗传力高于地径;以树高为主要指标,初步筛选出适合当地生长的5个优良种源,并选择出适合不同海拔的优良家系各30个,其种源遗传增益达13.27%,家系遗传增益为12.84%,选择效果良好。     

湿加松不同家系幼林生长变异及选择

通过对福建省上杭白砂国有林场引种的6年生湿加松(Pinus elliottii×P.caribaea)的生长性状进行遗传变异分析,结果表明:湿加松生长性状的遗传变异有较大的差异,其中保存率的家系遗传力0.93,变异系数高达174.24%;而胸径和树高的家系遗传力分别为0.82和0.69,遗传变异系数分别为11.50%和2.82%。对39个家系进行聚类分析,从中选择出15个速生家系,其树高的遗传增益均值为9.1%,胸径的遗传增益均值为16.6%。运用K快速聚类法选出的95株优良单株中,有59株是属于优良家系中的极速生单株,其树高遗传增益为55.70%,胸径遗传增益为50.90%。     

南方红豆杉2年生容器苗多点试验的生长节律家系变异

[目的]对南方红豆杉家系进行了生长节律变异研究,以选育优良速生的南方红豆杉家系.[方法]在江西分宜、湖北京山、浙江淳安和浙江龙泉4个地点对2年生南方红豆杉家系容器苗进行了苗期遗传测定和苗高生长节律观测,分析了其性状变异的家系效应、地点效应及家系×地点的互作效应.[结果]表明参试的南方红豆杉苗高、地径和苗高生长节律参数在家系间、地点间和家系×地点间均表现出极显著差异.南方红豆杉家系间苗高最大值分别高出最小值76.20%(江西分宜)、52.98%(湖北京山)、55.42%(浙江淳安)和78.10%(浙江龙泉);地径最大值分别高出最小值126.67%、23.68%、37.02%和26.48%.南方红豆杉家系间苗高和地径变异系数在11.81%~26.50%之间.对南方红豆杉2年生容器苗各性状进行遗传力估算,遗传力在0.80~0.97之间.相关性分析认为不同测试点间苗高与苗高生长节律参数具有不同相互关系,江西分宜点苗高与线性生长速率呈负相关,而浙江龙泉点苗高与线性生长速率则呈显著正相关.以苗高作为主要性状指标,从4个测试点中筛选出7个南方红豆杉优良家系.[结论]南方红豆杉家系间,苗高、地径与苗高生长节律具有较丰富的遗传差异,遗传改良潜力较大,家系各性状遗传力较大,受较强的遗传控制,早期选择有一定的可靠性.家系与地点的互作效应显著说明部分家系生长受环境因素影响较强,遗传稳定性较弱;其中闽11和三元06两个优良家系在4个测试点中均被选中,遗传稳定性较强,可在多点进行推广.     

红锥不同种源苗期生长与变异研究

对来自福建、广西和广东的5个不同红锥种源成苗物候期和苗木高径生长进行观测。结果表明,苗高和地径的生长节律基本一致,呈现出明显的"慢—快—慢"节律,可将苗期划分为生长初期(4~6月)、生长盛期(7~8月)、生长缓慢期(9~10月)和休眠期(11~12月)4个时期;不同种源间生长差异极显著,苗高和地径的广义遗传力分别为91.48%和86.25%,遗传变异分析初步认定福建华安和广西凭祥的种源表现良好,应作为优良种源重点发展;福建安溪的种源表现中等,有发展潜力,需进一步观测和改良;表现较差的为福建南靖和广东信宜的种源。针对红锥生长节律并结合育苗实践,总结出苗木在各个时期的关键培育及管理技术。     

巨桉种源家系多点遗传变异及选择比较

对4．5 a 生巨桉种源／家系3个试验点共13个种源175个家系的生长和形质性状进行遗传分析。结果表明：所有观测性状在地点、区组和家系间均呈极显著差异（P ＜0．01）,胸径在种源间差异极显著（P ＜0．01）,树高、干形、分枝和冠幅在种源间差异不显著;树高和胸径变异系数在地点间差异不大,冠幅表型变异系数为45％～60％,江西南康的分枝变异系数高达34％,广东连山的分枝变异系数仅15％,总体上广东连山试验点各性状变异系数略低于江西南康和云南景谷,冠幅遗传变异系数＞胸径＞树高＞干形＞分枝,景谷点参试性状遗传力＞连山点＞南康点;相关性分析表明：生长性状间、生长性状与冠幅、生长性状与部分形质指标均呈极显著正相关（P ＜0．01）;利用综合指数选择法,筛选1号（昆士兰州 NW Townsille）、2号（昆士兰州 Copperlode）和12号（四川乐山）为优良种源,2号（昆士兰州 Copperlode）、21号（昆士兰州 Barron Gorge National Park）、40号（昆士兰州 Koombooloomba）、51号（昆士兰州 Tinaroo）、125号（昆士兰州 Bambaroo）、127号（昆士兰州 Bambaroo）、137号（昆士兰州 Bambaroo）和144号（昆士兰州Tully Gorge National Park）等家系在两个试验点中同时表现优良,但没有家系同时在3个试验点中表现突出。     

Walnut demonstrates strong genetic variability for adaptive and wood quality traits in a network of juvenile field tests across Europe

Adaptive and wood quality trait data were collected and analyzed on commercially available Juglans regia and J. regia×J. nigra provenances and progenies planted across Europe in a multi-site network. A total of 19 seed sources, replicated 35 times per site, were planted at 13 sites from 5 European countries, encompassing the potential distribution area of timber production plantation sites. The following traits were evaluated: survival, height, diameter at breast height, stem form, apical dominance, vegetative budbreak, along with biotic and abiotic damage. Mean values were significantly different both among provenances/progenies and sites. Most common damage was late spring and early autumn frost. Bud break ranking was significantly correlated with provenance and progeny origin. Although J. regia is fast growing, southern European early budbreak plant material should not be planted under most middle European conditions where late spring frost can be expected, as it has a significant negative impact on architectural (and thus wood quality) traits. Hybrid J. regia×J. nigra progeny performed better than J. regia provenances/progenies for most traits measured. Differences were significantly in favor of hybrids at sites with medium to low fertility, although some locally selected seed sources tended to perform as well as hybrids on high fertility sites.     

尾叶桉种源─家系生长与抗风性选择

对尾叶桉11个种源174个家系2 3年生试验林的生长与抗风性进行了测定,结果表明:尾叶桉种源间、家系间、区组间的差异以及种源与区组、家系与区组的交互作用均极显著。台风对尾叶桉的危害主要表现在造成风折,占整个试验林木的22 5%。尾叶桉种源 家系的生长性状与其抗风性能呈显著的负相关;通过对174个家系的生长和抗风性的综合指数选择,初步选出了32个适合粤西生长的既抗风、生长又快的家系。     

湖北省马尾松优树半同胞子代测定研究

1991～1992年从湖北省马尾松主要分布区选出116株优良单株,1994年建立了相应的半同胞子代测定林。2011年对子代测定林生长性状、通直度、树皮厚度指数、弹性模量等进行了调查和分析。结果表明:树高、胸径、材积和弹性模量等4个性状在家系间都存在极显著的差异,也表明各优树之间存在广泛变异。树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力分别为0.689、0.729和0.791,均大于单株遗传力,表明:各家系的主要生长性状受到较强的遗传控制,对参试家系进行选择,能取得比较理想的结果。弹性模量家系遗传力为0.507,属于中等程度的遗传,而树皮厚度指数这一指标家系遗传力较低。按照大于整体平均值加1倍标准差进行选择,树高、胸径、材积和弹性模量4个性状分别有14、14、15和14个家系入选,遗传增益分别为6.4%、11.1%、28.1%和6.6%。     

马尾松产脂力与生长性状的家系变异及优良家系早期选择

利用设置在福建南平国有来舟林业试验场马尾松高产脂半同胞家系测定林,研究其产脂力与生长、树冠性状在家系间的遗传变异以及它们之间的遗传相关性,并进行脂用马尾松优良家系及优良单株选择。结果表明,马尾松产脂力与生长、树冠性状皆存在显著的家系差异,相对于生长、树冠性状,产脂力变异较大,变异系数高达61.91%,具有丰富的选择基础。产脂力受中度遗传控制,家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为0.42和0.31,表明对马尾松产脂力通过家系和单株选择可取得较好的改良效果。性状遗传相关分析结果显示,马尾松家系产脂力与胸径、树高和材积呈较高的正遗传相关,表明在遗传育种进程中可同时对生长性状和产脂力进行改良。此外,产脂力与冠幅、冠高、轮盘数、活枝数也呈较高的正遗传相关。综合生长、树冠性状的遗传力以及与产脂力相关程度,认为胸径是高产脂优树间接选择的最佳指标。以单株产脂量和单株材积生长作为综合选择指标,共选出20个优良家系和16株优良单株,选出的优良单株产脂力遗传增益在52.54% 154.40%,单株材积遗传增益在0.22% 31.85%。     

西南桦在广东省中部引种初报

西南桦是我国热带、南亚热带地区的优良乡土阔叶树种。文章对广西壮族自治区11个西南桦种源在广东省中部引种的苗期及幼林生长性状进行了分析,结果表明:引种西南桦的地径、苗高以及幼树高生长在种源间、家系间差异极显著,种源内遗传变异大于种源间,家系遗传力高于种源。依据苗期地径选择出表现良好的5个种源,在其中选择出35个优良家系,遗传增益为14.59%;根据苗高在5个优良种源中选择20个优良家系,遗传增益达到21.27%。幼林阶段高生长与苗期略有变化,根据幼树高生长指标在5个优良种源中进一步选出25个优良家系,遗传增益达到10.03%。     

Resistance to the green spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum Walker) in progenies of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.)

Damage caused by Elatobium abietinum was estimated as needle loss in a progeny trial of Sitka spruce in Denmark in 1990 and 1992. The parents of the progeny had been selected for putative aphid resistance during a massive attack of aphids in 1957. Needle loss was significantly less in the progeny than in a standard provenance. Family heritability was estimated as 0.72 (P>0.0001). Aphid damage had an impact on growth and vigour of trees following warm winters in 1989 and since, but no correlation could be found between growth parameters and damage of different families. Due to high heritability and large variation, high gains are expected by breeding. Practical and theoretical consequences of including aphid resistance in breeding programmes of Sitka spruce are discussed.     

Provenance-specific growth responses to drought and air warming in three European oak species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens)

Provenance-specific growth responses to experimentally applied drought and air warming were studied in saplings of three European oak species: Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus pubescens. Four provenances of each species were grown in large open-top chambers and subjected to four climates: control, periodic drought, air warming or their combination in 3 subsequent years. Overall growth responses were found among species and provenances, with drought reducing shoot height growth and stem diameter growth and air warming stimulating shoot height growth but reducing stem diameter growth and root length growth. Differential growth responses in shoots, stems and roots resulted in altered allometric growth relations. Root length growth to shoot height growth increased in response to drought but decreased in response to air warming. Stem diameter growth to shoot height growth decreased in response to air warming. The growth responses in shoots and stems were highly variable among provenances indicating provenance-specific sensitivity to drought and air warming, but this response variability did not reflect local adaptation to climate conditions of provenance origin. Shoot height growth was found to be more sensitive to drought in provenances from northern latitudes than in provenances from southern latitudes, suggesting that genetic factors related to the postglacial immigration history of European oaks might have interfered with selective pressure at provenance origins.     

5年生南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状家系变异与选择

[目的]对5年生南方红豆杉优树家系进行全林测定,以揭示其生长和分枝性状家系遗传变异规律,为不同区域和立地筛选出速生优质和遗传稳定的家系。[方法]利用2014年设置在浙江淳安、江西分宜和福建明溪3个地点的5年生南方红豆杉优树家系测定林,分析其家系遗传变异规律及家系与地点的互作,初选出一批速生优质家系。浙江淳安、江西分宜和福建明溪3个地点参试的家系数分别为55、39和32个,浙江淳安和江西分宜、浙江淳安和福建明溪及江西分宜和福建明溪的共有家系数分别为38、14和12个,3个试验点的共有家系为11个。[结果]5年生南方红豆杉生长和分枝性状在家系间的差异均达到极显著水平,树高和一级分枝数这2个性状的家系X地点互作效应明显,其它性状的家系与立地互作效应则较小。南方红豆杉家系各生长性状间,以及生长性状与一级分枝数和最大分枝粗等均呈极显著的正相关。5年生南方红豆杉家系遗传力估算值总体较高,与家系遗传力比较,其单株遗传力估算值稍低。以树高为选择标准并兼顾分枝性状,在3个试验点共初选出10个优良家系。[结论]5年生南方红豆杉家系间,各生长与分枝性状具有丰富的遗传差异,南方红豆杉家系遗传力普遍较高,受较强遗传控制。树高和地径生长突出的家系,分枝多且粗、枝叶茂密、冠幅宽。树高和一级分枝数是两个对立地条件较敏感的性状,其家系X地点互作效应极显著,立地对其影响较大,其中,SY10家系在多个地点皆表现较好且稳定。     

Effect of family size and number on the accuracy and precision of the estimates of genetic parameters in the IUFRO Douglas-fir provenance-progeny trial

Effect of sample size on accuracy and precision of provenance mean height, genetic variance components and heritability were studied in a 10-year-old IUFRO Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii ( (Mirb.) Franco] provenance-progeny trial. Estimates of these parameters, and their respective standard errors, were computed for different numbers of families within provenances, and trees within families. Accuracy of mean height estimates did not differ appreciably with changes in either family number or size. However, precision of the mean height estimates was affected by changes in the family size. Both accuracy and precision of additive genetic variance and heritability estimates were greatly influenced by the number and size of families. Based on estimates obtained empirically, optimum sample sizes for the number of families per provenance and the number of trees per family was proposed and compared with those obtained from analysing the data as a provenance trial (i. e., no family structure). The optimization of sample size will improve the efficiency of provenance-progeny testing.     

Provenance and family variation in growth performance of Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) in a provenance cum progeny trial in Midnapore, India

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. is an important species for agroforestry and commercial plantations in India. Results of a combined provenance–progeny trial of E. tereticornis laid out in 2002 at Midnapore (West Bengal) located in eastern tropical region of India are reported and discussed. Twelve provenances representing 70 families from Australia and Papua New Guinea were evaluated up to the age of 3 years. As a local seed source open-pollinated seed collected from a land race, i.e., Mysore gum (commonly known as Eucalyptus hybrid) was used to serve as check material (control). Significant variation in plant height, clean stem height, girth at breast height (GBH) and field survival was observed due to provenances, as well as families within provenances. This offers an ample scope to a breeder for increasing the growth and productivity in E. tereticornis through selection of provenances and families having potential for higher productivity. Heritability (narrow sense) values were appreciable for growth traits. Within provenance individual tree heritability estimates for height, clean stem length, GBH and number of branches at age 3 years were 0.318, 0.215, 0.269 and 0.231, respectively (assuming a coefficient of relationship of 0.4 for open-pollinated families of E. tereticornis). Provenance of Walsh River, Queensland Australia performed best for plant height, clean stem height, GBH, number of branches and field survival. Apart from this, the provenance from Oro bay to Emo, Papua New Guinea and Burdekin river, Queensland also showed good performance. Provenance from Yurammie, SF from New South Wales performed poorest for growth and survival. Correlations on growth traits were high and statistically significant, indicating that substantial gains could be achieved through indirect selection for one trait based on the direct selection for another. Age–age genetic correlations between age 1 and 3 years for the growth traits were highly significant and positive. Geographic clinal variation pattern was observed as latitude was negatively correlated with height and GBH (P < 0.05); longitude with number of branches (negative, P < 0.05). Fair differences were observed between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability.     

日本花柏优良家系选择初报

日本花柏是较好的速生丰产用材树种,为进一步开展日本花柏育种研究,丰富湖北省西部地区造林树种,在引进日本花柏优良种质的基础上,进行种质资源保存及家系对比试验,并对生长性状和表型变异系数、遗传变异系数、广义遗传力等遗传参数进行测量分析。结果表明:日本花柏11个家系地径、树高均值高于对照(CK);家系间、家系内均存在丰富变异;树高和地径的广义遗传力分别为0.69,0.41。综合地径和树高两个指标,初步筛选出1个优良家系‘静3’,其地径、树高值极显著高于其它家系10个家系,且比对照(CK)分别高出41.2%,43.3%。