PPS估计与比估计的比较

PPS估计与比估计是实际应用相当广泛的两种抽样估计方法.本文在PPS抽样方案和有效回简单随机抽样方案的情形下构造了这两种估计并精确比较了它们的优劣.     

应用三阶抽样技术和四点群团样地方法对森林资源调查最优样圆尺寸的确定——以北京市延庆区为例

为了优化我国森林资源监测体系,以北京市延庆区为研究区,应用美国FIA三阶抽样技术和四点群团样地方法,通过对不同尺寸的样地方案的抽样总体方差、变动系数、标准误差、绝对误差和估计精度计算,分析四点群团样地的尺寸对单位面积蓄积量的抽样精度的影响,以及限定精度下的最小样地尺寸设计方案。结果表明:最优子样圆方案为半径为7 m,总体精度90%,与二类调查数据相比精度为80%。     

基于3阶段抽样方法的森林面积估测——以北京市延庆县为例

为了优化我国的森林资源监测体系,以北京市延庆县为估测对象,利用美国森林资源清查方法(3阶抽样方法),在部分改进的基础上,通过设置正六边形抽样框架及群团样地,估测延庆县的森林面积。结果表明:估算出北京市延庆县的森林总面积为1 202.739 km~2,与延庆县政府报告的森林总面积对比,总体精度达到94.22%。分层随机抽样和分层双重抽样下的估计精度分别为99.96%和99.94%,这种面积估测方法具有较好的总体精度和稳定性。     

传统新闻在互联网上传播的适应性转变——以黄石地区为例

互联网时代的到来,对于原本的传统新闻传播形成了巨大冲击,面对改变了的环境和受众需求,如何扩大影响力,提升传播效果,紧跟时代进步的步伐。传统新闻在互联网上传播做出了一些适应性转变。     

乡村空间形态气候适应性模拟探析——以珠海市唐家湾镇传统村落为例

为改善广东省珠海市唐家湾镇传统村落的人居环境,实现村落的低碳运营,促进乡村振兴,在明确唐家湾镇传统村落布局与民居类型的基础上,采用当代量化模拟分析方法,探讨村域格局与建筑设计形式对维持该村落生态功能及可持续发展的重要意义,为其他地区村落建设提供借鉴。     

胡萝卜种植气象条件适应性及气象灾害分析——以晋江市沿海2003～2010年为例

本文通过晋江胡萝卜种植大户对胡萝卜生长的试验、观察结果结合晋江市2003~2010年引种期间的气象要素进行统计分析,与历年气候条件相比较,分析近年胡萝卜生长期气象环境条件的变化,建议农户适时种植,提高经济效益。同时对8年间的主要气象灾害进行分析,引导种植户趋利避害。     

梅山地区传统村落对地域环境的适应性研究——以安化县大安村为例

为了探究梅山地区传统村落对地域环境的适应性,采用复杂适应系统理论,从主体适应性视角出发,以安化县大安村为例,研究传统村落对地域环境的复杂适应性。结果表明,人地系统、人居系统、人业系统和人文系统四大系统的协调适应使得大安村独具地域特色,但由于村落主体与外界环境的交换作用,大安村呈现出复杂的适应性特征,建议从提升村民自然适应能力、推进居住系统适应性改造、振兴梅山文化和重视产业经济活化利用效能等四个方面作为适应性调适策略,以期为梅山地区传统村落的保护、规划和发展提供经验及借鉴。     

土地利用总体规划与未来发展适应性评价——以广西贵港市为例

2006～2020年土地利用总体规划实施至中期,随着经济的快速发展,新政策的提出,土地利用布局、土地利用指标、环境等也发生着变化,规划需要相应的调整,有必要进行土地利用总体规划与未来发展适应性评价.该研究阐述了土地利用总体规划与未来发展适应性的内涵,构建科学的评价指标以及评价模型,以广西贵港市为例,对土地利用总体规划与未来发展适应性进行评价.采用极差标准化方法对数据进行标准化处理,利用层次分析法计算权重.经过模型计算,得到适应性评价得分为83.45分,说明贵港市土地利用总体规划与未来发展适应性较好.最后,参照评价结果,提出了相应建议.     

气候适应性视角下传统村落空间格局分析——以南京市江宁区黄龙岘村为例

在乡村振兴背景下,对传统村落进行微气候和舒适度研究有利于保护传统村落的空间肌理和建设生态宜居的美丽乡村。以南京市江宁区黄龙岘村为对象,基于实地测量,针对庭院空间、街巷空间、滨水空间、休闲空间的微气候因子和可视因子开展定量研究,运用RayMan计算生理等效温度(PET),以PET量化各空间的客观热舒适度,结合问卷调查,分析人的主观热感受,通过主客观结合的方式研究微气候因子与人体热舒适度的相关性。结果表明,PET与空气温度呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关,相关性次于空气温度,与瞬时风速的相关性较弱。在此基础上,综合传统村落的空间格局,比较4种空间类型的气候条件,量化不同空间类型的热舒适性,并提出改造策略,以期为不同地区传统村落的空间设计提供新思路。     

基于遥感监测的地面抽样方法研究——以四川水稻播面变化为例

论述了四川省水稻遥感监测地面样方布设的方法,通过分析四川省特殊的地理位置,结合遥感影像,科学合理地探讨了可运行化的地面抽样方法,即采用分层抽样统计与地面典型抽样统计相结合的方法,利用差分GPS(精度为亚米级)建立四川省水稻监测地面样方,提高监测精度,在95%的置信区间里,可以达到90%的准确率,服务于全省水稻播种面积大尺度遥感监测。     

集箱式沼气工程的设计及试验研究

设计了一种新型厌氧发酵系统———集箱式沼气工程.该工程采用太阳能加热和辅助加热,由独立单元组成,可根据养殖规模组装成50~500 m3等不同规模的沼气工程.并在设计的示范工程上完成了运行试验.结果表明,该系统池容平均产气率为0.80 m3.m-3.d-1,所产沼气的热值为25.40 MJ.m-3,处理后的猪粪污水COD去除率为82.2%,悬浮物去除率为88.8%.     

基于空间采样的城市景观格局梯度分析——以成都市中心城区为例

通过空间网格采样的格局指数在景观水平上定量并图示化分析了成都市绕城高速以内区域的城市景观格局特征和城乡景观格局差异。结果表明,成都市的圈层式发展特点能够通过空间采样的格局指数进行量化,并且不同的指数从不同的方面表现了成都市景观格局在城乡梯度上的差异。除表现景观形状特征的指数不太规则外,在城乡梯度上平均斑块面积、斑块密度、边缘密度以及聚集度均表现出逐渐上升或下降的单调变化趋势,而最大斑块指数、分割度和Shannon多样性指数均由于城乡交错带的影响表现出非单调变化趋势。     

人口老龄化背景下组团绿地使用后评价及调适设计--以上海市淞南八村组团绿地为例

以上海市宝山区淞南八村组团绿地为例,根据淞南八村居民,尤其是老人在组团绿地内的活动特点,对该组团绿地进行使用后评价(POE)。根据活动人群的实际需求,做出相应调适设计,试图提供一个建立在环境行为理论基础上的,具有可操作性、可持续发展的组团绿地调适设计案例。研究揭示了设计师和管理者在进行组团绿地设计和管理时需要不断跟踪服务,根据实际需要进行调适设计。     

绿地格局与温度的关系

研究旨在按照既定的尺度研究绿地格局与温度之间的关系。绿地格局利用绿地格局指数来做表征,从斑块规模、边界特征、空间特征3 方面来选取指数,温度利用遥感影像反演得到。结果表明：斑块数量超过400 时,平均斑块面积和斑块面积的离散度在一定区域变化时,温度才会下降。平均斑块的边界复杂度保持在一定区域变化时,温度才会下降。空间位置的结果也表明当平均邻近指数和平均邻近距离保持在一定区域变化时,温度才会下降。研究结果对建设城市绿地有一定的实践指导意义。     

基于可视域分析的养殖设施选址研究——以柘林湾和南澳岛为例

水产养殖业在我国急速发展,大量的优质海域被占用,海岸景观遭到了破坏.为合理利用近海海域资源,降低养殖业发展带来视觉冲击,该研究以柘林湾和南澳岛的为例,从养殖设施对景观的视觉污染角度出发,运用GIS的视域分析功能,计算研究区6种视域出发点的可视范围,对6种可视域赋予不同权重,叠加分析得出研究区海域和陆域的养殖设施可视几率分布图,为养殖设施的选址方案提供指引.该研究验证了利用GIS视域分析技术应用于视觉影响下的养殖设施选址的可行性,为养殖规划提供了新的科学依据.     

土地集约利用与城市化时空耦合关系研究——以江苏省地级市为例

借助物理学中速度演化模型,定量研究分析土地集约利用与城市化时空耦合关系,并将其分为协调发展区、熵增区、退化解体区和新周期产生区。同时,将协调发展区进一步细分为前期磨合时期、中期协调时期和后期拮抗时期。最后借助Arc GIS10.0软件进行区域分析和空间聚类分析,发现江苏省城市耦合协调关系呈集聚发展,苏南地区为高值集聚,苏北地区为低值集聚。     

区域工业发展与碳排放的脱钩关系分析——基于2006~2013年湖南的实际情况

根据湖南省“十一五”以来（2006~2013年）的工业发展和碳排放情况,分析湖南工业发展与碳排放之间的脱钩弹性、节能弹性、减排弹性,结果表明：湖南工业行业发展的过程中,较好地控制了碳排放量,但节能减排任务依然较大。因此,新常态下应以“节能、减排”为主线,深入优化产业结构,调整能源消费结构,从而确保工业可持续发展的同时,实现碳排放的合理控制。     

城郊森林公园游憩与游人生理健康关系——以北京百望山森林公园为例

运用多导电生理技术,测定了游客在百望山森林公园中游憩前后的8项生理指标变化。结果表明:城市居民在使用绿地后手指温度总体均值升高0.82℃,血氧饱和度总体均值升高0.81%,皮肤电导率总体均值降低2.10μS,RR间隔总体均值降低0.08s,平均心率、最小心率、最大心率总体均值分别降低了3.25、5.32、7.23bpm,每分通气量总体均值降低0.81L/min。居民身体状况在使用城市绿地后有所改善,身体更加舒适。     

General Nexus Between Water and Electricity Use and Its Implication for Urban Agricultural Sustainability:A Case Study of Shenzhen, South China

Although water and energy resources are well-recognized concerns regarding economic and social development sustainability, little specific research has focused on both water and energy problems at the same time. This study analyzed the water and electricity-use patterns in Shenzhen, South China during 2001-2009. A curve regression method was used to examine the relationship between water and electricity use per gross domestic product (GDP) in Shenzhen and its three sectors, i.e., agriculture, industry & construction, and residential life & services. Results showed that agriculture only covered less than 10% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, while industry & construction and residential life & services accounted for more than 90% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, which coincided with the city’s industrial structure. The water and electricity use per GDP in agriculture was the biggest among three sectors in Shenzhen during 2001-2009, which means inefficiency of water and electricity use in agriculture. Due to transitioning to advanced materials and manufacturing, both water and electricity use per GDP in industry & construction decreased during 2001-2009 and their utilization efficiencies gradually increased over time. The same held true for those in residential life & services transformed toward modern business, creative culture, finance services, etc. Derived from the survival of the fittest in competing for limited water and electricity resources, agriculture in Shenzhen has been gradually substituted by industry & construction and residential life & services, with much higher efficiencies of water and electricity use. And traditional agriculture will not be sustainable in the process of urbanization and industrialization, except high-tech intensive agriculture with low water and energy cost. Furthermore, by means of curve regression, we found that there was a significant quadratic relationship between water use per GDP and electricity use per GDP in the entire city and its three sectors. Suitable industrial transformation and advancement was a very effective way to save water and energy for modern cities. This can provide some reference for systematic planning and design of water and electricity allocation and use in agriculture, industry & construction and residential life & services in a city.     

General Nexus Between Water and Electricity Use and Its Implication for Urban Agricultural Sustainability: A Case Study of Shenzhen,South China

Although water and energy resources are well-recognized concerns regarding economic and social development sustainability, little specific research has focused on both water and energy problems at the same time. This study analyzed the water and electricity-use patterns in Shenzhen, South China during 2001-2009. A curve regression method was used to examine the relationship between water and electricity use per gross domestic product (GDP) in Shenzhen and its three sectors, i.e., agriculture, industry & construction, and residential life & services. Results showed that agriculture only covered less than 10% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, while industry & construction and residential life & services accounted for more than 90% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, which coincided with the city's industrial structure. The water and electricity use per GDP in agriculture was the biggest among three sectors in Shenzhen during 2001-2009, which means inefficiency of water and electricity use in agriculture. Due to transitioning to advanced materials and manufacturing, both water and electricity use per GDP in industry & construction decreased during 2001-2009 and their utilization efficiencies gradually increased over time. The same held true for those in residential life & services transformed toward modern business, creative culture, finance services, etc. Derived from the survival of the fittest in competing for limited water and electricity resources, agriculture in Shenzhen has been gradually substituted by industry & construction and residential life & services, with much higher efficiencies of water and electricity use. And traditional agriculture will not be sustainable in the process of urbanization and industrialization, except high-tech intensive agriculture with low water and energy cost. Furthermore, by means of curve regression, we found that there was a significant quadratic relationship between water use per GDP and electricity use per GDP in the entire city and its three sectors. Suitable industrial transformation and advancement was a very effective way to save water and energy for modern cities. This can provide some reference for systematic planning and design of water and electricity allocation and use in agriculture, industry & construction and residential life & services in a city.