妊娠-泌乳母猪钙代谢及调控机理研究进展

母猪的生产性能受很多因素的影响,其中日粮矿物质水平是其主要影响因素之一。钙在调控母猪的生产性能方面发挥着重要的作用。机体钙吸收的方式有3种,即主动转运、被动转运和囊泡运输,激素或者其他影响钙吸收的因素大多是通过调控钙吸收方式进而影响日粮钙的利用率。母猪对日粮钙的利用率直接影响其生产性能的发挥,一方面,适当的日粮钙水平可以促进母猪发挥最大的生产潜能,提高养殖效益;另一方面,当日粮钙水平不足或者钙利用率低时,首先,母猪的生产性能潜力不能充分发挥,如产仔数或活仔数低,仔猪的生长速度慢。其次,母猪由于钙利用不足而导致骨骼疾病的发生,尤其是妊娠后期和哺乳期的母猪,最终使其淘汰率居高不下,这一系列的因素最终导致养殖业的生产效益大幅度降低。近年来,国内外学者针对影响母猪对日粮钙利用率的因素进行了大量的研究,并取得了很大的进展,例如,钙的饲喂时间、日粮钙磷比、维生素、激素和消化道pH均影响母猪对日粮钙的吸收利用。因此,研究母猪钙吸收特征及其影响因素对提高母猪生产性能具有重要的实践意义。作者简述了机体钙吸收的作用机制,同时介绍了影响母猪钙吸收的主要因素,旨在为母猪日粮钙的饲喂提供理论依据。     

妊娠期日粮能量水平对母猪繁殖性能影响的研究进展

能量水平是评价妊娠母猪日粮营养价值的重要指标,对妊娠母猪的胚胎生长发育、存活以及仔猪初生重等繁殖性能有重要影响.因此,给妊娠期母猪饲喂不同能量水平的日粮,其饲喂效果可直接作用于母猪胚胎.本文就妊娠母猪的能量需要、不同能量水平及来源对母猪繁殖性能的影响进行综述,以期为母猪生产中的营养调控提供参考.     

饲粮不同钙水平对老龄蛋鸡蛋品质及骨密度的影响

选用58周龄新扬州产蛋母鸡300只,随机分为2组(高钙组、低钙组),每组5个重复,分别饲喂不同钙水平的玉米-豆粕型日粮,研究不同钙水平饲粮对老龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及骨密度的影响。研究结果表明:高钙组平均产蛋率及蛋比重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳比例等蛋品质指标均显著高于低钙组(P<0.05),老龄蛋鸡饲粮钙水平为3.5%生产性能及蛋品质质量最佳;日粮不同钙水平下(3.5%、2.5%)老龄蛋鸡骨骼质量无明显变化,在钙供给量不足的情况下,机体钙代谢分配首先保证骨钙沉积,笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症并非单纯由日粮钙供给不足引发。     

微量元素相对生物学利用率的研究方法

有机微量元素具有多种优点,本文阐述了有关外源微量元素生物学利用率,回顾了微量元素不同添加方法的研究成果并进行比较。1影响动物对微量元素吸收的因素微量元素的吸收水平直接影响动物机体对微量元素的利用。如果饲喂量超过机体的代谢量,微量元素的吸收下降;如果饲喂量不足,机体则会提高对微量元素的吸收,这就说明机体自我平衡作用可以调节营养素的吸收。日粮总体消化率及各营养素间的相互作用均会影响矿物质吸收,这种相互作用包括协同作用(如铁和维生素C)和拮抗作用(如钙和锌,铜和钼、硫)。动物种类、品种、年龄、性别等也会影响微量元…     

日粮中矿物质对生猪养殖的影响

1钙和磷钙和磷为子宫内胎儿发育和母猪骨骼坚固性所必需的,妊娠后期钙摄入量较低是造成下一个泌乳期泌乳量减少的因素之一。同时低水平的钙、磷将会导致猪患有蹄病和腿病,导致母猪的淘汰率增加。钙、磷含量过低或比例失调可造成哺乳母猪吸收钙、磷不足而发生后肢瘫痪甚至影响生殖机能。有实验证明,日粮中钙、磷比例小于1.5∶1.0时,可导致母猪受胎率下降或诱发流产、胎衣不下、子宫和输卵管炎症等。当日粮中钙、磷比例大于4∶1时,母猪的     

淀粉与油脂对妊娠母猪糖脂代谢及其繁殖性能影响的研究进展

妊娠后期随着胎儿生长速度和乳腺发育加快，母猪机体代谢强度逐渐增加，机体糖脂代谢失衡，出现代谢紊乱。能量占整个日粮成分的70%以上，选择适当的日粮能量来源以调节糖脂代谢的平衡是提高母猪繁殖效率的有效方法。淀粉与油脂作为母猪日粮主要能量来源，均可显著影响后备母猪的初情期启动或经产母猪的繁殖性能，但以母猪本身的糖脂代谢特征为出发点，评述不同来源与水平的淀粉或油脂对母猪繁殖性能的影响鲜有总结报道。文章首先综述了母猪妊娠期糖脂代谢特点和代谢机制，简述了妊娠期代谢紊乱对母猪繁殖性能的不良影响，介绍了淀粉与油脂在母体的吸收及代谢特点，对比分析了不同水平与来源的淀粉和油脂对母猪产仔性能和泌乳性能的影响。最后，为最大化提高猪场经济效益，根据实际生产目的，总结了选择合适能量来源的依据。该综述旨在选择日粮适宜水平和来源的淀粉和油脂以期为提高母猪繁殖效率提供数据支持和理论指导。     

母猪产后瘫痪的诊治

母猪产后瘫痪是以产后四肢运动障碍或者运动能力减弱为主要特征的一种钙磷不足或者比例失调引起的一种疾病,一般发生在产后几天内出现。引起母猪产后瘫痪的因素有很多种,母猪生产能力高,产仔数量多、泌乳能力强,母猪分娩和哺乳过程中身体中大量钙元素消耗,并没有及时得到补充引起发病,此外,母猪日粮营养不平衡,钙磷元素严重不足,钙磷比例失调,影响到钙磷元素的正常吸收。还有在母猪饲养过程中饲料中长期缺乏维生素,导致钙磷元素吸收障碍,影响到母猪的利用价值和仔猪的健康生长,给养殖户造成严重的经济损失。本文主要结合实际情况,就母猪产后瘫痪诊断和治疗进行了分析,希望通过本次研究对更好的防控该种疾病发生有一定帮助。     

营养因素对猪繁殖性能的影响

日粮中能量、蛋白质、矿物元素以及维生素等营养水平会影响母猪的繁殖性能。当猪的日粮营养水平过低时,可使成年公猪精液的品质明显降低;当日粮中能量水平过高时,可导致母猪体内脂肪沉积过多,卵巢周围脂浸润,阻碍卵泡的正常发育,影响受精和着床。母猪繁殖性能也决定了种猪生产效益的高低。     

如何治疗奶牛产后瘫痪

<正>1病因分析1.1干乳期长时间饲喂同一钙水平日粮,造成钙磷比例的失调。奶牛所处的生理时期不同,需要的钙水平也就不同,特别是干乳期,奶牛日粮应保持一个相对较低的钙水平。(1)长时间饲喂低钙日粮:奶牛从日粮中吸收的钙则不足于排泄排出的钙量,钙浓度处于负平衡,血钙浓度下降,奶牛分娩后血钙浓度急剧下降,而体内又不能及时补给,最终引起产后瘫痪的发生。(2)长时间饲喂高钙日粮:奶牛分娩后,泌乳开始,大量     

母猪高纤维饲粮的积极影响(Ⅲ)

<正>高纤维日粮的应用不仅可以改善母猪对纤维饲料的利用率,还对其生产和繁殖性能产生一定的影响。另外还可减少母猪的刻板行为和应激反应。(接上期)6高纤维日粮对后备母猪体成熟和性成熟的积极影响6.1初产母猪和经产母猪对纤维饲料的营养物质利用率存在差异饲喂高不溶性纤维饲粮,尽管不影响母猪排卵率,但可降低胚胎存活率。另外,不同纤     

日粮纤维营养在母猪生产中的应用

纤维被称为第七大营养素,对调节机体营养物质吸收、提高机体免疫能力、改善繁殖能力等方面具有重要作用。纤维在母猪生产中的研究相对较多,但不同来源和水平的日粮纤维对母猪的各个阶段影响及作用机理存在一定的差异。文章就日粮纤维的化学组分和来源、在妊娠母猪、泌乳母猪、后备母猪生产中的研究进展进行综述,以期为日粮纤维在母猪生产中的应用提供一定的理论依据。     

The improvement of sow productivity,a review of recent experiments in France

The numerical productivity of the sow is the resultant of a triple product involving fertility rate (or reproductive rhythm), prolificacy rate (or litter size at birth) and survival rate of piglets. The calculation made on the basis of the year of reproductive life must be distinguished from that made on the basis of the year of reproductive life must be The difference between these two modes of estimation ranges about 3–5 weaned piglets/sow/year in favour of the former. Acceleration of the reproductive rhythm, which is inversely proportional to the interval between farrowings, largely depends on the production techniques chosen. It may be obtained by early weaning (0.3 to 0.5 litter/sow/year), by the induction of pregnancy during lactation (0.1 to 0.2 litter/sow/year) or by the utilization of crossbred sows (0.02 to 0.05 litter/sow/year). Furthermore, an early reproductive life, depending on the age at puberty of the sows, may increase the numerical productivity per year of presence of the sows in the herd (0.2 to 0.3 piglet less for a delay of 10 days at first farrowing).The mortality rate of the piglets is about 20% and is still to high. A marked progress may be obtained by improving the rearing and housing techniques and the environmental conditions at birth, as well as by using crossbred animals.The utilization of crossbred animals leads to the most rapid improvement of the litter size (8% at birth and 15% at weaning). However, this technique must be consisered as complementary to selection which, in the long term, remains the most efficient method in spite of a very slow genetic change. The utilization of artificial insemination by means of semen from boars subjected to litter size or female progeny recording may also improve the prolificacy. The slight reduction of the litter size observed after very early weanings is widely counterbalanced by the acceleration of the reproductive rhythm so that this modern technique leads to a spectacular increase in the numerical productivity of the sows. This is not the case for some physiological techniques such as superovulation which is not sufficiently controlled to allow current utilization.     

三元母猪留做繁殖母猪的问题探讨及建议

三元母猪做繁殖母猪是现下一种很无奈又很普遍的现象,但由于母猪没有经过专业的选育及科学的饲喂,往往产仔后问题很多,最常见的问题表现在新生仔猪腹泻,这种腹泻多是因为三元母猪在生长的过程中没有添加脱霉剂,导致霉菌毒素中毒,霉菌毒素破坏了仔猪的肝脏及免疫系统,导致新生仔猪对乳脂利用率差以及自身免疫力低下的双重原因引起腹泻。文章针对仔猪的腹泻情况做详细阐述及针对三元母猪留做繁殖母猪给出一些相应的建议。     

Effects of salinomycin on sow weight change during lactation and on sow reproductive performance

Forty-five gravid cross-bred sows (mean parity 3.3 +/- .3) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: corn-soybean mean (CS) or CS plus 60 mg salinomycin per kilogram of diet (CSS). Sows were fed their respective diets through two successive parities with dietary treatment initiated at 100 d postcoitum and continued until weaning of the second successive litter. Therefore, sows fed CSS received salinomycin for 14 d before the first parturition and for approximately 153 d before the second parturition. Daily feed intake was restricted to 2 kg.hd-1.d-1 during gestation and to 3 kg.hd-1.d-1 from weaning to breeding. All sows. had ad libitum access to feed during lactation. Sows were weighed 7 d prior to parturition, at weaning and at breeding. Weaning-to-estrus interval and farrowing interval were recorded for all sows. Litters were weighed at birth and weaning. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between dietary treatments in sow weights before parturition, at weaning or at breeding for either first or second farrowing. The CSS-fed sows lost more weight from weaning to breeding after the first (P less than .03) and second (P less than .05) lactation periods than CS-fed sows. The CSS-fed sows tended to gain more (P = .06) weight during lactation than CS-fed sows. There were no differences (P greater than .05) between treatments in lactation feed intake, weaning-to-estrus interval, farrowing interval, litter size born or weaned, litter weights at birth or at weaning, or in sow culling rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Pea starch meal as a substitute for cereal grain in diets for lactating sows: The effect on sow and litter performance

The major by-product from the production of pea protein concentrate is pea starch, and this starch can be an alternative source of starch compared to for instance starch from wheat in diets for pigs. However, differences in energy utilization between pea starch and cereal starch could affect the animals' production performance. In this study data from 100 Norwegian Landrace x Yorkshire sows was collected to investigate if inclusion of 20% pea starch meal (Pisum sativum L) in diets for lactating sows affected sow and litter performance. Two cereal grain based diets were formulated, but in one of the diets part of the wheat inclusion was replaced with pea starch meal. Data collection included registrations of sow daily feed consumption, individual weight and backfat measures, litter weights, measurement of blood glucose level after feeding and reproductive performance. Sows offered the pea diet had a higher average daily (P<0.0001), weekly (P<0.01) and total feed consumption (P<0.0001) during lactation. They also had a lower weight loss during the first three weeks of lactation (P<0.001). During the last two weeks of lactation sows in both groups were on average gaining weight, but the sows offered the control diet had the highest gain in this period (P<0.05). There was a tendency for a higher backfat loss in the pea group during the first three weeks of lactation (P=0.10), but no difference was found in overall backfat loss between treatments (P>0.05). Dietary treatment did not affect litter performance during lactation (P>0.05). The weaning-to-service interval was higher among the first parity sows offered the pea diet compared to the first parity sows offered the control diet (P<0.05). Blood glucose was not affected by dietary treatment within the chosen timeframe of this study (P>0.05). This study shows that pea starch meal can be used as an alternative source of starch in diets for lactating sows. The sows offered the pea diet had the highest feed consumption during lactation, and although this was not reflected in higher weaning weights, it was reflected in an improved body condition at weaning.     

从饲喂策略考虑提高母猪泌乳期采食量

母猪泌乳期高自由采食量(VFI)是其繁殖性能正常发挥的保证。为了提高母猪泌乳期VFI,文中分析了母体因素如品种、基因、带仔数、体况等对VFI的影响,提出着重从全繁殖周期饲喂策略考虑,以提高母猪泌乳期VFI。     

Investigation on the Production Performance of gE Antibody Positive Sows in Pig Farms Infected with Wild Type Pseudorabies Virus

Pseudorabies (PR) is caused by the Pseudorabies virus (PRV). It is an acute and hot highly contagious disease infecting livestock and a wide range of wild animals. In order to investigate the relationship between latent infection of Pseudorabies virus and sow production performance,this study collected production parameters of first-parity sows with wild virus gE positive and negtive in a Pseudorabies positive stable intensive farm, including total litter size, healthy litter size, weak litter size, stillbirths, mummified fetus, litter weight, number of weaning live, number of weaning qualified and weaning weight. And compared the production performance of PRV gE antibody negative and positive sows in the same intensive pig farm. The study showed that each PRV gE antibody negative sow could produce 11.96 live piglets per parity. Additionally, PRV gE antibody negative sow could provide more alive, weaning and weaning qualified piglets per parity than infection sows, which were 0.63, 0.18 and 0.28, respectively. Although the average birth weight and average weaning weight of piglets produced by PRV gE antibody positive sows were higher than those produced by negative sows, the weaning qualified rate of antibody negative sows was higher than that of antibody positive sows, indicating that the weaning live piglets produced by antibody negative sows had higher uniformity. In summary, the production performance of PRV gE antibody positive sows was lower than that of the negative sows. Eradication of PR can bring higher profit to the pig farm. Pig farm should actively eradicate the PR.     

伪狂犬病病毒野毒感染猪场的gE抗体阳性头胎母猪生产成绩调查

伪狂犬病（Pseudorabies，PR）是由伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus，PRV）感染多种野生动物及家畜引起的急性、热性的高度接触性传染病。为掌握PRV隐性感染对头胎母猪生产成绩的影响，本研究跟踪调查某一PRV野毒阳性稳定万头母猪场中野毒gE抗体阴性和阳性的头胎母猪总产仔数、健仔数、弱仔数、死胎数、木乃伊胎数、仔猪初生窝重以及断奶活仔数、断奶合格仔数、仔猪断奶重等不同生产成绩指标，探索相同饲养条件下伪狂犬病对头胎母猪各生产指标的影响。结果发现，每头PRV野毒gE抗体阴性头胎母猪每窝平均可产11.96头活仔猪，比gE抗体阳性母猪每胎次多产活仔0.63头，以及每胎次可多提供0.18头断奶活仔，每胎次多提供0.28头断奶合格仔。虽然PRV野毒gE抗体阳性母猪所产仔猪初生均重及断奶均重均高于gE抗体阴性母猪所产仔猪，但gE抗体阴性母猪所产仔猪断奶合格率高于gE抗体阳性母猪，表明其断奶活仔整齐度更高。综上，PRV野毒gE抗体阳性的头胎母猪生产成绩低于gE抗体阴性母猪，伪狂犬病的净化可为猪场带来更高的经济效益，表明伪狂犬病的净化至关重要。     

氨基酸与母猪营养

母猪饲养是养猪生产中最重要的环节之一。母猪的营养尤其是蛋白质和氨基酸营养不仅直接影响仔猪的生长性能,而且也对母猪的使用年限和繁殖性能会产生很大影响。母猪蛋白质及氨基酸营养受品种、胎次、母猪体况、产仔数、泌乳量、采食量、哺乳期长短等诸多因素影响,增大了母猪氨基酸营养的研究难度。同时母猪个体较大、研究成本高、试验群体偏小、数据采集困难以及试验误差较大等问题也限制了母猪蛋白质及氨基酸营养的系统研究。本文对母猪的氨基酸营养进行综述,旨在为养猪生产实践中母猪日粮的合理配制提供参考。     

A review of factors influencing litter size in Irish sows

Many factors influence litter size. These include genetics, gilt management, lactation length, parity distribution, disease, stress and boar fertility. In the past 20 years, litter size in Irish sows has increased by only one pig. Born alive figures now average at 11.2 pigs per litter. In this regard, Ireland is falling behind our European competitors who have made significant advances over this time. Denmark, for example, has an average figure of 12.7 pigs born alive per litter and France an average of 12.5. The single area that could be improved immediately is sow feeding. It is important that sows are fed correctly throughout pregnancy. If over-fed during pregnancy, sows will have depressed appetite during lactation. If underfed in pregnancy, sows will be too thin at farrowing. The correct way to feed a pregnant sow is to match her feed allocation to her requirement for maintenance, body growth and growth of her developing foetuses. During lactation, sows should be given as much feed as they can eat to prevent excessive loss of body condition. Liquid-feed curves should be such that lactating sows are provided with a minimum mean daily feed supply of 6.2 kg. A small proportion of sows will eat more and this could be given as supplementary dry feed. Where dry feeding is practised in the farrowing house, it is difficult to hand-feed sows to match their appetite. Ideally ad libitum wet/dry feeders should be used. From weaning to service, sows should once again be fed ad libitum. If liquid feeding, this means giving at least 60 MJ DE (digestible energy) per day during this period. If dry feeding, at least 4 kg of lactation diet should be fed daily. The effort spent perfecting sow feeding management on units should yield high dividends in the form of increased pigs born alive per litter.