缓释氮肥对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究缓释氮肥运筹对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】2016―2017年以短季棉品种中棉所50为材料,采用小麦后直播的种植方式,设3个缓释肥氮素用量:45、90和135 kg·hm~(-2),2个施用时期分别为2叶期和4叶期。以常规氮肥尿素(纯氮90 kg·hm~(-2),CK1)和不施肥为对照(CK2)。【结果】缓释肥氮素90 kg·hm~(-2),并于2叶、4叶期施用产量较高,其中2017年籽棉产量显著高于其它处理,分别达4 198.7和4 037.8 kg·hm~(-2),比对照CK2分别高517.2和356.3 kg·hm~(-2),干物质积累量也表现为缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm~(-2)于2叶、4叶期施用较高,其中2017年分别达到14 090.5 kg·hm~(-2)、13 564.5 kg·hm~(-2),分别比对照CK2高12.6%和8.4%。氮素积累量表现相似的结果。氮素利用效率结果进一步表明,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量45 kg·hm~(-2)的处理氮素回收利用率(NARE)、氮素农学利用率(NAE)及氮素生理利用率(NPE)都最高,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm~(-2)的处理其次,如2017年2叶期施缓释肥氮用量45 kg·hm~(-2)处理的上述3个氮素利用效率分别为75.62%、23.68%、77.26%,施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm~(-2)处理则分别为60.9%、19.9%、46.6%,而对照CK2仅为53.79%、14.12%、40.91%。【结论】小麦后直播棉在2叶期一次性施用缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm~(-2)能显著提高氮素利用效率,促进群体干物质生产并实现高产,同时达到轻简高效的目的。     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。施N 150~225 kg·hm-2、P2O575 kg·hm-2下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K2O 75~150 kg·hm-2氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm-2磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2和150~225 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2。     

密度与化控对麦后直播棉产量及矿质元素积累的影响

【目的】研究密度和棉太金化控对长江流域小麦后直播棉产量及氮、磷、钾吸收积累的影响,以期为该种植模式下棉花高产高效栽培提供理论指导。【方法】2011―2012年,于扬州大学农学院试验田以早熟品种国欣早11-1为材料,设置75 000、90 000、105 000株·hm~(-2)3个密度;棉太金用量分别为0、1 170、2 340 m L·hm~(-2)进行试验。【结果】在90 000～105 000株·hm~(-2)密度下配合1 170 m L·hm~(-2)棉太金(苗期:90 m L·hm~(-2)、盛蕾期:180 m L·hm~(-2)、盛花期:360 m L·hm~(-2)、盛铃期:540 m L·hm~(-2)),小麦后直播棉籽棉产量最高,达3 551.3～3 687.5 kg·hm~(-2)。在此条件下,棉株对氮、磷、钾素的吸收量也最高,分别达117.8 kg·hm~(-2)、77.4 kg·hm~(-2)、116.4 kg·hm~(-2)。其中,氮素吸收量在盛蕾期—盛花期最高,磷、钾吸收量则均于盛花期—吐絮期达到最大。相关性分析发现,长江流域小麦后直播棉产量与氮、磷、钾素总吸收积累量,尤其是在盛花期—吐絮期总体呈显著线性正相关关系。【结论】中高密度下配合施用适量棉太金可增强棉株对氮、磷、钾等元素的吸收,以盛花期-吐絮期为最盛,从而实现长江流域小麦后直播棉高产。     

长江流域大麦后直播棉集中成铃与高产协同表达群体株型特征

【目的】研究品种和氮肥运筹对麦后直播棉成铃、产量和株型影响,明确长江流域棉花集中成铃与高产协同表达群体株型特征。【方法】采用大田试验,2014年和2015年前茬均为大麦,2014年以国欣12-1、宜机棉、鲁棉研36为供试品种,设计2种氮肥用量水平(45 kg·hm~(-2)、150 kg·hm~(-2));2015年进一步以国欣12-1为材料,设置2个缓释肥纯氮用量(150 kg·hm~(-2)、225 kg·hm~(-2))和2种运筹(苗肥和花肥质量比分别为70%∶30%和100%∶0)处理,并以常规施肥(纯氮150 kg·hm~(-2))和不施肥为对照。【结果】2014年施纯氮150 kg·hm~(-2)时,国欣12-1籽棉产量达4 014.72 kg·hm~(-2)且显著高于其它处理;2015年苗期一次性施入缓释肥氮素用量150 kg·hm~(-2)的处理比常规施肥处理增产30.96%;前述2个处理下,国欣12-1成铃也较为集中,8月15日至8月30日成铃数占总成铃数比率(成铃率)分别达31.8%,26.1%,均高于其它处理。相关分析表明同期成铃率与籽棉产量极显著正相关(r_(2014)=0.948**、r_(2015)=0.976**)。进一步分析株型指标与8月15日至8月30日成铃率、籽棉产量的关系,提出了长江流域大麦后直播棉群体优化指标。【结论】大麦后直播棉群体优化指标可以实现高产和集中成铃的协同表达。     

不同种植模式棉花产量、种植效益与氮素利用率比较分析

【目的】研究长江流域棉区麦棉两熟种植制度下,不同种植模式对棉花产量、种植效益及氮素利用率的影响,为棉花高产高效生产提供依据。【方法】采用裂区设计,研究麦后棉花不同种植方式(育苗移栽和直播)、品种(中熟和早熟)和氮肥运筹(不施氮和适宜氮肥运筹)对其生育进程、生物量累积与分配、产量、种植效益与氮素利用率的影响。【结果】与育苗移栽方式相比,直播棉花生育进程快,尤其苗期缩短10～17 d;直播棉花生育中后期生物量和氮素累积量较高,且经济系数均以早熟品种较高。适宜氮肥运筹下,直播早熟品种与移栽中熟品种霜前皮棉产量均较高,且两者间差异不显著。适宜氮肥运筹下,移栽棉花的籽棉产值是直播方式的1.0～1.2倍,总成本是直播方式的1.8～2.0倍,收益仅为直播方式的23.0%～43.1%。氮素效率的结果表明,种植方式对农学利用率和氮素表观利用率的影响大于品种和氮肥运筹,直播方式的氮素农学利用率和表观利用率分别比移栽方式提高40.0%和76.4%(2017年);品种对氮素生产效率的影响大于种植方式与氮肥运筹,早熟品种的氮素生产效率比中熟品种提高45.3%(2017年)。【结论】长江流域棉区,适宜氮肥运筹下早熟品种麦后直播有利于实现棉花高产稳产、生产总成本低而效益高;其氮素农学利用率、表观利用率和生产效率均较高,是该棉区麦后棉高产高效生产模式。     

膜下滴灌棉花对3种水溶性磷肥的利用效率和产量响应

【目的】比较膜下滴灌条件下不同磷肥品种在棉花上的肥效及其利用率的差异,以选择合适的磷肥品种,提高磷肥利用率和效益。【方法】2015―2016年连续2年进行了田间试验。试验共设4个处理:不施磷肥(P0)、施用磷酸一铵(MAP)、施用磷酸二铵(DAP)和施用重过磷酸钙(TSP),磷肥全部基施。各处理的氮钾用量相同,氮肥除了磷肥所含的氮外,其余以尿素施入,其中10%氮素在播种前作底肥基施,90%氮素作追肥随水滴施,钾肥全部基施。于棉花成熟期测定棉株生物量、皮棉产量、磷素吸收量和土壤有效磷。【结果】与不施磷相比,MAP、DAP和TSP处理的皮棉产量分别增加11.01%、6.97%和8.51%,地上部干物质质量分别增加10.96%、4.86%和8.36%。MAP比DAP显著增加了棉花干物质质量和产量,分别增加5.82%和3.78%,但与TSP没有显著差异。施用磷肥显著增加棉花的磷素吸收量,MAP、DAP和TSP的磷肥平均利用率分别为26%、22%和24%。施用磷肥能够提高植棉效益,其中施用MAP的收益最高,比施用DAP和TSP分别增加1 261元·hm~(-2)和580元·hm~(-2)。但施用MAP、DAP和TSP的土壤有效磷(收获后)没有显著差异。【结论】施用MAP、DAP和TSP都能够显著提高棉花产量,增加植棉效益,其收益大小为MAPTSPDAP。     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥磷肥钾肥。施N 150～225 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2)下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K_2O 75～150 kg·hm~(-2)氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm~(-2)磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)和150～225 kg·hm~(-2)。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K_2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)。     

行距对机采棉干物质积累及氮磷利用效率的影响

【目的】新疆棉花生产的主要环节均已实现机械化,但采摘环节仍大量使用人工,农机农艺不协调是导致机收比例低的主要原因。优化机采棉行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的有效途径,因此本研究通过设置不同的机采棉行距,探究其对棉花产量形成及养分利用的影响,为机采棉行距配置的优化提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,选择生产中最佳密度,在密度一致基础上,设置"一膜三行"(S1,平均行距76 cm)、"一膜四行"(S2,平均行距57 cm)、"一膜六行"(S3,平均行距38 cm)3种行距,其中S3处理为常规机采行距(CK),研究行距对棉花干物质积累、分配以及对产量形成及氮、磷养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】不同行距下棉花干物质的积累符合Logistic生长函数模型。2年均值表明随着平均行距的降低,单株干物质积累总量降低43.3%,干物质最大积累速率降低(1.4 g·株-1·d-1),快速积累期起始时间从出苗后51.4 d逐渐推迟至62.5 d,但快速积累持续时长从19.7 d增加至35.1 d。增加行距显著提高单株成铃(0.9个),对铃重及衣分无显著影响,籽棉及皮棉产量显著增加16.7%和17.4%。行距对植株养分积累与分配有显著的影响,S1处理氮积累总量(907.0 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(58.3 kg·hm-2)、吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 55.7%和P2O569.1%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(32.1 kg)均最高;而S3处理氮积累总量(664.5 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(38.9 kg·hm-2)最低,S2处理吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 48.5%和P2O560.3%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(28.6 kg)最低。【结论】综合来看,一膜三行下植株养分指标及产量均优于其他行距,更适宜作为高效机采的行距。     

地膜残留对连作棉田土壤氮素、根系形态及产量形成的影响

【目的】为探讨土壤中的残膜含量对棉花根区环境及生长发育的影响。【方法】在大田条件下,以新陆中47号为供试材料,设置了0(CK)、225、450、675和900 kg·hm~(-2)共5个残膜量处理,于2013-2014开展2年小区模拟试验,研究了棉田土壤氮素、根系形态、产量性状随土壤中残膜含量的变化规律。【结果】随着残膜量的增大产量均呈下降趋势,450、675、900 kg·hm~(-2)残膜量处理的产量均显著(P0.05)低于0 kg·hm~(-2)(CK),其中900 kg·hm~(-2)处理的产量降低了22.2%。残膜阻碍根系生长,根长、根直径、根表面积、根体积、根尖数均随残膜量的增加而下降,其中,900 kg·hm~(-2)处理较0 kg·hm~(-2)(CK)分别下降了33.7%,24.3%,19.72%,66.4%和35.3%;0 kg·hm~(-2)与225、450、675、900 kg·hm~(-2)残膜量处理在花期和铃期均具有显著性差异(P0.05)。随着残膜量的增加土壤中的铵态氮和硝态氮呈增加趋势,与0 kg·hm~(-2)(CK)相比,900 kg·hm~(-2)处理在铃期铵态氮增加了36.6%、硝态氮增加了40.1%。【结论】残膜降低氮素利用率,阻碍了根系生长,不利于棉花产量的提高。     

叶面施氮对棉花根系吸收硝态氮的影响

【目的】探讨叶面施用不同形态氮素的肥料对棉花根系吸收硝态氮及棉株生长的影响。【方法】采用营养液培养法,利用15N同位素示踪技术开展氮素吸收研究,设置叶面施用同等氮浓度的铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮及清水(对照)4个处理。【结果】叶面施氮处理6 d后,叶面施氮处理棉株地上部氮含量和整株氮含量显著高于对照;棉株地上部、根及整株氮素积累量以叶面施用铵态氮处理最高,但各处理间没有显著差异。同位素示踪结果显示,铵态氮处理棉株地上部和根系中15N积累量分别为0.794 mg·株-1和0.318 mg·株-1,高于对照和酰胺态氮处理,且显著高于硝态氮处理;叶面施氮后,铵态氮处理棉株积累通过根系吸收的氮素约为11.35mg·株-1,较对照吸收氮素效率约提升28.0%,酰胺态氮和硝态氮处理较对照分别降低9.5%和20.5%。但是叶面施氮类型没有影响棉株对根系吸收硝态氮的分配,各处理棉株地上部和根系中分配根系吸收氮素的比例约为7∶3。【结论】在本试验条件下,叶面施用铵态氮能够促进棉苗根系对硝态氮的吸收利用。     

Effects of Planting Density and Chemical control on Yield and Mineral Elements Accumulation of Cotton Direct-Seeded after Wheat

[Objective] The effects of planting density and Miantaijin treatment on yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and accumulation in cotton direct-seeded after wheat in the Yangtze River basin were studied in order to clarify the high-yield cultivation techniques under this cropping system. 【Method】 In 2011 and 2012, Guoxinzao 11-1 at the experimental material, and adopted three densities (75 000, 90 000 and 105 000 plants·hm^－2) and three Miantaijin doses (0 mL·hm^－2, 1 170 mL·hm^－2 and 2 340 mL·hm^－2). 【Result】 The results showed that the highest yield was 3 551.3～3 687.5 kg·hm^－2 under 90 000～105 000 plant·hm^－2 density combined with 1 170 mL·hm^－2 Miantaijin (seedling stage: 90 mL·hm^－2, peak squaring stage: 180 mL·hm^－2, peak flowering stage: 360 mL·hm^－2, peak boll-setting stage: 540 mL·hm^－2). Under these conditions, the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 117.8 kg·hm^－2, 77.4 kg·hm^－2, 116.4 kg·hm^－2, respectively. Among them, nitrogen uptake was the highest in the peak-squaring stage to peak-flowering stage, while the highest phosphorus and potassium uptake were both detected in the peak-flowering to boll-opening stage. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant linear positive correlation between the yield of direct seeded cotton after wheat and the total absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially during the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. 【Conclusion】 The suitable application dose of Miantaijin under medium and high density could enhance the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period of cotton, especially in the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. and thus result in the high yield of direct-seeded cotton after wheat in the Yangtze River basin.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Soil Nitrogen Content,Nutrient Uptake and Utilization of Cotton in Low Fertility Fields

[Objective] The effects of nitrogen (N) application rates on cotton yield, nutrient uptake and utilization rate, soil available N and urease activity were investigated in low-fertility cotton fields of the Yellow River Basin. [Methods] Six N application rate treatments, 0, 90, 180, 270, 360 and 450 kg·hm^－2 (N0, N90, N180, N270, N360 and N450, respectively), were established using cotton CCRI 79 in the field during 2016 and 2017. The cotton yield, dry matter quality, N, phosphorus and potassium accumulation levels, N use efficiency, 0–100-cm soil layer ammonium and nitrate N contents, 0–100-cm soil layer urease activity and other indicators were investigated. [Results] (1) Compared with N0, the N treatments significantly increased seed cotton yield, except the N90 treatment in 2016. Two years of N360 treatments significantly increased the number of bolls per cotton plant, while no significant differences were found among the seed cotton yields with other N treatments. The N application rates had no significant effect on lint percentage. (2) Compared with N0, N applications significantly increased the cotton dry matter accumulation. The accumulation of N, phosphorus and potassium in cotton increased along with the N application rates in the 90–360 kg·hm^－2 range. The levels of N, phosphorus and potassium in N450-treated cotton decreased compared with N360-treated cotton. As the N application rates increased, the N agronomic efficiency and N fertilizer partial productivity of cotton decreased. When the N application rates exceeded 360 kg·hm^－2, the N physiological efficiency began to decrease, but there were no significant differences among treatments. (3) The nitrate N contents in the 41–80-cm soil layers of the treatments, except for N90, significantly increased compared with N0. The nitrate N contents in the 41–80-cm soil layers of N270-, N360- and N450-treated cotton were significantly increased compared with those of N0, N90 and N180. However, N applications had no significant effects on the ammonium N contents in the soil. (4) The soil urease activities increased when N application rates were less than 360 kg·hm^－2, and then decreased when the N application rates were greater than 360 kg·hm^－2. [Conclusion] The optimum N application rate was 277.0 kg·hm^－2. When the N application rates were greater than 360 kg·hm^－2, the nitrate N contents in the soil increased. However, the nutrient accumulation levels and the N fertilization efficiencies decreased, and the soil urease activities were inhibited. No obvious increase in cotton yield was observed.     

The Plant Architecture of Direct-Sowing Cotton Planted after Barley Harvested with High Yield and Centralized Boll-Setting

[Object] The study was conducted to investigate the plant architecture characteristic of direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested with high yield and centralized boll-setting in the Yangtze River basin. [Method] In 2014, the cultivars Guoxin 12-1, Yijimian and Lumianyan 36 were used and the two conventional fertilizer (CF) application rates (namely pure nitrogen 45 kg·hm^－2, 150 kg·hm^－2) and Guoxin 12-1 was used in 2015. Two slow release fertilizer (SR) utilization rates (namely pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2 and 225 kg·hm^－2) and two SR topdressing at different growth stages (namely 100% topdressing at seedling stage, 70% topdressing at seedling stage + 30% at flowing stage) were set with CF (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2) and no fertilizer treatment as the controls. [Result] While the pure nitrogen (CF) amount was 150 kg·hm^－2, the seed cotton yield of Guoxin 12-1 were 4 014.72 kg·hm^－2. In 2015, the seed cotton yield for the treatment, application SR (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2)and application ratios of seedling stage and flowering stage of 100% and 0, respectively, increased by 30.96%. The ratios of bolls setting from 08-15 to 08-30 to total bolls (RBT) for the two treatments were 31.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Then a significantly positive correlation between the seed cotton yield and RBT was found（r2014＝0.948^**, r2015＝0.976^**）. Based on the analysis of relationship between the plant architecture indexes and RBT, plant architecture characteristics of cotton population with high yield and centralized boll-setting was proposed. [Conclusion] These indexes would be used to supervise the cotton culture management to achieve high yield and centralized boll-setting for the direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested.     

氯甲基吡啶对滴灌棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响

在田间滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组设计,设置CK(不施氮肥)、Urea(尿素)和Urea+Nitrapyrin(尿素+氯甲基吡啶)3个处理,重复4次,分别于2012和2013年研究了尿素添加硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)对棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响。2年试验结果表明,尿素添加氯甲基吡啶随水滴施能增加棉株的生物量、吸氮量及产量,使植株地上部分的生物量和吸氮量较单施尿素分别提高4.1%~5.1%、4.3%~4.4%,皮棉产量提高4.1%~4.4%;其中,茎、叶、蕾花铃的生物量较单施尿素分别增加2.7%~4.5%、14.9%~16.2%和2.5%~3.9%,吸氮量则分别提高0.4%~1.1%、12.2%~16.3%以及2.9%~3.4%;氯甲基吡啶的添加能提高棉田氮肥利用率11.5%~12.5%。研究结果可为应用硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶促进滴灌农田氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。     

一次性减量施用缓控释肥对机采棉养分吸收和产量的影响

为探讨一次性减量施用缓控释肥对机采棉氮磷钾养分吸收和产量的影响,获得适宜安徽沿江棉区的机采棉最佳施肥量,根据"3414"肥料试验方案,以棉花品种'中915'为材料,设计氮磷钾3因素4施肥水平的田间肥效试验.结果表明,各施肥处理棉花单株结铃数、单铃重等均高于不施肥对照(CK),各施肥处理皮棉产量为834.83～1443....     

增苗减氮对稻田氮素流失及利用效率的影响

研究旨在探讨增苗减氮的栽培方式对水稻的氮素流失及吸收利用的影响,为水稻氮磷流失防控奠定基础。采用小区试验研究了不同增苗减氮处理对地表径流氮素流失、水稻氮素吸收量和利用效率、土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的减少和秧苗数的增加总氮流失量显著降低,插秧前流失量占全生育期60%以上,总氮流失量最高为常规处理(T2)达到11.80 kg/hm²,T3~T6处理比T2降低13.42%~53.52%。与T2处理相比,T3~T6处理氮肥农学效率提高2.86%~28.99%,偏生产力提高3.40%~24.98%。随着施氮量的降低和秧苗数的增加氮素盈余量降低,T2~T6处理氮素盈余量分别为20.55 kg/hm²、15.23 kg/hm²、16.10 kg/hm²、6.33 kg/hm²和-10.62 kg/hm²。该试验表明适度的增加秧苗密度、减少氮肥投入能够减少氮素流失,提升氮素利用效率,保障土壤氮素平衡。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Residual Effect on Cotton Yield and Biomass Accumulation

[Objective] The optimum nitrogen rate of 300 kg·hm^－2 is well documented for cotton in the Yangtze River Valley, China. It can be reduced to 225 kg·hm^－2 without reducing yield in late sowing under high planting density. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of further reducing the nitrogen application rate at the first flower stage, its residual effects and influence on cotton yield formation rule. [Method] A pot experiment was conducted with five nitrogen levels (120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 kg·hm^－2) in 2014, but only 180 kg·hm^－2(for studying nitrogen residual effect) in 2015, to study the cotton growth process, yield and its components and biomass accumulation. [Result] Nitrogen levels significantly affected the yield and biomass accumulation, but not the growth process and nitrogen residual effect. Maximum seed cotton yield (30.5 g·plant^－1), boll weight (3.8 g) and biomass accumulation, especially in the reproductive and vegetative organs, was recorded in the 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen treatment. In the rapid accumulation period, the proportion of biomass accumulation in the reproductive organs was the highest. [Conclusion] In a soil with medium fertility level, the application of 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen was optimal, because the strength of biomass accumulation in reproductive organs increased during the rapid accumulation period.     

施氮量对抚仙湖流域烟田氮磷流失及氮素利用的影响

为探究抚仙湖流域植烟区烤烟适宜施氮量,减少烟田径流氮磷流失,通过田间试验研究了不同施氮(N)水平(N0：0 kg/hm²、N60：60 kg/hm²、N75：75 kg/hm²、N90：90 kg/hm²、N105：105 kg/hm²)对植烟区农田地表径流氮磷流失、烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum)氮素吸收利用和经济性状的影响。结果表明：（1）随着氮肥施用量增加,地表径流总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度及其流失量逐渐升高;（2）与常规施氮处理(N105)相比,N60、N75、N90处理径流TN和TP平均浓度分别降低18.6%、14.7%、9.15%和12.3%、7.66%、5.25%,TN和TP流失总量分别降低19.2%、18.1%、9.81%和14.4%、10.1%、6.78%;（3）烟株氮累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,氮肥利用率呈先上升后下降趋势,以处理N75的氮肥利用率最高,为27.00%;氮肥偏生产力随着施氮水平的提高而显著下降(P<0.05);（4）烤烟产量随施氮量提高而增加,施氮处理较N0处理增产3.02%~13.90%,上等烟、上中等烟比例、产值和均价,随施氮量增加呈先上升后下降趋势,以施氮量75 kg/hm²的效果最佳。综合考虑烤烟经济性状及环境效益,N75处理既可提高烤烟经济性状,又能有效降低植烟区氮磷流失风险。