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1.
三唑磷残留的膳食摄入与风险评估   总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3  
以FAO/WHO农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)提出的农药残留膳食摄入和风险评估原理及方法为基础,引入食物摄入量调整系数、急性风险安全界限和消费者保护水平,建立了适用于我国现阶段技术及数据积累水平的膳食摄入风险和消费者保护水平评估方法。基于现有的三唑磷残留试验数据,计算得到国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)、国家估计短期摄入量(NESTI)及风险商(RQ)。结果表明,我国各类人群的三唑磷慢性膳食摄入风险均属于不可接受水平,RQ值达2.1~6.2;其在苹果、甘蓝、稻米和小麦粉中的残留还具有不可接受的急性膳食摄入风险,RQ值分别为14.2~34.3、8.2~17.0、2.9~4.7和2.8~4.0。通过计算理论最大每日摄入量(TMDI)和理论最大短期摄入量(TMSTI)评估了现有最大残留限量(MRL)标准对消费者的保护水平。结果显示,我国现有的7项三唑磷 MRL 标准对2~10岁人群慢性膳食摄入风险的保护均未达到可接受水平,消费者保护水平(CPL)只有0.6~0.8;甘蓝、节瓜、柑橘和苹果中的 MRL 标准对儿童(4~6岁)和成人(30~44岁)以及荔枝中的 MRL 标准对儿童的急性风险保护也未达到可接受水平, CPL 分别只有0.2~0.4、0.3、0.1~0.2、0.1~0.2和0.6。建议:将柑橘(果肉)和荔枝(果肉)的 MRL 值分别修订为0.02和0.05 mg/kg;调整三唑磷在水稻上使用的良好农业规范(GAP),延长其安全间隔期至60 d;撤销三唑磷在十字花科蔬菜、节瓜及苹果上的使用登记,并将其在蔬菜、苹果及其他未登记使用的动植物产品中的 MRL 标准设定为0.01 mg/kg或其检出限附近;同时对三唑磷的违规使用应进行重点监管。  相似文献   

2.
Risk assessment of environmental pollutants is an absolutely essential tool in the overall process of protecting public health. Risk assessment needs reliable scientific information and one source of information is the characterization of metabolic fate and toxicokinetics of environmental pollutants. The aim of in vitro characterization is to produce relevant information on metabolism and interactions to anticipate and ultimately predict what happens in vivo in humans. Because human data is most appropriate to improve human risk assessment, the best option is to rely upon human-derived in vitro models and obtain quantitative toxicokinetics data from in vitro systems for the comparison between species or individuals. In short, based on our studies of pesticide metabolism and interactions, we have used in vitro metabolism data in human and animal hepatic in vitro models and clearance testing data to calculate chemical-specific adjustment factors, instead of fixed uncertainty factors, to be employed as an alternative and more realistic model for human health risk assessment of pesticides and other environmental pollutants.  相似文献   

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