脲酶抑制剂对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

奶牛的产奶量和乳品品质受饲料中蛋白质和氨基酸含量以及利用效率等因素的影响,进人奶牛小肠的未降解蛋白质和氨基酸不足是制约奶牛高产和影响乳品品质的主要因素。牛奶价格是肉乳脂和乳蛋白水平来决定的。生产中为提高奶牛产奶量和乳蛋白水平,常采用提高日粮中蛋白质水平的措施,这既降低了奶牛对蛋白质利用效率,     

复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。选择胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳牛30头,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,试验组每日在TMR中添加复合酶制剂50g。结果显示,试验组奶牛日均产奶量对比照组提高了6．6％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验组乳蛋白率比对照组提高0．19％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳脂率比对照组提高0．3％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳糖含量比对照组提高0．2％;经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利3．88K。说明每日在奶牛TMR中添加50g复合酶,可提高奶牛产奶量,改善牛奶品质,增加经济效益。     

乳倍利对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

试验选用产后约112d的奶牛30头,采用单因子配对试验,以泌乳天数、胎次和产奶量基本一致为配对原则分成试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛的日粮中用1kg乳倍利代替部分的蛋白饲料和过瘤胃脂肪(钙皂),其他成分同对照组。探索乳倍利对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加乳倍利可以使奶牛的产奶量提高1.15kg/d.头;与对照组相比乳脂率提高4.92%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率提高了3.24%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

胡萝卜对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验通过在产奶牛日粮中添加胡萝卜,研究胡萝卜不同饲喂量对舍饲奶牛的奶产量和乳成分的影响。试验牛选用中国荷斯坦奶牛,体重500~600 kg,胎次为头胎、泌乳100 d左右的健康荷斯坦奶牛30头,采用完全随机区组设计,分为3个处理组,试验1组为对照组(基础日粮),试验2组(基础日粮+5 kg胡萝卜)、试验3组(基础日粮+7.5 kg胡萝卜)为试验组,基础日粮由全株青贮玉米、羊草和精料组成。研究结果显示,奶牛在添加胡萝卜后能够显著提高产奶量,90 d后试验2组的产奶量比对照组提高了11.94%(P<0.05),试验3组的产奶量比对照组提高了16.17%(P<0.05),牛奶的风味也得到很大的改善。     

调控饲料对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

为研究调控饲料对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响,试验选择10头年龄、胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的泌乳牛,按照配对试验设计分为2组,一组为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),另一组为试验组(饲喂添加调控饲料的基础日粮)。结果表明,试验组每头奶牛日均增奶量比对照组多1.366kg(P<0.05),乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖、乳中干物质含量相比差异不显著。通过试验前后对比可知,调控饲料显著提高了奶牛的产奶量。     

大豆磷脂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

本实验选用14头年龄、胎次、产奶量、乳成分基本一致的奶牛,分为对照组和试验组。试验组奶牛日粮用未经包被处理的大豆磷脂替代玉米(占日粮精饲料2%),探索其对奶牛产奶量及乳脂率和乳蛋白的影响。结果发现:试验组比对照组产奶量提高0.9千克/天·头(p>0.05),乳蛋白上升,乳脂率下降,但差异均不显著(p>0.05)。     

不同青贮饲料日粮对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

根据胎次相同、产奶量、泌乳时间相近的原则选择泌乳中前期奶牛30头,随机分为2组,每组15头,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮和小麦青贮饲料,研究其对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响.结果发现,与全株玉米青贮相比,小麦青贮组奶牛产奶量提高0.26kg/d,乳脂率、乳糖、非脂固形物和总固体均有提高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);小麦青贮替代全株玉米青贮可实现每头奶牛每天多盈利0.31元.结果表明,小麦青贮替代全株玉米青贮能够提高奶牛产奶量和改善乳成分.     

复合酶制剂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

选取荷斯坦奶牛90头,将相同胎次的牛随机分配到对照组﹑处理Ⅰ组和处理Ⅱ组中,分别饲喂复合酶制剂0、10和20 g/d,探究不同剂量的复合酶制剂对高产奶牛的生产性能及乳成分的影响。结果显示:复合酶制剂可以提高奶牛日产奶量,添加10 g/d可提高产奶量0.9 kg/d(P0.05);添加20 g/d可提高1.5 kg/d(P0.05),投入产出比为1∶6,提高经济效益。在乳成分方面,复合酶制剂可显著提高奶牛日乳脂量(P0.05),对乳蛋白、乳糖、体细胞数等其他指标无显著影响(P0.05)。结果表明:添加复合酶制剂可在一定程度上提高经济效益,改善乳品质,并且添加20 g/d复合酶制剂的效果优于添加10 g/d。     

浅析影响奶牛产奶量和乳成分的环境因素

影响奶牛产奶量和乳成分的因素主要有奶牛的生理因素和饲养管理等环境因素。前者由奶牛的个体情况所决定,很难人为控制。所以改善奶牛饲养管理和环境,对提高其产奶量和改善鲜奶成分具有显著的作用。     

微生态制剂对高产奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

根据年龄、泌乳时间和产奶量选择20头高产荷斯坦牛（产奶量在30kg以上）,随机分为2组,试验采用配对交叉设计,探索高产奶牛日粮中添加微生态制剂对其产奶量和乳成分的影响。结果发现,添加微生态制剂能够提高奶牛产奶量,显著降低奶料比,提高乳脂率和乳蛋白,降低乳尿素氮,提高奶牛养殖效益。     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.     

Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow’s rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans‐10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86 ± 41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NE_L). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans‐10‐16:1, cis‐9‐16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans‐11‐18:1, cis‐9‐18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, and 18:3n‐3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n‐6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans‐10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.     

胎次和热应激程度对广州地区奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

为了探究不同胎次和热应激程度对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、脂蛋比、体细胞数和高峰奶量的影响,收集了广州某奶牛场360头荷斯坦泌乳母牛近5年的奶牛生产性能测定体系(DHI)数据,用R (Version 3. 3. 2)和SPSS 20. 0软件分析了不同胎次和热应激程度对产奶量及乳成分的影响。结果:相比于其他胎次的奶牛,头胎母牛产奶量、高峰奶量较低(P<0. 05);头胎牛的脂蛋比显著高于其他胎次牛(P<0. 05),其余各胎次间差异不显著(P>0. 05);随着胎次的增加,牛奶中体细胞数存在明显的上升趋势(P<0. 05)。中度热应激下的产奶量、高峰奶量显著低于轻度热应激(P<0. 05);中度热应激下产犊的奶牛体细胞数会稍稍偏高,但与无热应激和轻度热应激下产犊的奶牛相比差异不显著(P>0. 05);乳脂率、乳蛋白率各组差异不显著(P>0. 05)。     

A field study on the effects of dietary monensin on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of 16 ppm of dietary monensin on milk production and composition of dairy cows, and to investigate factors having a potential impact on this effect. Data were generated from a total of 3577 Holstein dairy cows (47 herds) in Quebec enrolled in a herd-level, randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of monensin supplementation. Milk production and composition data were collected from monthly dairy herd improvement (DHI) testing. Monensin increased milk production by 0.9 kg/cow/d in cows under 150 days in milk (DIM) (P < 0.05). Monensin decreased milk fat percentage by 0.18 percentage points during the whole lactation (P < 0.05). This decreasing effect was larger for component-fed cows (P < 0.05) and for cows being fed low levels of dietary physically effective particles (P < 0.05) when compared respectively to cows fed total mixed ration and cows fed high levels of dietary physically effective particles. The results of this study suggest that monensin influences milk production and milk composition of dairy cows, and that diet composition and feeding system influence those effects.     

日粮添加植物油籽对奶牛产奶量、乳成分及采食量的影响

本试验选择40头生产性能、泌乳日龄相近的妊娠荷斯坦奶牛，采用单因素随机区组试验设计，研究添加不同植物油籽对其生产能力及乳成分等的影响。试验结果表明添加植物油籽对产奶量影响差异不显著，但是混合油籽和膨化大豆组较对照组的产奶量有提高的趋势；添加植物油籽对乳常规成分中乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物之间的改变差异不显著；大豆的不同加工方式对产奶量也无显著影响；添加油籽并不影响奶牛对各营养成分的采食；添加植物油籽可以提高奶牛对外界恶劣环境的抵抗力。     

Effect of whole herd anthelmintic treatment on milk production of dairy cows

Fifteen of 29 commercial dairy herds were given a series of anthelmintic treatments. The remaining herds were untreated to provide a measure of seasonal variation. In the treated herds all milking cows were treated once in the summer and the autumn and three times at monthly intervals in late winter and early spring. Any other animals grazing the same area were similarly treated. No herds had been treated with anthelmintics in the preceding year and mean herd lactations for that year were used as covariate corrections. This experimental design had the potential to detect differences in production of the order of 5 X 7 per cent (P = 0.05). Although levels of subclinical parasitism were low, anthelmintic treatment increased milk fat production by 10.8 kg (8.3 per cent) in heifers. Average response in mature cows was much smaller (3.1 per cent) and not significant. Apparent milk fat responses in individual herds were variable with no relationship to level of production in the previous year.     

Effect of a peri-parturient eprinomectin treatment of dairy cows on milk production

AIM: To quantify and economically evaluate the effect on milk production of peri-parturient treatment of dairy cows with eprinomectin. METHODS: On 3 farms in separate geographic areas of New Zealand, 849 first-calf heifers and multiparous cows were ranked and paired within parity, date of calving and expected milk production. Within pairs, cows were randomly allocated to treatment with either a commercial formulation of eprinomectin, applied at a dose rate of 500 mug/kg liveweight, or an equivalent volume of vehicle containing no antiparasitic agent and administered at the same dose volume, generally within the first week post-calving. On each farm, trial cows shared the same pasture. Over a single lactation, records were maintained of milk quantity and content. RESULTS: Trichostrongylid eggs were identified in pre-treatment faecal samples from all farms, verifying the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Overall 25.5% of the cows sampled were positive for nematode eggs, but only 8% had counts 50 eggs per gram of faeces (epg). Daily milk volume, milk protein and milksolids (yield of milk fat + milk protein) were higher for eprinomectin-treated multiparous cows than for controls (milk volume: 20.36 l/day vs 19.76 l/day, p=0.005; milk protein: 0.700 kg/day vs 0.685 kg/day, p=0.012; milksolids: 1.613 kg/day vs 1.583 kg/day, p=0.031, respectively). The daily value of the increased production from eprinomectin-treated multiparous cows was estimated to be NZ0.034 dollar for milk fat (p=0.095) and NZ0.078 dollar for milk protein (p=0.012), equating to NZ0.104 dollars for milksolids (p=0.031), averaged over the whole lactation. No significant difference in milk production was detected between treated and control first-calf heifers. Averaged over the whole herd, the peri-parturient treatment of multiparous cows and first-calf heifers with eprinomectin increased daily milk volume and milk protein production of treated vs control cows (19.28 l/day vs 18.86 l/day, p=0.020, and 0.661 kg/day vs 0.650 kg/day, p=0.047, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence that the use of a peri-parturient treatment of eprinomectin on multiparous cows can increase their production of fluid milk and milksolids.     

Non-additive effects on milk production in Czech dairy cows

Crossbreeding effects on milk production traits of Czech dual‐purpose and dairy cattle breeds were estimated. Nearly 370 000 cows with known gene proportions from Czech Pied, Ayrshire or Holstein cattle were selected from the national milk recording data base. Single‐trait animal models were calculated for milk, fat and protein yield, fat and protein content. The model of Dickerson including additive, additive maternal, heterotic and recombination effects was used for the part of the animal model describing the crossbreeding effects in all calculations. For milk yield, the additive genetic effect (defined as deviation from Czech Pied cattle) was 850–900 kg for Holstein and 240–480 kg for Ayrshire. The maternal effects were low and negative. Low significant positive heterotic effects were observed being up to approximately 100 kg for Czech Pied × Holstein. The recombination effects were negative and statistically significant for Czech Pied × Holstein. The results for fat and protein yield were similar to the results for milk yield. For fat and protein content, nearly no statistically significant crossbreeding effects were found.     

Effect of dietary phosphorus content on milk production and phosphorus excretion in dairy cows

Background

Phosphorus (P) supplementation is costly and can result in excess P excretion. This study investigated the effects of reducing dietary P on milk production and P excretion in dairy cows over a full lactation.

Method

Forty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided into 15 blocks according to expected calving date and previous milk yield, and assigned randomly to one of the three dietary treatments: 0.37, 0.47, and 0.57% P (DM basis); these P levels represent the NRC recommendations, Chinese recommendations, and the amount of dietary P commonly fed by Chinese dairy farmers, respectively. Average daily feed intake was calculated from monthly data on feed offered and refused. Milk yields of individual cows were recorded weekly, and milk samples were taken for analysis of protein, fat, solids-not-fat, lactose, and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected on days −6, −3, 0, 3, 6 relative to calving, and then monthly throughout lactation, and analyzed for P and Ca concentrations. Spot samples of feces and urine were collected for 3 consecutive d during weeks 12, 24, and 36, and P concentrations were analyzed. Reproduction and health data were recorded.

Results

Dietary P did not affect dry matter intake or milk yield (P > 0.10). Milk fat content was slightly higher in cows fed 0.37% P than in cows fed 0.47% P (P = 0.05). Serum concentrations of P and Ca did not reflect dietary P content (P > 0.10). Fecal and urinary P both declined linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary P decreased from 0.57 to 0.37%. Fecal P content was 25% less when dietary P was 0.37% compared to 0.57%. Health events and reproductive performance were not associated with dietary P content (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Lowering dietary P from 0.57 to 0.37% did not negatively affect milk production, but did significantly reduce P excretion into environment.     

Effects of increasing days of exposure to prepartum transition diets on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows

Objective To evaluate the effects of length of exposure to prepartum transition diets on milk yield, fat and protein production. Design Prospective cohort study. The number of days that the cows were fed the prepartum transition diets was the exposure of interest. Procedures Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows (n = 1008) were enrolled. Diets given in the far-off dry period (from end of lactation until approximately 3 weeks before expected parturition) consisted of ad libitum access to perennial ryegrass pastures. Prepartum transition diets included perennial ryegrass pasture, ryegrass silage, cereal hay, grain, grain by-product, protein meals, BioChlor(R), sodium monensin, virginiamycin or tylosin, MgSO(4), trace elements and vitamins. On a dry matter basis, these contained 16.0% crude protein, 4.2% rumen undegradable protein, and 9.9 mJ metabolisable energy/kg. Diets provided an estimated metabolisable protein balance of 286 g/day and dietary cation anion difference of -150 meq/kg dry matter. Statistical models controlled for effects of herd, calving day, breed, age and gestation period. Results Increasing length of exposure to the prepartum transition diets significantly increased the 4.0% fat- and 3.2% protein-corrected milk yield and milk-protein yield as a linear and quadratic effect. The optimal duration of exposure to the prepartum transition diets was 25 days for fat- and protein-corrected milk production and 22 days for milk protein production. Milk-fat percentage decreased significantly and linearly with increasing exposure to the prepartum transition diets; however, milk-fat yield or milk-protein percentage did not vary significantly with duration of exposure to the diets. Conclusions Increasing exposure to prepartum transition diets increased milk and milk-protein yields and decreased the milk fat-percentage, but not the milk-protein percentage or milk-fat yield. Aust Vet J 2008;86:341-351.