马铃薯蛋白粉对断奶仔猪的应用效果研究

选择30日龄断奶体重为(6.94±0.69)kg的二元杂种商品仔猪184头,按照窝别、性别、体重相近的原则分为5组,饲喂不含马铃薯蛋白粉的基础饲粮和以2%、4%、6%的马铃薯蛋白粉及4%的血浆蛋白粉等氮替代基础饲粮中豆粕的饲粮,每组4～5个重复,每个重复8头仔猪,进行28d的饲养试验。试验第15d称重后,每个重复选择1头体重接近该圈平均体重的仔猪前腔静脉采血,测定血液生化指标;试验第15～18d,以圈为单位,收集粪样,测定蛋白质表观消化率。研究马铃薯蛋白粉在断奶仔猪上的应用效果,确定其适宜添加量。结果表明,饲粮中添加2%马铃薯蛋白粉组,与基础饲粮组相比,试验全期可以提高日增重6.14%(P>0.05)、降低料重比10%(P<0.01),降低腹泻率6.24个百分点(P>0.05),效果相当于甚至优于4%血浆蛋白粉。饲粮中添加4%和6%马铃薯蛋白粉,仔猪生长性能显著或极显著低于基础饲粮组。但6%马铃薯蛋白粉组蛋白质表观消化率高于基础饲粮组和2%马铃薯蛋白粉组(P<0.05),血浆蛋白粉组蛋白质表观消化率略高于基础饲粮组(P>0.05);2%马铃薯蛋白粉组血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、胆碱酯酶含量最高;4%血浆蛋白粉组血清尿素氮显著低于基础饲粮组,极显著低于马铃薯蛋白粉组;6%马铃薯蛋白粉组谷丙转氨酶活性高于4%、2%马铃薯蛋白粉组(P<0.05);各个处理血液谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸含量以及谷草转氨酶活性差异不显著。由此结论,马铃薯蛋白粉在断奶仔猪饲粮中的适宜添加量为2%。     

谷氨酰胺二肽对断奶仔猪生长、免疫、抗氧化力和小肠粘膜形态的影响

本文旨在研究谷氨酰胺二肽(Gln二肽)对断奶仔猪生长、免疫、抗氧化力和小肠粘膜形态的影响,探讨Gln二肽缓减仔猪断奶应激的机理。选用96头平均体重(6.23±0.13)kg杜×(大×长)三元杂交仔猪,按完全区组设计分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头(公母各1/2),各处理仔猪分别饲喂基础饲粮、基础饲粮添加0.125%Gln二肽、基础饲粮添加0.25%Gln二肽和2%血浆蛋白粉的试验饲粮。结果表明,饲粮中添加0.125%和0.25%Gln二肽可以提高断奶仔猪生长性能。其中,断奶后0～10d0.125%Gln二肽组的生长性能与2%血浆蛋白粉组相近;断奶后11～21d0.125%Gln二肽组的生长性能略优于2%血浆蛋白粉组(P>0.05),而每kg增重饲料成本显著低于2%血浆蛋白粉(P<0.05)。随饲粮Gln二肽添加水平提高,断奶后第10天血液中CD4 数量以二次曲线方式升高(二次,P=0.08),第10和第21天血清GSH-Px活性分别以线性(线性,P=0.02)或二次曲线(二次,P=0.10)方式升高,第10和第21天血清SOD活性均以线性方式升高(线性,P=0.10和0.08)。断奶后第21天,0.125%Gln二肽组十二指肠的隐窝深度显著低于基础饲粮组(P<0.05)。总之,Gln二肽可能通过增强断奶仔猪细胞免疫功能、改善抗氧化能力、防止小肠粘膜绒毛萎缩,以缓减仔猪的断奶应激,从而提高生长性能,且以0.125%Gln二肽组仔猪生长性能最好,每kg增重饲料成本最低。     

不同来源酵母水解物替代血浆蛋白粉对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在对比探索不同来源酵母水解物替代血浆蛋白粉对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。选取48头体重[(4.28±0.60)kg]和日龄(18 d)相近杜长大断奶仔猪,随机分为3个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每重复4头猪。血浆蛋白组饲喂含4%进口血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)饲粮,纯培养酵母水解物组饲喂含2%纯培养酵母水解物+2%SDPP饲粮,啤酒酵母水解物组饲喂含2%啤酒酵母水解物+2%SDPP饲粮。试验期为14 d,所有仔猪自由采食和饮水。结果表明,纯培养酵母水解物组与血浆蛋白组相比,断奶仔猪平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)均无显著性差异(P0.05);啤酒酵母水解物组断奶仔猪ADFI和ADG均显著低于纯培养酵母水解物组和血浆蛋白组(P0.05),料重比(F/G)显著高于纯培养酵母水解物组(P0.05)。啤酒酵母水解物在断奶仔猪上的使用效果显著低于纯培养酵母水解物,不能部分替代血浆蛋白粉;纯培养酵母水解物能够作为一种血浆蛋白粉的替代原料。     

不同蛋白质原料对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清免疫和抗氧化指标及肠道形态的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质原料(大豆浓缩蛋白、昆虫蛋白KT100、血浆蛋白粉)对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清免疫和抗氧化指标及肠道形态的影响。选取108头体重[(7.71±1.23) kg]相近的健康28日龄“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验分为前期(第1～14天)和后期(第15～28天)。Ⅰ组(对照组)前期饲喂含8%大豆浓缩蛋白的试验饲粮,后期饲喂含6%大豆浓缩蛋白的试验饲粮;Ⅱ组前期饲喂含8%昆虫蛋白KT100的试验饲粮,后期饲喂含6%昆虫蛋白KT100的试验饲粮;Ⅲ组前期饲喂含6%血浆蛋白粉的试验饲粮,后期饲喂含4%血浆蛋白粉的试验饲粮。试验期28 d。结果表明：1)试验前期、后期和全期,各组之间断奶仔猪的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料转化率(FCR)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)第14天,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组的粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率有降低的趋势(P=0.07)。第28天,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),Ⅲ组的CP消化率显著提高(P<...     

大豆浓缩蛋白对超早期断奶仔猪生产性能、小肠粘膜结构和细胞免疫机能的影响

为探讨大豆浓缩蛋白在超早期断奶仔猪饲粮中的应用,试验选用72头14日龄杜×(大×长)三元杂交断奶仔猪随机分为4组:处理一,不添加血浆蛋白粉和大豆浓缩蛋白;处理二,添加5%血浆蛋白粉,不添加大豆浓缩蛋白;处理三,添加2.5%血浆蛋白粉和5%大豆浓缩蛋白;处理四,不添加血浆蛋白粉,添加10%大豆浓缩蛋白。每处理3个重复(栏),每重复6头猪,试验为期4周。试验结果表明:超早期断奶仔猪饲粮添加5%血浆蛋白粉提高了仔猪采食量(P<0.05)与日增重(P<0.01),降低仔猪料重比(P<0.01);大豆浓缩蛋白未能提高仔猪采食量(P>0.05),可在一定程度上提高仔猪日增重与饲料效率(P>0.05);大豆浓缩蛋白对仔猪小肠粘膜结构和细胞免疫机能没有影响(P>0.05),但有降低仔猪免疫激活状态的趋势(P>0.05)。     

大米蛋白粉替代乳清浓缩蛋白在断奶仔猪中的研究

试验选用体重相近的14日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大)24头,根据体重和性别随机分为4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、2组和3组分别用大米蛋白粉替代基础日粮中5%、10%和15%的乳清浓缩蛋白。研究了大米蛋白粉替代乳清浓缩蛋白对超早期断奶仔猪生长性能和血清血常规指标的影响。结果表明,超早期断奶仔猪日粮中,大米蛋白粉替代一定比例的乳清浓缩蛋白,断奶仔猪各组之间的ADFI、ADG和F/G差异均不显著(P>0.05),不过,在8￣14d,大米蛋白粉有提高仔猪ADG和降低料肉比的趋势;各组仔猪血液中红细胞、白细胞及血小板等血常规指标差异均不显著(P>0.05);其机体代谢水平和免疫机能差异也不显著。提示可以用大米蛋白粉替代一定比例的乳清浓缩蛋白应用于早期断奶仔猪。     

不同蛋白来源替代血浆蛋白粉在教槽料中的应用对比研究

乳仔猪营养问题一直是动物营养研究的热点和难点,美国发生猪流行性腹泻以后,国内养猪业者对教槽料中使用血浆蛋白粉的安全性更加担忧。针对该问题,该试验选取乳清浓缩蛋白、酵母提取物作为血浆蛋白粉的替代物,研究其对仔猪断奶后10d内日采食量、日增重、料重比等生产性能的影响。试验随机选取25日龄杜长大三元杂断奶仔猪108头,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复1个栏,每栏12头仔猪,3个组分别是血浆蛋白组（A组）、浓缩乳清蛋白组（B组）、酵母提取物组（C组）。结果显示：添加6%浓缩乳清蛋白组,日增重优于血浆蛋白组（P>0.05）和显著优于添加酵母提取物组（P<0.05）,日采食量和料重比等指标均略优于血浆蛋白组,因此,在仔猪教槽料中6%的浓缩乳清蛋白可全面替代血浆蛋白,而酵母提取物不能完全取代血浆蛋白粉。     

饲粮蛋白源对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验选用64头25日龄杜×(大×长)三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4组:A、B、C为试验组,分别用猪肠膜蛋白粉(DPS)、大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)、喷雾干燥猪血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)部分取代基础饲粮的鱼粉;D为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮(玉米-豆粕-鱼粉)。试验从仔猪25日龄断奶开始,70日龄结束。结果显示:试验组日增重均显著高于对照组,其中B组比对照组高13.18%(P<0.05);A组、C组分别比对照组高11.53%(P<0.05)、4.43%(P<0.05);B组和A组日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于C组,分别高8.38%(P<0.05)、6.80%(P<0.05)。B组日采食量比对照组高4.82%(P<0.05),A组、C组与对照组相比,日采食量有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。A组、B组与对照组相比,料肉比有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,大豆浓缩蛋白、猪肠膜蛋白粉、猪血浆蛋白粉对早期(25日龄)断奶仔猪的饲喂效果均优于鱼粉,且大豆浓缩蛋白、猪肠膜蛋白粉对仔猪日增重的改善幅度大于喷雾干燥猪血浆蛋白粉(P<0.05)。     

酵母水解物替代血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为研究酵母水解物部分或全部替代血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能的影响。本试验选取30头(28±2)日龄、体重相近的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为3组(血浆蛋白组、半替代组、全替代组),每组2个重复,每个重复5头猪。血浆蛋白组饲喂含4%进口血浆蛋白粉日粮,半替代组饲喂含2%酵母水解物+2%血浆蛋白粉日粮,全替代组饲喂含4%酵母水解物日粮。试验期22 d,所有仔猪自由采食和饮水。结果表明,半替代组与血浆蛋白组相比,断奶仔猪平均日增重(ADG)有提高的趋势,且降低料肉比(F/G);全替代组与血浆蛋白组相比,断奶仔猪的生长性能与血浆蛋白组基本一致。因此,酵母水解物替代血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能无不良影响。     

不同谷物来源酶解蛋白对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清激素和免疫指标的影响

试验旨在研究不同谷物来源酶解蛋白对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清激素和免疫指标的影响。试验选用体重接近（13.08±0.14） kg的44日龄断奶仔猪120头,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用不同谷物来源酶解蛋白（大豆酶解蛋白、大米酶解蛋白和小麦酶解蛋白,等氮添加）替代基础饲粮中的发酵豆粕和部分豆粕。预试期5 d,正式试验期20 d。结果表明,与大米酶解蛋白和小麦酶解蛋白组相比,大豆酶解蛋白组仔猪前期（1～10 d）和全期（1～20 d）的平均日采食量（ADFI）显著升高（P<0.05）。全期大豆酶解蛋白组的平均日增重（ADG）显著高于大米酶解蛋白组（P<0.05）。大豆酶解蛋白组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)水平显著低于对照组和大米酶解蛋白组（P<0.05）。大米酶解蛋白组血清胰岛素、生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子1、胃饥饿素和胃泌素水平均显著高于大豆酶解蛋白组和对照组（P<0.05）。研究表明,饲粮中添加大豆酶解蛋白可改善断奶仔猪生长性能,降低炎症因子水平,其效果优于大米酶解蛋白和小麦酶解蛋白。     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

The effects of antibiotic,probiotic, organic acid,vitamin C,and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance,carcass characteristics,blood chemistry,microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens

The present context investigated the comparative study on the supplementation of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and herbal extract after vaccination into drinking water and their effects on performance, carcass quality, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, and intestinal flora in broiler chicks for 42 days. A total of 420 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 3 replicates (pens) per treatment and 20 male chicks for each replicate (pen). The experimental treatments consisted of drinking water (control, without additive); drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet; drinking water + C-Vet-50; drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + C-Vet-50; drinking water + probiotic Primalac; drinking water + butyric acid; and drinking water + extract of Echinacea purpurea Moench (coneflower). There were no differences observed among the treatments for feed intake, but during the whole experimental period, the highest body weight gain was found in the chicks fed with drinking water + antibiotic sulfamet + 50 cc vitamin C (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed among the treatments for feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, there were no differences reported among treatments for carcass characteristics at the end of the experiment. Among the treatments, drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. Drinking water + 50 cc vitamin C, drinking water + Primalac, and drinking water + extract of E. purpurea increased (P < 0.05) the lymphocytes count and decreased the heterophils count and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. The highest Escherichia coli count and lowest Lactobacillus count in ileal content of the broilers were observed in the control group (P < 0.05). The additives used in this study may be incorporated in the drinking water of broiler chickens as growth promoters and for improved performance. A further, wider supplementation study is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the broilers.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.