43～63日龄黄羽肉公鸡铜需要量

本研究旨在通过研究饲粮铜添加水平对黄羽肉公鸡生长性能、抗氧化性能、肝脏和血清铜含量等的影响,以探讨43~63日龄黄羽肉公鸡铜的需要量。选用43日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公鸡900只,根据体重随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复25只鸡,组1(对照组)为基础饲粮组(铜水平为2.74 mg/kg),组2~6饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加4、8、16、32、64 mg/kg铜。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,16和32 mg/kg铜组显著提高试鸡末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),饲粮中铜添加水平对料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,16和32 mg/kg铜组血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu Zn-SOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),32和64 mg/kg铜组肝脏Cu Zn-SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),饲粮铜添加水平对胸肌中Cu ZnSOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮添加32和64 mg/kg铜显著降低了胸肌丙二醛(M DA)含量(P<0.05),各组间血清和肝脏MDA含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);添加16、32、64 mg/kg铜显著降低了血清铜蓝蛋白活性(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8、16 mg/kg铜组肝脏铜含量显著降低(P<0.05),铜添加水平对血清铜含量和肝脏金属硫蛋白含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,为获得较好生长性能和抗氧化性能,43~63日龄黄羽肉公鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平分别为16和32 mg/kg,加上基础饲粮铜水平为2.74 mg/kg,则该阶段黄羽肉公鸡铜需要量分别为18.74和34.74 mg/kg;以生长性能和肝脏Cu Zn-SOD活性为依据,通过折线回归分析估测得到43~63日龄黄羽肉公鸡铜需要量分别为19.94和38.34 mg/kg。     

有机锰与铬互作对肉鸡脂质代谢及锰与铬在组织沉积的影响

本试验以玉米-豆粕型日粮为基础,添加不同水平的有机锰(以锰计:0,60,120 mg/kg)与有机铬(以铬计:0,400,600μg/kg),研究锰与铬对肉鸡脂质代谢及对肉鸡组织锰、铬沉积的影响。结果表明,7周末,单独添加锰、铬均显著降低血清TC含量(P0.01,P0.05);锰与铬同时添加,互作效应显著(P0.05)。单独添加锰对7周末血清TG含量表现极显著效应(P0.01)。与对照组相比,单独添加60 mg/kg锰或120 mg/kg锰血清TG含量分别降低31.91%或55.32%。单独添加400μg/kg铬和600μg/kg铬,血清G含量分别降低8.50%和26.58%;锰与铬互作对3、7周末血清G含量明显降低(P=0.026 8,orP=0.012 7)。单独添加铬使7周末血清TAA含量显著升高(P=0.006),随铬添加量增加,血清TAA含量分别高出对照组35.93%和40.97%。锰与铬互作,对7周末血清TAA含量表现显著效应(P=0.0388),与对照组相比,60 mg/kg锰600μg/kg铬互作组血清TAA含量增加43.57%;120 mg/kg锰互作组血清TAA含量分别增加29.19%和32.38%。单独添加锰仅对胫骨锰沉积产生显著影响(P0.05)。单独添加铬及锰与铬同时添加对各组织中锰的沉积均未表现出统计学上的显著互作效应(P0.05)。单独添加铬仅增加了肝脏铬沉积(P0.05)。单独添加锰减少了肝脏铬的吸收(P0.01),增加了肾脏铬的排出(P0.05)。锰与铬同时添加,对肝脏铬沉积表现显著互作效应。随饲粮铬添加量增加,60 mg/kg锰水平条件下,肝脏铬含量呈下降趋势;120 mg/kg锰水平条件下,肝脏铬含量显著降低(P0.01)。表现为锰颉颃铬,使铬在肝脏中的沉积明显下降。     

高铜对雏鸭抗氧化酶活性的影响

360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组Cu 100 mg/kg;Ⅱ组Cu 200 mg/kg;Ⅲ组Cu 400 mg/kg;Ⅳ组Cu 600 mg/kg;Ⅴ组Cu 800 mg/kg),试验期6周.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组血清铜锌SOD、CP活性、肝脏铜锌SOD、GSH-Px活性降低(P<0.01);高铜Ⅲ组、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶、单胺氧化酶含量显著升高(P<0.01);高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清铜锌SOD、CP活性、肝脏铜锌SOD、GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.01).结果表明,日粮铜水平达400 mg/kg及以上时可引起血清和肝脏抗氧化酶活性降低,使机体抗氧化功能受损.     

共轭亚油酸与铬对0~3周龄热应激肉仔鸡生长和血清脂类代谢及体脂沉积的影响

用1日龄科宝(Cohb 500)白羽雌雏肉鸡216只研究饲粮添加共轭亚油酸(CLA)和铬对0~3周龄热应激肉鸡生长、血清脂类代谢及体脂沉积的影响。试鸡按体重随机分为6组,分别饲喂未添加铬的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(含铬0.37 mg/kg)及这种基础饲粮分别添加不同水平的CLA(0、1%)与来源于丙酸铬的铬(0、200、400μg/kg)。结果表明:铬对内鸡生长性能无影响(P0.05);CLA提高肉仔鸡饲料增重比(P0.05),但对日增重和日采食量无影响(P0.05);二者间无互作效应。CLA对肉鸡胸、腿肌内脂肪含量和腹脂率无影响(P0.05);Cr影响了腿肌内脂肪和腹脂率(P0.01),其中200μg/kg铬添加组腿肌内脂肪含量最高,腹脂率最低;CLA与铬二者互作对腹脂率影响极显著(P0.01),与对照组相比,1%CLA+200μg/kg Cr组腹脂率降低了19.67%(P0.01)。CLA降低了血清甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.01),Cr提高了总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)的含量(P0.01)。二者互作对血清TG含量表现出极显著降低的效应,其中1%CLA+200μg/kg Cr组TG含量降低36%(P0.01)。由此可见,在本试验条件下以1%CLA+200μg/kg Cr组调控肉仔鸡脂肪沉积和血脂代谢效果最佳。     

1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜营养需要量的研究

本研究旨在通过研究饲粮铜添加水平对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能、肝脏和血清铜含量等的影响,以探讨1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜的营养需要量。选用1日龄健康、发育良好的快大型岭南黄羽肉公雏鸡1440只,根据体重随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡,组1(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮(2.80 mg/kg铜),组2、3、4、5、6饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加4、8、16、32、64 mg/kg铜。试验期21 d。结果表明：本试验条件下,1)饲粮添加4和64 mg/kg铜显著提高试鸡平均日采食量( P<0.05),饲粮中铜添加水平对末重、平均日增重和料重比无显著影响( P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,8 mg/kg组法氏囊指数显著升高( P<0.05),而饲粮铜添加水平对胸腺和脾脏指数无显著影响( P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,8、16、32和64 mg/kg组血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),各组间血清和肝脏丙二醛含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);添加16、32、64 mg/kg铜显著降低血清铜蓝蛋白活性(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,16、32和64 mg/kg组血清铜含量显著降低(P<0.05),铜添加水平对肝脏铜含量和肝脏金属硫蛋白含量影响不显著( P>0.05)。综合考虑各项指标,为获得较好生长性能和免疫器官发育、抗氧化性能,1~21日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡饲粮铜适宜添加水平为8 mg/kg,加上基础饲粮铜含量2.80 mg/kg,则该阶段黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为10.80 mg/kg;以血清CuZnSOD活性为依据,通过非线性回归分析估测得到1~21日龄黄羽肉鸡铜需要量为13.38 mg/kg。     

赖氨酸铜对西门塔尔阉牛血液指标的影响

选用16头平均体重420 kg,年龄2.5岁中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,以赖氨酸铜为铜源,在基础日粮中分别添加铜0(对照)8,16和24 mg/kg,研究赖氨酸铜对西门塔尔牛血液指标的影响。结果表明:血清TG、GLU、TC、ALB和TP含量显著增加(P<0.05)。SUN显著下降(P<0.05)。血清GOT、GPT、AKP、ACP、LDH差异均不显著(P>0.05)。血清Cp、SOD和GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05);MDA显著下降(P<0.05)。血清Cu含量随添加铜量逐渐增加,显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明以赖氨酸铜为铜源时日粮铜添加量为8~16 mg/kg。     

高铜对雏鸡血清中含铜酶活性的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡420只,随机分为7组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu11mg/kg)、高铜日粮(Cu100mg/kgⅠ、Cu200mg/kgⅡ、Cu300mg/kgⅢ、Cu400mg/kgⅣ、Cu500mg/kgⅤ、Cu600mg/kgⅥ)6周。结果显示:与对照组相比,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组雏鸡血清铜蓝蛋白活性显著升高,Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),表明100mg/kg和200mg/kg的铜能显著提高雏鸡血清铜蓝蛋白活性,而高于500mg/kg时能使其活性降低。铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性变化不明显(P>0.05)。     

日粮添加高铜对产蛋鸡生产性能和脂质代谢的影响

试验研究饲粮中添加铜对产蛋鸡生产性能,脂质代谢和组织铜含量的影响。试验共分4个处理,分别在基础饲粮中添加0、100、250、300mg/kg铜,80只360日龄的新罗曼蛋鸡随机分到4个处理中,每个处理5个重复,每个重复4只鸡,试验期28d。结果表明:添加高铜对各阶段产蛋鸡的采食量,产蛋率,蛋重无显著影响(P>0.05);但与对照组相比,添加高铜降低了第14、21、28天鸡蛋中每克蛋黄的胆固醇(TC)含量(P<0.05)和第21天血清中甘油三酯(TG),极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量(P<0.05)以及第28天肝脏中谷胱苷肽(GSH)的含量(P<0.05)。添加300mg/kg的铜增加了肝脏中铜的沉积(P<0.05),而对蛋黄中铜的含量无影响。本研究表明添加铜能够降低蛋黄中的TC含量,而对蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋黄中铜的含量无显著影响。     

酵母铬对热应激肉鸡抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究酵母铬不同添加水平对热应激肉鸡体内抗氧化性能的影响.选用14日龄AA肉仔鸡216只,随机分为6个处理,在基础口粮中分别添加铬0(对照组)、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0和5.0 mg/kg,每组设3个重复,每重复12只鸡,试验期4周,在热应激条件下测定了28和42日龄肉鸡血清和肝脏组织中抑制羟自由基(·OH)能力、抗超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)活性、MDA含量、GSH-Px、T-SOD、CAT活性和T-AOC.试验结果表明:3.0、4.0 mg/kg铬添加水平能够显著增强热应激肉鸡血清(28日龄)和肝脏(42日龄)中抑制羟自由基能力(P<0.05),提高血清(28和42日龄)和肝脏组织(42日龄)中抗超氧阴离子自由基活性(P<0.05);减少血清(28和42日龄)和肝脏(28日龄)中MDA生成(P<0.05);显著提高血清(28和42日龄)和肝脏组织(28和42日龄)中GSH-Px活性和T-AOC(P<0.05);极显著提高肝脏组织(28和42日龄)中T-SOD活性(P<0.01);并能提高血清(42日龄)CAT活性(P<0.05).结果显示,日粮添加酵母铬可以提高热应激肉鸡血清和肝脏中抑制羟自由基(·OH)能力、抗超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)活性,减少MDA生成,并能提高血清和肝脏组织中GSH-Px、T-SOD、CAT活性和T-AOC,日粮中适宜的铬添加水平为3.0 mg/kg. (P<0.05);显著提高血清(28和42日龄)和肝脏组织(28和42日龄)中GSH-Px活性和T-AOC(P<0.05);极显著提高肝脏组织(28和42日龄)中T-SOD活性(P<0.01);并能提高血清(42日龄)CAT活性(P<0.05).结果显示,日粮添加酵母铬可以提高热应激肉鸡血清和肝 中抑制羟自由基(·OH)能力、抗超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)活性,减少MDA生成,并能提高血清和肝脏组织中GSH-Px、T-SOD、CAT活性和T-AOC,日粮中适宜的铬添加水平为3.0 mg/kg. (P<0.05);显著提高血清(28和42日龄)和肝脏组织(28和42日龄)中GSH-Px活性和T-AOC(P<0.05);极显著提高肝脏组织(28和42日龄)中T-SOD活     

日粮添加高剂量铜对山羊生产性能、血脂、屠体的影响

试验在山羊日粮中添加不同水平的铜,旨在研究高铜对山羊生产性能、脂质代谢、屠体成分等的影响。试验采用单因子设计,将18只5月龄,体重为(20.4±2.1)kg的波尔×内蒙古羯羊随机分为3种处理,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复2只;处理1日粮中不添加铜作对照组,处理2和处理3日粮中分别添加100、200mg/kg铜(CuSO4.5H2O),饲养至112日龄时,统计采食量、日增重和料肉比;从每个处理各取3只羊,采集血样后屠宰、采集肝脏和胸部肉样,分别测定血铜、肝铜、血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量、屠体成分等。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加100mg/kg铜的处理组,日增重、采食量显著增加(P<0.05),料肉比显著降低(P<0.05)。添加100、200mg/kg铜的2个处理组,血铜含量差异不显著(P>0.05),肝铜含量显著增加(P<0.05),血清胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量比对照组显著降低(P<0.05),屠体水分、蛋白、灰分含量均显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),股盆脂肪和体壁脂肪厚度显著降低(P<0.05),全净膛重差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in