土壤水分预测神经网络模型和时间序列模型比较研究

土壤水分运动是一个复杂的时间序列系统，其变化与区域气候条件和生态环境密切相关，具有明显的随机性波动。建立土壤水分动态变化模型可以使田间土壤水分的适时适量调节方便可行，有利于农田水利工程的规划和管理。该文利用人工神经网络方法和时间序列自回归(AR)模型进行了土壤水分预测建模研究，试验结果表明：在数据量较少的情况下，AR模型具有较好的预测效果；在数据量较多的情况下，神经网络模型能够获得较好的预测效果。     

基于BEPS生态模型模拟农田土壤水分动态

为了提高农田水分动态的模拟精度,以提高农田水管理的效率,该文研究验证了BEPS机理生态模型模拟季风气候区农田土壤水分的能力,分析了导致模型误差的原因。结果表明,BEPS模型能较好地模拟江苏省徐州农业气象试验站冬小麦生长季根层土壤水分动态,2000－2004年模拟结果与实际观测值的决定系数R2的范围在0.1339～0.9225之间,均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别在0.026113～0.06317和0.0232～0.0525之间。土壤水分饱和传导率和决定土壤水分传导率变化的参数对模拟结果有较大影响。模拟结果的可靠性及其对土壤水分饱和传导率和决定土壤水分传导率变化的参数的敏感性与降水和土壤含水率条件有关,当降水长期偏少、土壤含水率下降时,模拟的上层土壤含水率会较观测数据偏低,对2个参数的敏感性上升。     

北方旱区保护性耕作对农田土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是中国北方旱区农业生产的主要限制因子,研究保护性耕作技术体系下土壤水分的动态变化,明确不同耕作模式下的水分平衡规律,对于选择适宜的保护性耕作技术,提高北方旱区土壤水分的利用效率具有重要的指导意义。该文在2a田间试验的基础上采用DSSAT模型对4个不同保护性耕作处理的土壤体积含水量、水分平衡以及水分利用效率进行了模拟和检验。结果表明干旱年份保护性耕作处理土壤体积含水量较传统耕作高,RMSE误差在0.025～0.063;干旱年份传统耕作土壤储水量减少最多,为144.6mm,降水较多年份减少也最多,为46.1mm;干旱年份水分利用效率1.52～1.78kg/m3,免耕覆盖水分利用效率最高,降水较多年份水分利用效率1.70～1.71kg/m3,各处理间差异并不显著。研究结果为保护性耕作技术对农田土壤水分的影响研究提供了理论依据。     

气量法测定尿素中水分含量的研究

建立气量失重法和气量体积法两种方法测定尿素中水分含量。利用尿素中的水分极易与碳化钙反应,生成的乙炔气体质量或体积与尿素中水分质量成正比关系,来分析计算尿素中水分含量。通过试验确定水分和碳化钙完全反应时间为10 mim的条件下,气量失重法加标回收率为96.0%~101.8%,平行测定结果的变异系数为1.05%~3.86%;气量体积法加标回收率为97.5%~100.6%,平行测定结果的变异系数为1.22%~4.16%。并通过与国标检测方法测得结果相比较、验证,气量失重法和气量体积法两种方法都可以快速、准确地测定尿素中水分含量,可满足基层实验室日常检测尿素中水分含量的工作需求;气量失重法和气量体积法相比较,气量失重法所需仪器更为简单,操作更为简便。     

集合卡尔曼滤波数据同化方法改进土壤水分模拟效果

陆面过程模型是连续模拟土壤水分的有效工具,然而输入数据及模型结构本身的不确定性会导致模拟误差在模型运行过程中不断积累。数据同化技术可以考虑模型不确定性,实时修正模型状态变量,进而提高土壤水分的模拟精度。本研究构建集合卡尔曼滤波(En KF,ensemble Kalman filter)数据同化方法,将其集成到水文强化陆面过程模型HELP(hydrologically-enhanced land process)中,对模型中土壤水分及表面温度等状态变量进行优化。模型选取山东位山生态水文观测站2006年的数据进行验证,采用未经同化的模型率定结果作为基准值。结果表明,数据同化后表层、根层、深层土壤水分模拟结果相比基准值均有提高,土壤含水量均方根误差减小30%~50%,证明采用数据同化方法能够有效提高土壤水分的模拟结果。     

考虑地表粗糙度改进水云模型反演西班牙农田地表土壤含水率

土壤含水率是农业、环境、气象等领域进行建模的重要参数。该研究将微波遥感与光学遥感相结合,利用Sentinel-1数据交叉极化比及变换土壤调节植被指数对地表粗糙度进行估计,构建了一种改进的水云模型(modifiedwatercloud model, MWCM)。分析将NDVI、NDWI和NDWI1725,2200等植被指数作为植被冠层含水率时,水云模型(water cloud model,WCM)及MWCM农田地表土壤含水率的反演精度。结果表明:从总体精度上来看,MWCM的反演精度优于WCM。在不同植被覆盖度情况下:当植被覆盖度为中、低程度(NDVI0.5),MWCM具有较高的反演精度;在较高的植被覆盖度情况下(NDVI≥0.5),WCM与MWCM的反演精度较为接近。MWCM可有效的建立微波后向散射系数与地表土壤水分的关系,提高土壤含水率反演精度,为各种地表覆盖类型的土壤含水率反演提供研究思路及理论支持。     

滴灌夏玉米土壤水分与蒸散量SIMDualKc模型估算

为研究西北半干旱地区作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发规律,以及土壤蒸发量占蒸散量的比例(简称蒸发占比),开展2 a夏玉米滴灌控水试验,设置正常灌水(W1)、适度水分亏缺(W2)和中度水分亏缺(W3)3个灌水水平.采用W2实测土壤水分数据对SIMDualKc模型进行参数率定,并采用W1和W3实测土壤水分数据对模型进行验证;进一步基于SIMDualKc模型对不同水分供应的土壤水分胁迫系数、土壤蒸发量、植株蒸腾和蒸散量进行定量模拟分析.结果表明,SIMDualKc模型可以较好地模拟西北半干旱区滴灌夏玉米不同水分供应条件下的土壤水分动态变化过程,实测值与模型预测值有较好的一致性(R2＞0.88,RMSE＜5％);夏玉米生长期,模型能较好地估算不同水分供应的土壤水分胁迫系数、土壤蒸发量和植株蒸腾.土壤蒸发主要集中在生育前期,而生育中期较低,后期略微升高.植物蒸腾主要集中在快速生长期和生长中期,整个生育期呈先增大后减小的趋势.蒸散量随着土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾的变化而变化,前期主要受土壤蒸发的影响,快速生长期、生长中期和后期主要受植物蒸腾的影响.Wl～W3处理土壤蒸发量为78.1～100.2 mm,植株蒸腾为221.8～293.3 mm,蒸散量为299.3～383.0 mm,蒸发占比为24.1％～28.7％.研究可为西北半干旱地区制定合理的夏玉米滴灌制度和灌溉决策提供理论依据.     

高寒半干旱区水肥耦合对西芹收获期硝酸盐效应研究

为了探讨西芹水肥耦合作用,采用三因素(氮、磷和水)五水平(因子水平为-1.682、-1,0,1,1.682)二次通用旋转组合设计,在冀西北高寒半干旱区开展了水肥耦合对西芹硝酸盐效应的旱棚试验研究。结果表明,在该试验条件下水分对硝酸盐降低的作用最大,磷肥次之,氮肥最小;从卫生学角度考虑水肥耦合的硝酸盐效应最佳顺序依次为:中水中肥效应最佳,高水高肥次之,低水低肥较差;水肥交互耦合效应大小顺序是磷水耦合>氮水耦合>氮磷耦合。在西芹水肥管理方案中,硝酸盐不同取值区间内三因子的变化范围均相同,体现了因子间相互替代效应。从卫生学角度考虑,以中水中肥为宜。     

基于T-S模糊模型的TDR土壤水分传感器标定方法研究

利用TDR土壤水分传感器实现土壤水分数值的精确采集具有现实意义[1-3]。为了获得TDR土壤水分传感器水分含量测量所对应输出电压与实际土壤含水量的良好对应关系,在采用取土实验测量法获得实际水分含量数值与对应输出电压数值的基础上,利用Takagi-Sugeno模型逼进精度高、后件参数线性化等优点[2,4]对TDR土壤水分传感器     

Previous water content influences the response of soil respiration to changes in water content in non-saline and saline soils

Three incubation experiments were carried out with a non-saline soil (electrical conductivity in a saturation paste (ECe) 1 dS m^?1) to which NaCl was added to achieve ECe 10 and 30 dS m^?1; pea straw was added at 20 g kg^?1 as a nutrient source. Experiment 1 showed that cumulative respiration was highest in soil EC 1 and lowest in soil EC 30. The optimal water content for respiration was 60–70 % of WHC in all soils. There were two periods (days 1–7 and days 8–17) in Experiment 2. In the treatments with the same water content in both periods [optimal (O-O) and medium (M-M)], respiration rates decreased over time and were lower in M-M than in O-O. Cumulative respiration at medium water content did not differ between slow (L-SM) or rapid rewetting (L-RM) from low to medium water content. There were two periods in Experiment 3 with the water content in the first period 50, 40 or 30 % of WHC adjusted from 60 % during pre-incubation either slowly or rapidly. The water content in the second period was maintained or adjusted slowly to 30–60 %. Cumulative respiration differed between water contents but was not consistently different between rapid and slow drying in the first period. We conclude that the response of microbial activity to a certain water content is influenced by the previous water content whereas the speed at which the water content is adjusted had little effect on respiration at target water content.     

Soil water content and water supply of plants in the southern Crimea

In cinnamonic soils of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden (Crimea), the average productive water reserves (WR) under different plants in 1981–1990 exhibited close correlation with the field water capacity (FC) and the productive moisture range, which is equal to the difference between the FC and the permanent wilting point (WP). The soil water content (SWC) regularly increased with the depth. An 8-year-long variation cycle of the meteorological conditions and the WR was revealed. A correlation between the WR and the precipitation was noted. The relationship of the occurrence frequencies of the FC and WR with their values was analogous to the Maxwell distribution close to the normal (Gaussian) distribution.     

不同品种间的猪肉含水率高光谱模型传递方法研究

针对目前的模型传递方法研究大多为不同仪器间的近红外光谱模型传递,该文采用高光谱技术建立猪肉含水率定量检测模型,并针对不同品种间的模型传递提出了一种分段直接校正结合线性插值(piecewise direct standardization combine with linear interpolation,PDS-LI)的传递算法。以杜长大、茂佳山黑猪和零号土猪3个品种为研究对象,以杜长大作为主品种,茂佳山黑猪和零号土猪作为从品种,采用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)法建立猪肉含水率主模型,经PDS-LI算法对主模型进行传递后,主模型对茂佳山黑猪和零号土猪样品的预测决定系数R2p分别由传递前的0.263和0.507提高到0.832和0.848,预测均方根误差分别由传递前的1.151%和0.857%降低到0.470%和0.440%,剩余预测偏差(residual prediction deviation,RPD)分别由传递前的1.000和1.214提高到2.447和2.364。结果表明,PDS-LI传递算法能够实现杜长大对茂佳山黑猪和零号土猪样品的模型传递。研究结果为提高猪肉含水率模型适配性问题提供参考。     

Calculation of the field volumetric water content of cracking clay soils from measurements of gravimetric water content and bulk density

Uncertainty in estimating water use in shrinking soils from changes in gravimetric water content arises from the difficulty in ensuring that samples are taken from comparable depths at different sampling times, and of identifying the correct bulk density for the conversion to volumetric water content. Equations which express the amount of water held by the same mass of soil solid matter during soil drying and shrinking are derived for two models. In one the soil properties vary continuously with depth and in the other the values are averages for layers. The models are applied to field water content measurements made in the Sudan Gezira. Systematic errors (biases) are examined and their magnitudes calculated. The maximum overestimate of gravimetric water content arising from ignoring vertical shrinkage on drying was 2.3%. The maximum overestimate of volumetric water content from ignoring volumetric contraction was 24%; this was corrected by using for all sampling times bulk densities of layers before contraction.     

Increased total nitrogen content of poultry manure by decreasing water content through composting processes

Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter can lead to loss of nitrogen (N) content and its value as a fertilizer. To minimize the loss of N in the composting processes, controlling the water content in litters is a key to reduce the mineralization processes of N compounds. The N content of litter may be influenced by diets, hen age and the type of poultry houses used. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the relationship between the water content and the decomposition rate of uric acid in poultry litter and ii) to investigate the effect of hen age and crude protein (CP) percentages in diets on the N content of poultry litter. A layer feeding trial was conducted in two poultry farms with windowless and open-floor houses. An incubation study of poultry litter was performed under different levels of water content. Our study found that the diet CP percentage (16.5–18%) and the growth stage of laying hens did not have a significant effect on the amount of total N (52–56?g?kg^?1) and uric acid-N (26–31g?kg^?1) in fresh litters. At the 7^th day of litter incubation study, the concentration of uric acid-N was 22 g kg^?1 in litters with a water content of 35%, whereas it further decreased to less than 1.3 g kg^?1 in litters with a water content of 55% and higher levels. The decomposition rate of uric acid-N in litter was 0.3–3.1g?kg^?1?day^?1 in the windowless house and 3.1–7.1g?kg^?1?day^?1 in the open-floor house. Decomposition of uric acid in litters was positively correlated to the litter moisture content that is controlled to be lower in windowless houses (40–50%) than in open-floor houses (55–80%) during the composting period. Our study suggests that the use of windowless houses for layer chicken production is effective for producing poultry manure with a high N content.     

土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下，利用室内人工降雨试验，研究了土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移及土壤水分再分布规律的影响。结果表明：初始含水率越高，产流越快，平均入渗率越小，达到稳定入渗率的时间也越短；当初始含水率均匀分布时，降雨入渗和再分布过程中湿润锋面平行坡面垂直向下整体运移，坡面降雨入渗过程可以简化为一维；当初始含水率非均匀分布时，初始含水率越高，再分布过程中湿润锋的运移速率越大，但在降雨入渗过程中，湿润锋的运移速率与土体的湿润程度和范围有一定的关系；坡面上方来水(径流)虽然对湿润锋运移速率影响不大，但对入渗有一定的促进作用；再分布过程中，土壤水分有沿坡向下运移的趋势。     

Hysteresis in the capillary-sorption water potential as dependent on the soil water content

The capillary-sorption hysteresis within the entire range of the soil water contents has been studied in zonal soil types of the European part of Russia. The degree of hysteresis in the sorption and capillary-sorption ranges has been estimated. The main factors of the hysteresis are established. In the area of water sorption, this phenomenon is due to different wetting angles in the course of the soil wetting-drying cycles because of the heterogeneous hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces of the soil particles. In the area of capillary moistening, the pore-size distribution as a function of the soil macro-and microstructure is important, as this characteristic is closely related to shrinking and swelling processes.