强度耕作对^137Cs、^210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道。我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性。我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照。在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减。0～30cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征。与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%。坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48Bq/kg降低到0.29Bq/kg,坡中部从2.53Bq/kg减少到0.33Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48Bq/kg提高到2.81Bq/kg。210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71Bq/kg下降到6.15Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46Bq/kg和25.53Bq/kg降低到1.57Bq/kg和19.40Bq/kg。137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91。实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex在黄     

137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪"三北"防护林区退耕前后坡地土壤侵蚀变化

为查明"三北"防护林建设前后农耕地和退耕地土壤保持效益变化，利用137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪技术，选择了防护林建设较为成功的张家口坝上地区（风力侵蚀区）作为典型区，研究了农耕地以及退耕地土壤137Cs和210Pbex的剖面变化规律及其示踪的土壤侵蚀变化。结果表明：1）由于耕作的混匀作用，农耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex均呈均匀态分布；退耕地土壤剖面中137Cs和210Pbex则表现为表层（0～5cm）浓度最高、下层（5～25cm）浓度均相对较低且分布相对均匀的形态，这表明退耕后坡地土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面形态均会发生一定变化，退耕驱动土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化导致运用土壤核素估算侵蚀模型在该区域难以适用；2）基于土壤137Cs和210Pbex剖面变化规律，利用210Pbex质量平衡方程，提出了退耕地土壤210Pbex土壤侵蚀估算模型；3）利用137Cs比例模型估算退耕地土壤侵蚀速率为27.94±11.92 (t/hm2·a)，农耕地侵蚀速率为29.11±14.42 (t/hm2·a)，而利用修正后的210Pbex转换模型估算得到"三北"防护林区退耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为82.16±14.36 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率为-41.28±33.91 (t/hm2·a)；农耕地造林前平均侵蚀速率为68.55±22.11 (t/hm2·a)，造林后平均侵蚀速率-8.52±47.32 (t/hm2·a)。这表明137Cs示踪技术主要表征了1963年以来该区坡地土壤侵蚀和沉积的平均结果，而210Pbex示踪技术则可以较好地示踪防护林建成前后的土壤侵蚀变化。此外，研究结果也表明，相比于"三北"防护林建成之前，建成之后该区农耕地和退耕地的土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著下降趋势，且均由前期的风沙侵蚀转变成了风沙沉积。     

COMPARISON OF THE DEPTH DISTRIBUTION PROCESSES FOR 137Cs AND lePbu IN CULTIVATED SOILS

探讨了^137Cs与^210Pbex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。基于^137Cs与^210Pbex的不同沉降过程,考虑到核素由犁耕层向犁底层的扩散,对农耕地土壤^137Cs与^210Pbex的深度分布过程进行了理论推导,并以杨凌符家庄麦田剖面的实测数据予以验证,同时讨论了实测符家庄麦田剖面^137Cs与^210Pbex深度分布的规律特征及其原因,以此阐明了^137Cs与^210Pbex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。^137Cs源于大气核试爆,没有持续沉降补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤^137Cs深度分布一直处于随时间变化的非稳定态;而210Pbex是天然核素,存在大气沉降的持续补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤^210Pbex深度分布最终呈稳定态。农耕地土壤^137Cs与^210Pbex深度分布的实测值曲线与理论值曲线的差异,尤其^210Pbex可能与耕作深度的变化历史或土地利用（覆被）变化有关。     

137Cs法估算南方红壤地区土壤侵蚀作用的初步研究

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤在我国南方地区分布较广,不合理的开发和利用导致植被覆盖破坏严重,致使该地区长期以来遭受强烈的土壤侵蚀作用.137Cs作为一种有效的示踪剂,在国内外越来越多地用于中长期(40余年)以来的土壤侵蚀模数的估算.采用137Cs技术,研究第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤典型小流域的土壤侵蚀作用.结果表明,该流域的137Cs基准值为2107Bq/m2;对于表土质地较为粘重的非耕作红壤而言,137Cs在土壤剖面中呈指数型分布;该流域内山坡和山顶非耕作土的137Cs分布深度通常在15cm以内,而耕作土中则达30cm;对于坡度相对较大(5.5～11°),植被条件较差的迎风坡非耕作红壤而言,其土壤侵蚀模数达11.2～14.5t/hm2*a;对于坡度较小(1.5～4.5°),植被条件较好的背风坡非耕作红壤而言,土壤侵蚀模数为0.3～10.8t/hm2*a;坡上部水作梯田的侵蚀作用比坡下部的水作梯田小,且水作梯田比旱作梯田更有利于水土保持.     

监测土壤流失的标线法及其测定犁耕运移土壤的尝试

介绍了监测土壤流失和堆积的一种新方法——标线法和在贵州普定喀斯特坡地开展试验研究测定犁耕侵蚀的结果。坡度3°、坡长24.2 m的石灰土旱坡地10次犁耕的试验结果表明:坡顶犁耕侵蚀速率0.67 cm/a,和实际情况相符;顺坡犁耕通量52.6 kg/(m.a),和其他研究者用小石子或137Cs、210Pbex核素示踪法测得的值基本一致。标线法具有简便易行、价值低廉和标线隐蔽性强、不易被发现破坏的特点,所测结果是可靠的。此法解决了侵蚀针或标桩法可能干扰径流和风流场的问题,且不妨碍犁耕,可广泛应用于流水侵蚀、风蚀和犁耕侵蚀的长期监测。标线法测得的是土壤点侵蚀和堆积量值,非常适用于侵蚀随坡长变化的研究。     

江西红壤丘陵区~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)与有机质关系的研究

以江西省余江县中科院红壤试验基地三分场附近的低山丘陵区为研究区,应用核素示踪技术和化学方法相结合的手段,对研究区土壤样品中有机质、137Cs、210Pbex含量的剖面分布及其相关性做了分析,结果表明:在耕层深度内,有机质和137Cs含量呈显著的正相关关系,而210Pbex含量波动比较大,与有机质含量相关性较小;137Cs空间分布上的变化规律受地形空间分异的控制,除坡脚外不同部位有机质含量和137Cs含量相关系数呈现坡上部﹥坡中部﹥坡下部的特点。     

农耕地土壤137Cs与210Pbex深度分布过程对比研究

探讨了137Cs与210Pb_ex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。基于137Cs与210Pb_ex的不同沉降过程,考虑到核素由犁耕层向犁底层的扩散,对农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pb_ex的深度分布过程进行了理论推导,并以杨凌符家庄麦田剖面的实测数据予以验证,同时讨论了实测符家庄麦田剖面137Cs、210Pb_ex深度分布的规律特征及其原因,以此阐明了137Cs与210Pb_ex在农耕地土壤深度分布过程的差异。137Cs源于大气核试爆,没有持续沉降补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤137Cs深度分布一直处于随时间变化的非稳定态;而210Pb_ex是天然核素,存在大气沉降的持续补充,犁耕层和犁底层土壤210Pb_ex深度分布最终呈稳定态。农耕地土壤137Cs、210Pb_ex深度分布的实测值曲线与理论值曲线的差异,尤其210Pb_ex,可能与耕作深度的变化历史或土地利用(覆被)变化有关。     

阳洼流域土壤137Cs的空间分布及侵蚀研究

利用137Cs示踪技术,研究了宁南黄土高原阳洼流域土壤137Cs的空间分布和侵蚀特征.研究结果表明,流域137Cs背景值为1 966.99 Bq/m2,流域内不同土地利用方式下土壤137Cs比活度不同,且有比较明显的137Cs比活度分异.流域内林草地土壤剖面137Cs呈现指数分布模式,坡耕地剖面的137Cs则呈均匀分布模式.不同土地利用方式下土壤137Cs的面积活度表现为沟台＞林草地＞农耕坡地,其中农耕坡地、沟台地土壤侵蚀、沉积表现出较大的变异,变异系数达65%以上.阳洼流域土壤侵蚀模数与137Cs比活度呈现出相反的分布趋势,但都明显具有斑块状和条带状分布的特点.流域土壤以中、强度侵蚀为主,中、强度侵蚀面积占流域总面积的46%,在流域土壤侵蚀防治中坡耕地仍是治理的关键.     

宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex 坡面分布特征的地统计学分析

为更加深入地揭示核素示踪土壤侵蚀的内在机理,在Arcgis Geostatistics模块的支持下,运用地统计学方法研究了宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)核素所特有的理化性质决定了137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布格局的与众不同。137Cs与210Pbex较大的块金值说明了土壤侵蚀及耕作活动等随机性因素对其空间分布的决定性影响,这正是它们能够示踪土壤侵蚀的原因所在。(2)137Cs属中等程度的空间自相关,其坡面分布格局能够较好地反映出地形这一结构性因素在其中所施加的影响,示踪土壤侵蚀的结果也应更为全面、合理,并具有宏观性。210Pbex的空间相关性很弱,说明其对随机性因素的影响有着更为敏感的响应,在揭示坡面侵蚀的细部特征方面应能做得更好。(3)137Cs与210Pbex坡面分布格局存在较大的差异,这一方面说明两者在初始沉降布局、部分理化性质,以及对各种变异影响因素的响应等诸多方面还存在着不小的差异;另一方面也在提示,两者示踪土壤侵蚀进程的结果很难通过数学模型的调整而达成一致。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪研究

坡耕地是三峡库区的重点水土流失区和河流泥沙的主要来源地.采用~(137)Cs示踪技术对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率进行了定量研究.结果表明,新政小流域的~(137)Cs本底值为1 420.9 Bq/m~2;平均坡度为11.4°的缓坡耕地的~(137)Cs面积活度介于398.5～1 649.6 Bq/m~2之间,坡长加权平均值为816.0Bq/m~2;采用改进的简化质量平衡模型计算了坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率,结果得出该坡地的土壤侵蚀模数介于-3 358.8～4 937.4 t/(km~2·a),其加权平均值为1 294.6 t/(km~2·a).受犁耕作用的影响,坡耕地两个坡段的土壤侵蚀速率随坡长增加大致都呈下降趋势,并在坡段下方出现了堆积.坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率不高的原因,一方面是由于所研究坡耕地属于缓坡,坡度较小,另一方面则是由于当地农民总结出了一套有效防止水土流失的耕作方式,使得土壤侵蚀强度大大降低.     

作为颗粒运移的示踪剂的土壤7Be, 137Cs, 226Ra和228Ra的地球化学种类

A brunisolic soil collected from an erosive forest land(HF-1-1) and a yellow soil from and accumulative shallow basin(HF-6-1) in the watershed of Lake Hongfeng (HF) were used for activity measurements of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and ^228Ra in different geochemical speciation.More than 85% of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and 228Ra in the soils were bound to organic Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide and residual fractions.They could move with soil particlesw and be used as tracers for the erosion and /or accumulation of soil particles.^7Be gohemical specition in the soils agreed with its trace for seasonal particle transport.^137Cs geohemial speciaiton was suitable for tracing soil particle accumulation and for sediment aating.^226Ra and ^228Ra were ombined in crystalline skeleton of clay minerals and mainly remained as residues in the soils and little was bound to the soluble,exchangeable and carbonate fractions.The differentiation of ^226 Ra/^228Ra activity ratios in different geoheical fractions in the soils could be used as a parameter to trace accumulation and /or erosion of soil particles.     

固态13C和15N核磁共振法研究15N标记土壤的腐殖质组分

Five humic fractions were obtained from a uniformly ^15N-labelled soil by extraction with 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7,0.1mol L^-1 NaOH ,and HF/HCl-0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH,consecutively,and analyzed by ^13C and ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross polarization and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonace).Compared with those of native soils humic fractions studied as a whole contained more alkyls ,methoxyls and O-alkyls,being 27%-36%,17%-21%and 36%-40%,respectively,but fewer aromatics and carboxyls(bein 14%-20% and 13%-90%,respectively),Among those humic fractions ,the humic acid(HA)and fulvic acid(FA) extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 Na4P2O7 contained slightly more carboxyls than corresponding humic fractions extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH ,and the HA extacted by 0.1 mol L^-1 NaOH after treatment with HF/HCl contained the least aromatics and carboxyls.The distribution of nitrogen functional groups of soil humic fractions studied was quite similar to each other and also quite similar to that of humic fraction from native soils.More than 75% of total N in each fraction was in amide from,with 9%-13% present as aromatic and /or aliphatic amines and the remainder as heerocyclic N.     

黄土高原农耕地坡面侵蚀过程的7Be示踪试验研究

定量研究坡面次降雨条件下不同侵蚀类型随时间的变化规律,利用传统研究方法很难解决,利用7Be在土壤表层剖面中呈指数减少的趋势,且主要分布在0～10 mm的表层范围内的特点,利用137Cs在耕层土壤剖面中分布比较均匀的趋势,运用复合示踪法定量研究了坡面次降雨条件下不同侵蚀类型的发生、发展.研究结果表明,7Be可以更敏感地反映侵蚀过程中所发生的坡面片蚀状况,并将坡面片蚀和细沟侵蚀类型随时间的变化定量区分开来.另外,利用7Be示踪法计算了细沟侵蚀量,并与传统研究方法得出的结果进行了比较.     

Decomposition of 14C- and 15N-labelled microbial cells in soil

To obtain detailed information on the quantities and characteristics of nitrogen derived from mineralizing dead microbial biomass in soil, ¹⁴C- and ¹⁵N-labelled microorganisms, i.e. three eukaryotic (fungal) species, two prokaryotic species or their mixture (eukaryotic to prokaryotic cells = 8:2), were grown in vitro, dried, ground and added to parabrown earth and chernozem soils, respectively. The mean percent of ¹⁴C decomposition of labelled microorganisms obtained after 10 days was 43 ± 6.3% for parabrown earth and 34 ± 4.0% for chernozem soil. About 50% of the C in the dead microorganisms was mineralized during the first 28 days of incubation. About 76% of the flush of soil organic N mineralization within 28 days, which was caused by the drying-rewetting treatment, was derived from dead microbial biomass in soil. About 33% of the added dead microbial-¹⁵N was mineralized in parabrown earth soil during 28 days of incubation and about 37% of newly immobilized ¹⁵N during the decomposition of added microorganisms was mineralized during the 28 days following a dryingrewetting treatment.     

水土保持减沙效益监测中的多核素联合示踪技术

水土保持效益评价是提升水土保持技术和水土保持生态建设科学决策的前提。核素示踪技术能够直接测定特定时间段的土壤净侵蚀量,提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积数据以及空间分布的信息,是评价土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源的简便、快捷和高效的技术方法。利用环境核素^210Pb,^137Cs和^7Be示踪技术测定不同时间尺度的土壤侵蚀强度,探讨了在无常规水文泥沙监测资料情况下,水土保持效益多核素联合示踪评价的方法和计算模型。     

用137Cs和210Pbex进行中国东北地区土壤侵蚀的评估

Evaluation of soil erosion in agricultural fields is valuable to develop conservation practices for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Soil erosion rates were quantified using the fallout radionuclide tracer technique in Mojiagou Basin located on the outskirts of Changchun in Northeast China.The calculated soil erosion rates in the study area were 1.99 and 1.85 mm year-1 using 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex)measurements,respectively.Both fallout radionuclides showed a similar tendency at downslope sites.All measured sites have experienced net erosion during the past 50 to 100 years.137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were useful to quantify soil erosion rates on field and small basin scales.At this rate of erosion,the current fertile topsoil layer would be entirely removed within 70 years.     

14C-labelled material leached from the rhizosphere of plants supplied continuously with 14CO2

¹⁴C, supplied continuously to plant tops as ¹⁴CO₂, was recovered in water-soluble organic material when pots with wheat, clover or ryegrass growing in a podzolic sand were leached with distilled water at weekly intervals. Leachates and root-free soil contained, respectively, 0·15–0·3 and 2·7–5·4% of the total ¹⁴C activity recovered after 8 weeks growth. Plant derived C represented 0·8–1·3% of the total organic C in root-free soils.Water-soluble organic C decreased in successive leachings to reach a steady value, approximately 20 μgC/ml for all treatments. Labelled C represented 14·4–19·5% of this value. Total organic C recovered in the leachates accounted for ca. 0·5% of the soil C, for all treatments. Approximately 15% of the labelled material in the final leachates behaved as neutral sugar, the remainder occurring in a charged complex. A membrane filter (M.Wt. cut-off ~ 10³) retained >60% of the radioactivity.