野生翘嘴红鮊各器官、组织中4种微量元素分析

野生翘嘴红鮊各器官组织中,铁、锌在铁、锌、铜、锰4种元素中所占的比重比较大,这2种元素占4种元素总量的80%左右;铁在4种元素中占的比重最大,接近或超过70%。铜在肝脏中含量([151.9±3.19)mg/kg]远远高于其它器官组织;铁则在脾脏中含量([1393.7±66.2)mg/kg]较高;锰在鳃盖骨中含量([26.64±1.84)mg/kg]较高;锌在肝脏中含量([302.69+8.95)mg/kg]较高。     

矿物元素对益生菌生长的影响

在用由乳酸菌与酵母菌等主要有益菌组成的复合菌液发酵棉籽壳的同时，分别加入不同剂量的Fe^2＋、Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Mn^2＋和Ca^2＋，探讨矿物元素对复合菌液发酵过程中益生菌生长的影响。结果显示：铁（1000mg／kg）的活菌总数最高为（40．0±5．8）×10^8CFU／g，显著高于铁（500mg／kg）、铁（1500mg/kg）、以及铜、锰、锌、钙的两个水平组；铁、铜、锰、锌的各水平组的活菌总数都显著高于对照组。     

蚯蚓体内微量元素存在的形式及含量研究

蚯蚓对金属元素具有富集作用.为探究微量元素在蚯蚓体内存在形式和含量,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰、锌四种微量元素的总含量和氨基酸螯合态含量.结果表明,蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰和锌四种元素以氨基酸螯合态形式存在比例达到65%以上,其中氨基酸螯合铁含量为400.45 mg/kg,占铁总含量的86.54%;氨基酸螯合铜含量为13.49mg/kg,占铜总含量的67.50%;氨基酸螯合锰含量为18.65 mg/kg,占锰总含量的65.79%;氨基酸螯合锌含量为358.19 mg/kg,占锌总含量的93.97%.     

蚯蚓体内微量元素存在的形式及含量研究

蚯蚓对金属元素具有富集作用。为探究微量元素在蚯蚓体内存在形式和含量,利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰、锌四种微量元素的总含量和氨基酸螯合态含量。结果表明,蚯蚓体内铁、铜、锰和锌四种元素以氨基酸螯合态形式存在比例达到65%以上,其中氨基酸螯合铁含量为400.45 mg/kg,占铁总含量的86.54%;氨基酸螯合铜含量为13.49mg/kg,占铜总含量的67.50%;氨基酸螯合锰含量为18.65 mg/kg,占锰总含量的65.79%;氨基酸螯合锌含量为358.19 mg/kg,占锌总含量的93.97%。     

22～42日龄肉鸡铜、铁、锌、锰不同用量组合的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量对22~42日龄肉鸡生长性能和粪中铜、铁、锌、锰排泄量的影响,进而对微量元素的平衡模式进行探讨。选取940只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,1~21日龄统一饲喂铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为16.96、166.66、46.01、60.26 mg/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。试验选用22日龄、体况良好、体重接近的AA肉公鸡900只,随机分为15组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮中铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为8、125、40、60 mg/kg,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中按照均匀设计原则添加2~8 mg/kg铜、10~35 mg/kg铁、10~40 mg/kg锌、15~60 mg/kg锰组成的14种试验饲粮。测定肉鸡试验期生长性能,并于38~42日龄时采集粪样测定铜、铁、锌、锰含量。结果表明:1)饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时,对22~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。2)由最优解分析得出,粪中铜排泄量最低为23.11 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.15、116.28、82.82、60.95 mg/kg;铁排泄量最低为438.34 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为14.78、116.81、38.15、63.72 mg/kg;锌排泄量最低为102.60 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.69、127.40、40.70、133.26 mg/kg;锰排泄量最低为159.37 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为11.07、136.97、46.13、59.05 mg/kg;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最低为218.94 mg/kg时,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg。综上所述,饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰含量在NRC推荐量至2倍NRC推荐量范围时对22~42日龄肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响;粪中铜、铁、锌、锰任一元素的排泄量均受饲粮中其他微量元素添加量的影响,且针对不同元素最低排泄量存在不同的最佳组合;饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰的含量分别为7.36、125.74、38.23、62.76 mg/kg时,能够满足肉鸡微量元素需要量,同时粪中铜、铁、锌、锰总排泄量最小。     

高效包被氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液生化指标及微量元素排泄量的影响

[目的]研究高效包被氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液生化指标及微量元素（铜、铁、锌、锰）排泄量的影响。[方法]试验选取60头28日龄平均体重为（7.26±0.46）kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组设10个重复,每个重复2头仔猪。普通氧化锌组饲喂基础日粮+普通氧化锌1 966 mg/kg,锌元素含量1 500 mg/kg;高效包被氧化锌组饲喂基础日粮+高效包被氧化锌1 000 mg/kg,锌元素含量500 mg/kg;基础日粮组饲喂不添加氧化锌的基础日粮。试验期为35 d,预试期7 d,正试期28 d。试验结束后计算仔猪平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、腹泻率;测定全血血红蛋白含量、铜锌—超氧化物歧化酶活力以及血液中铜、铁、锌元素含量;计算皮毛指数;测定粪便中铜、铁、锌、锰元素含量。[结果]与基础日粮组相比,普通氧化锌组和高效包被氧化锌组的平均日采食量和平均日增重均显著（P<0.05）提高,料重比和腹泻率显著（P<0.05）降低;高效包被氧化锌组的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比和腹泻率与普通氧化锌组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。全血血红蛋白含量3组差异不显著（P>0.05）;高效包被氧化锌组铜锌—超氧化物歧化酶活力显著（P<0.05）高于基础日粮组和普通氧化锌组;血液中铜、铁元素含量3组差异不显著（P>0.05）;普通氧化锌组血液中锌元素含量显著（P<0.05）高于基础日粮组和高效包被氧化锌组。高效包被氧化锌组皮毛指数优于普通氧化锌组。高效包被氧化锌组粪便中的锌元素含量极显著（P<0.01）低于普通氧化锌组;各组粪便中的铜、铁、锰元素含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。[结论]日粮中添加锌元素含量为500 mg/kg的高效包被氧化锌能够降低断奶仔猪腹泻率,提高仔猪生长性能、皮毛指数和机体抗氧化能力,降低粪便中锌排放量,减少环境污染。     

无核黄皮叶片和果实中矿质营养分布特点及相关性

在广东郁南无核黄皮果实膨大期,对不同形态叶片和果实中矿质营养含量进行测定。结果表明,成熟叶片中氮（28.76g/kg）、钾（19.81 g/kg）、锰（275.28mg/kg）、铁（162.17 mg/kg）丰富或者极丰富,磷（1.14g/kg）、铜（6.65mg/kg）、钼（0.24 mg/kg）、锌（40.84 mg/kg）为正常范围,而钙（20.96 g/kg）、镁（2.07 g/kg）、硼（9.35mg/kg）含量处于缺乏状态;幼叶、成熟叶和老叶中氮、钙、镁、硼、锰含量显著高于果皮和果肉,磷、铜、铁、钼含量与果皮、果肉均无显著差异;果皮中硼含量和叶片中磷、钼含量极显著正相关,果皮中镁含量则与这两种元素负相关。建议施肥时应控制大量元素和锰元素,增加钙、镁、硼等中微量元素肥料,可于无核黄皮生长早期进叶面喷施,并可以在果实膨大期直接向果实喷施。     

三种生长促进剂组合使用对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验研究了复制3种生长促进剂组合使用对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。试验选择128头28±1日龄、平均断奶体重（7．78±0．74）kq的健康三元（杜×长×大）杂交仔猪，按体重和性别分成4个处理组，每个处理4个重复，每个重复8头仔猪。第1组为对照组，饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮；第2组添加喹乙醇（50mg／kg）、阿散酸（150mg／kg）；第3组添加喹乙醇（50mg／kg）、吉他霉素（60mg／kg）；第4组添加喹乙醇（50mg／kg）、阿散酸（150mg／kg）、吉他霉素（60mg／kg）。研究结果表明，各试验组日增重、料肉比得到显著改善（p〈0．05），腹泻率显著下降（p〈0．01）。     

冀东地区干乳期奶牛日粮中微量元素盈缺分析

该试验应用原子吸收光谱法对冀东地区干乳期奶牛基础混合日粮中的铜、铁、锰、锌含量进行测定和盈缺分析,以便为干乳期奶牛日粮配制提供借鉴。试验结果表明,基础混合日粮中铁、铜、锰和锌含量分别为299．87,14．38,37．70和32．67mg／kg。其中,铁含量为NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量的16倍,是其他文献报道需要量的3倍;铜含量达到干乳期奶牛需要量;锰、锌的含量达到NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量,而低于文献推荐需要量。     

铜的来源和水平对生长猪生长性能禾粪铜排出量的影响

选用平均体重29．6kg的三元杂（杜×大×长）生长猪144头，按随机区组设计分为6个处理。饲粮中分别添加0、100、200mg／kg硫酸铜、200mg／kg碱式氯化铜、100mg／kg小肽铜、100mg／kg复合氨基酸螯合铜（以铜含量计）。结果表明：100mg／kg小肽铜和100mg／kg复合氨基酸螯合铜均能有效提高生长猪日增重和日采食量，其促生长效果与200mg／kg硫酸铜无显著（P〉0．05）差异，而粪中铜含量分别下降了36．8％和48．4％（P〈0．05）。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.